楊驍 彭昊 周建林 等
[摘要] 目的 探討激活或阻斷Gal-9/Tim-3信號通路對小鼠膠原誘導(dǎo)性關(guān)節(jié)炎的影響及其機(jī)制。 方法 6~8周齡雌性BALB/c小鼠30只,建立Ⅱ型膠原誘導(dǎo)性關(guān)節(jié)炎模型,造模后第7天加強(qiáng)免疫。于加強(qiáng)免疫前1 d隨機(jī)分為激活組、阻斷組、對照組,每組10只,分別經(jīng)尾靜脈輸注半乳糖凝集素-9(Gal-9)、阻斷劑Tim-3單抗、PBS。造模后28 d觀察三組小鼠踝關(guān)節(jié)變形程度,記錄關(guān)節(jié)炎指數(shù),ELISA法檢測血清抗炎因子白介素-10(IL-10)、轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子β(TGF-β)水平,RT-PCR檢測踝關(guān)節(jié)滑膜組織輔助性T細(xì)胞(Th17)、調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞(Treg)標(biāo)志性蛋白ROR-γt、FoxP3表達(dá)量。 結(jié)果 加強(qiáng)免疫后,三組小鼠出現(xiàn)不同程度關(guān)節(jié)變形,造模后第28天關(guān)節(jié)炎指數(shù):激活組為(7.12±1.53)分、阻斷組為(13.82±2.12)分、對照組為(10.88±1.84)分,差異有高度統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.01);血清IL-10、TGF-β水平:激活組[(12.88±2.23)、(27.61±4.52)ng/L]明顯高于對照組[(7.49±1.70)、(21.33±2.07)ng/L](P < 0.01),阻斷組[(4.26±1.79)、(12.35±2.42)ng/L]明顯低于對照組(P < 0.01);RT-PCR結(jié)果顯示:ROR-γt mRNA在滑膜組織的表達(dá)情況激活組明顯低于對照組(P < 0.01),阻斷組明顯高于對照組(P < 0.01);FoxP3 mRNA表達(dá)情況激活組明顯高于對照組(P < 0.01),阻斷組明顯低于對照組(P < 0.01)。 結(jié)論 激活Gal-9/Tim-3通路可緩解小鼠膠原誘導(dǎo)性關(guān)節(jié)炎,阻斷該通路則加重炎性反應(yīng),作用機(jī)制可能與該通路抑制Th17,活化Treg有關(guān)。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 類風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎;膠原誘導(dǎo)性關(guān)節(jié)炎;輔助性T細(xì)胞;調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞;信號通路
[中圖分類號] R332 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] A [文章編號] 1673-7210(2016)02(a)-0004-04
Effects of regulation of Gal-9/Tim-3 pathway on murine collagen-induced arthritis
YANG Xiao PENG Hao ZHOU Jianlin FANG Hongsong CHEN Sen
Department of Orthopaedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Province, Wuhan 430000, China
[Abstract] Objective To explore the alleviatory effects of Gal-9/Tim-3 pathway on murine collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Methods Thirty SPF female BALB/c mice (age 6-8 weeks) were used in the study. Mice model of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was established by subdermal injections of collagen Ⅱ, on the 7th day, strengthened immunity. The day before strengthened immunity, mice were randomly divided into three groups: activation group, control group and blockage group, with 10 mice in each group, transfusion through caudal vein was performed with Gal-9, Tim-3 mAb and PBS respectively, 28 days after first immunization, the severity of CIA was evaluated with regards to arthritic index (AI), sera levels of IL-10, TGF-β by ELISA, expressions of biomarkers of T helper 17 cells (Th17) and regulatory T cells (Treg) by RT-PCR. Results After second immunization, the ankle joints of CIA mice began to deform with mild to severe arthritis. On the 28th day after first immunization, the AI of activation group was (7.12±1.53) scores, control group was (10.88±1.84) scores, and AI of blockage group was (13.82±2.12) scores, the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.01). Compared with control group, the sera concentrations of IL-10 and TGF-β of activation group were significantly higher (P < 0.01) while those of blockage group were significantly lower (P < 0.01). The results of RT-PCR showed: the expression of ROR-γt in synovial tissue of activation group was lower than that of control group (P < 0.01), and ROR-γt expression of blockage group was higher than that of control group (P < 0.01); the expression of FoxP3 in synovial tissue of activation group was higher than control group (P < 0.01), and FoxP3 of blockage group was lower than control group (P < 0.01). Conclusion Murine CIA may be markedly ameliorated by acticvation of the Gal-9/Tim-3 pathway and exacerbated by blockage of it, possibly through the tunnel of inhibiting Th17, stimulating Treg and up-regulating the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines, which can lead to autoimmune tolerance.
