吳建國, 黃余清, 嚴 明, 劉成偉, 黃文祥, 賈 蓓
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金黃色葡萄球菌耐消毒劑基因的檢測
吳建國1, 黃余清1, 嚴明2, 劉成偉2, 黃文祥2, 賈 蓓2
摘要:目的 對金黃色葡萄球菌(金葡萄)的耐消毒劑基因qacA/B進行檢測分析。方法 收集重慶市奉節(jié)縣人民醫(yī)院2014年1—12月住院患者中分離的金葡菌51株,采用藥敏試驗、PCR技術進行mecA和qacA/B檢測,篩選出的攜帶有qacA/B基因的金葡菌進行spa分型,并分析相應的臨床情況和對16種抗菌藥物的耐藥模式。結果 金葡菌中mecA和qacA/ B檢測率分別為21.6%(11/51)和13.7%(7/51);耐甲氧西林金葡菌(MRSA)菌株中qacA/B陽性率為54.5%(6/11),甲氧西林敏感金葡菌(MSSA)菌株中qacA/B陽性率為2.5%(1/40),陽性率差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。7株qacA/B經(jīng)spa分型發(fā)現(xiàn)4個型,分別為t037、t091、t932、t895,其中t037有4株來源于兒科病房,其余菌株各1株,以t037型別為主。結論 該院分離出攜帶耐消毒劑qacA/B基因的金葡菌,MRSA攜帶率明顯高于MSSA,并且可能至少存在1個來自院內(nèi)的克隆株在兒科病房流行。
關鍵詞:金黃色葡萄球菌; 耐消毒劑基因; qacA/B; mecA; spa分型
金黃色葡萄球菌(金葡菌)是醫(yī)院感染的重要病原菌之一,尤其是耐甲氧西林金葡菌(MRSA),因其嚴重的多重耐藥,而引起當今世界范圍內(nèi)的廣泛關注。由于消毒劑大量使用,導致細菌對消毒劑的敏感性下降[1-2]。與抗菌藥物耐藥菌株一樣,抗消毒劑菌株的出現(xiàn)可能導致醫(yī)院消毒的失敗,可能引起醫(yī)院內(nèi)耐藥菌如MRSA感染的流行和傳播。金葡菌耐消毒劑基因的種類至少有12種如(qacA~qacJ, smr, 及norA)[3-8],對消毒劑的耐藥與細菌攜帶qacA/B密切相關,尤其在MRSA菌株中廣泛流行[9-12]。奉節(jié)縣人民醫(yī)院為地處重慶市偏遠山區(qū)的縣級二甲醫(yī)院,本研究通過對我院2014 年1—12月分離的51株金葡菌進行mecA和耐消毒劑qacA/B基因的檢測,并進行spa分型和耐藥模式分析,以了解該基因在我院MRSA和金葡菌甲氧西林敏感株(MSSA)中的流行情況,有利于對金葡菌所致醫(yī)院感染的控制。
1.1材料
收集奉節(jié)縣人民醫(yī)院2014年1—12月臨床各科室分離的金葡菌51株,標本分