[Key words] Rheumatoid arthritis; Collagen-induced arthritis; T helper cell; Regulatory T cell; Immune tolerance
類風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎(rhematoid arthritis,RA)是一種常見的自身免疫病,以滑膜、軟骨和軟骨下骨進(jìn)行性破壞為特征,導(dǎo)致關(guān)節(jié)變形,致殘率極高[1]。RA發(fā)病機(jī)制尚未完全明確,但國內(nèi)外研究證實,滑膜組織炎性滲出和免疫細(xì)胞募集是核心環(huán)節(jié)[2]。在RA異常免疫過程中,輔助性T細(xì)胞17(T helper 17 cell,Th17)和調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞(regulatory T cell,Treg)比例失衡,被認(rèn)為是RA發(fā)生發(fā)展的重要因素[3]。T細(xì)胞免疫球蛋白及黏蛋白域分子-3(T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing molecule-3,Tim3)表達(dá)于免疫細(xì)胞表面,調(diào)控細(xì)胞增殖、分化和凋亡,半乳糖凝集素-9(galectin-9,Gal-9)是其天然配體[4]。在克羅恩病[5]、多發(fā)性硬化[6]、自身免疫性肝炎[7]、1型糖尿病[8]等自身免疫病的動物模型中,激活Gal-9/Tim-3通路可誘導(dǎo)免疫耐受,作用機(jī)制可能與Tim-3誘導(dǎo)Th17凋亡,刺激Treg增殖,重建Th17/Treg平衡有關(guān)[5-9];但該通路在RA病變中的作用,尚缺少隨機(jī)對照試驗證實。本實驗建立小鼠Ⅱ型膠原誘導(dǎo)性關(guān)節(jié)炎(collagen-induced arthritis,CIA)模型,模擬人類RA并給予Gal-9/Tim-3通路激活劑和阻斷劑分別干預(yù),驗證該通路對CIA的作用及可能機(jī)制,為尋找治療RA的新靶點(diǎn)提供一定理論依據(jù)。
1 材料與方法
1.1 實驗動物
6~8周齡雌性BALB/c小鼠30只,SPF級,購于武漢大學(xué)動物實驗中心(合格證號:No.42000500006615),飼養(yǎng)于武漢大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院動物房。
1.2 主要試劑及儀器
雞Ⅱ型膠原(CⅡ)、完全弗氏佐劑(CFA)、冰醋酸購于Sigma公司,重組小鼠Gal-9和抗小鼠Tim-3單抗(Tim-3 mAb)購于PeproTech公司,白介素(IL)-10和轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子-β(TGF-β)酶聯(lián)免疫吸附法試劑盒購于R&D公司,PCR儀購于北京東勝公司。
1.3 小鼠CIA造模及分組
將雞Ⅱ型膠原(CII)加入0.1 mol/L冰醋酸,冰浴中攪拌溶解,配成2 mg/mL溶液,4℃冰箱過夜后,將CⅡ溶液與完全福氏佐劑(CFA)按1∶1等體積混合制成乳化劑;取CⅡ乳化劑50 μL,于小鼠背部及尾根部多點(diǎn)皮下注射,1周后按上述方法、相同劑量加強(qiáng)免疫1次;初次免疫后第6天,即加強(qiáng)免疫的前1天,按照尾靜脈輸注不同藥物進(jìn)行分組:①激活組(n=10):尾靜脈輸注含Gal-9(5 μg/mL)的PBS 100 μL;②阻斷組(n=10):尾靜脈輸注含Tim-3 mAb(10 μg/mL)的PBS 100 μL;③對照組(n=10):尾靜脈輸注PBS 100 μL。
1.4 關(guān)節(jié)炎指數(shù)(arthritic index,AI)
采用0~4級評分法[10],0分:無紅腫;1分:趾關(guān)節(jié)輕度腫脹;2分:趾關(guān)節(jié)及足跖腫脹;3分:踝關(guān)節(jié)以下足爪腫脹;4分:包括踝關(guān)節(jié)在內(nèi)全部足爪腫脹。AI為4只足爪的累計評分,數(shù)值越高,代表關(guān)節(jié)炎越嚴(yán)重,初次免疫后每周記錄1次,共記錄4次。
1.5 酶聯(lián)免疫吸附試驗(ELISA)法測抗炎因子
初次免疫后第28天對每只小鼠眼眶取血0.8~1.0 mL,全血37℃恒溫箱靜置1 h,放入離心管,2000 r/min離心15 min,吸取上清,按照ELISA試劑盒說明測IL-10和TGF-β濃度。
1.6 PCR測Th17和Treg標(biāo)志性蛋白ROR-γt、Fox P3
1.6.1 引物 由PubMed基因庫獲取全基因序列,由北京擎科新業(yè)公司設(shè)計并合成。ROR-γt mRNA上游引物:5'-CATTCAGTATGTGGTGGAGTTTGC -3',下游引物:5'-GACTA GGACGACTTCCATTGCTC -3',擴(kuò)增片段為109 bp;FoxP3 mRNA上游引物:5'-GTACACCC AGGAAAGACAGCAAC-3',下游引物:5'-CTCGAAGACCTTCTCACAACCA-3',擴(kuò)增片段為104 bp;以持家基因β-actin為內(nèi)參,上游引物:5'-CACGATGGAGGGGCCGGACTCATC-3',下游引物:5'-TAAAGACCTCTATGCCAACACAGT-3',擴(kuò)增片段為240 bp。
1.6.2 RT-PCR 造模后第28天頸椎脫臼法處死小鼠,取左前足踝關(guān)節(jié)滑膜,Trizol法提取組織總RNA,以GeneCopoeia公司逆轉(zhuǎn)錄試劑盒合成cDNA;PCR擴(kuò)增后取5 μL產(chǎn)物加入1 μL DNA上樣緩沖液,2%瓊脂糖凝膠電泳檢測樣品,每份樣品行3次重復(fù)檢測,Quantity One 4.62圖像分析軟件行光密度值測定,ROR-γt和FoxP3的表達(dá)量以目的片段與內(nèi)參β-actin的相對比值表示。
1.7 統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法
采用統(tǒng)計軟件SPSS 19.0對數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析,正態(tài)分布計量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,多組間比較采用方差分析,兩兩比較采用LSD-t檢驗。計數(shù)資料以率表示,采用χ2檢驗。以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 AI情況
三組小鼠初次免疫后,四只足爪均出現(xiàn)輕度腫脹,局限于趾間關(guān)節(jié),藥物干預(yù)及加強(qiáng)免疫后,激活組腫脹加重不明顯,阻斷組關(guān)節(jié)腫脹最嚴(yán)重,出現(xiàn)強(qiáng)直畸形,對照組介于二者之間。初次免疫后第28天,即加強(qiáng)免疫后第21天,激活組、阻斷組、對照組AI值分別為(7.12±1.53)、(13.82±2.12)、(10.88±1.84)分,差異有高度統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.01)。見圖1。
與對照組比較,**P < 0.01
圖1 加強(qiáng)免疫后三組小鼠的關(guān)節(jié)炎指數(shù)
2.2 抗炎因子情況
ELISA檢測小鼠血清IL-10和TGF-β濃度,激活組IL-10、TGF-β分別為(12.88±2.23)、(27.61±4.52)ng/L,阻斷組為(4.26±1.79)、(12.35±2.42)ng/L,對照組為(7.49±1.70)、(21.33±2.07)ng/L,激活組濃度均明顯高于對照組,阻斷組均明顯低于對照組,差異有高度統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P < 0.01)。見圖2。
與對照組比較,**P < 0.01;IL-10:白介素-10;TGF-β:轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子-β
圖2 三組小鼠抗炎細(xì)胞因子濃度
2.3 Th17和Treg標(biāo)志物情況
2.3.1 PCR RT-PCR擴(kuò)增ROR-γt和FoxP3的電泳結(jié)果顯示,無引物二聚體,無非特異擴(kuò)增,測序后結(jié)果與基因庫相比較,確定為所需目的基因。見圖3。
2.3.2 PCR光密度值測定 三組小鼠滑膜組織ROR-γt mRNA的相對表達(dá)量:激活組為(0.265±0.074),阻斷組為(0.972±0.143),對照組為(0.536±0.125),激活組較對照組降低(P < 0.01),阻斷組較對照組增高(P < 0.01);FoxP3 mRNA相對表達(dá)量:激活組為(1.203±0.228),阻斷組為(0.135± 0.026),對照組為(0.419±0.102),激活組較對照組增高(P < 0.01),阻斷組較對照組降低(P < 0.01)。見表1。
表1 小鼠滑膜組織ROR-γt和FoxP3相對表達(dá)量(x±s)
注:與對照組比較,**P < 0.01
3 討論
RA是以多關(guān)節(jié)受累為主要表現(xiàn)的自身免疫病,滑膜組織分泌大量細(xì)胞因子,募集免疫細(xì)胞[11];各種炎癥因子與細(xì)胞互相激活,導(dǎo)致RA不斷進(jìn)展,遷延不愈[12]。幼稚T細(xì)胞(naive T cell,Tn)受到誘導(dǎo)后分化為Th1、Th2和Th17,其中Th17在介導(dǎo)自身免疫性炎癥的過程中發(fā)揮重要作用[13]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),Th17主要分泌IL-17,起到募集炎癥細(xì)胞的作用,而ROR-γt是Th17的特異性標(biāo)志物,在自身免疫疾病中均發(fā)現(xiàn)IL-17和ROR-γt表達(dá)量升高,與Th17活動增強(qiáng)有關(guān)[12-13]。Treg由Tn分化而來,是負(fù)性免疫調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞,具有抗炎和抑制自身免疫功能,F(xiàn)oxP3是其特異性標(biāo)志物[14]。由此可見,Th17與Treg是調(diào)控自身免疫反應(yīng)的兩種關(guān)鍵細(xì)胞,Th17/Treg平衡對于維持免疫穩(wěn)態(tài)意義重大。
Tim-3為近年新發(fā)現(xiàn)的受體分子,主要表達(dá)于Th1、Th17、Treg等細(xì)胞,具有調(diào)控細(xì)胞增殖、分化及凋亡的作用[4,15]。在諸多自身免疫病的動物模型中,當(dāng)Tim-3與其天然配體Gal-9結(jié)合后,激活的Gal-9/Tim-3通路可誘導(dǎo)免疫耐受,緩解炎性反應(yīng)[5-8,15]。作為公認(rèn)理想的RA動物模型,小鼠CIA成功模擬了RA的病理生理特點(diǎn)和免疫學(xué)微環(huán)境[16],為探討Gal-9/Tim-3通路對RA的影響提供必需條件。本實驗發(fā)現(xiàn),阻斷組小鼠關(guān)節(jié)病變較對照組嚴(yán)重,而激活組較對照組減輕,證明阻斷Gal-9/Tim-3通路會加重CIA炎癥,激活該通路則可有效遏制關(guān)節(jié)炎進(jìn)展。有文獻(xiàn)報道,Gal-9/Tim-3通路使抗炎因子IL-10和TGF-β表達(dá)增加,拮抗炎癥介質(zhì)作用,減輕組織病變[9,17];本實驗以ELISA法測三組小鼠血清IL-10和TGF-β濃度,證實了該結(jié)論。關(guān)于抗炎介質(zhì)表達(dá)增加的途徑,很可能是活化的Tim-3分子多途徑誘導(dǎo)Th17凋亡,激活Treg,觸發(fā)了強(qiáng)大的免疫耐受效應(yīng)[14,18]。本實驗中,激活組滑膜組織ROR-γt表達(dá)下降,F(xiàn)oxP3表達(dá)上升,而阻斷組ROR-γt上升,F(xiàn)oxP3下降,說明激活Gal-9/Tim-3通路確實能恢復(fù)Th17/Treg平衡,重建免疫穩(wěn)態(tài)??傊?,本實驗發(fā)現(xiàn)激活Gal-9/Tim-3通路對CIA具有緩解作用,并證實其機(jī)制很可能是通過恢復(fù)Th17/Treg平衡,上調(diào)抗炎因子表達(dá),從而實現(xiàn)自身免疫耐受,這為人類RA的治療提供了新的靶點(diǎn)。
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(收稿日期:2015-11-03 本文編輯:蘇 暢)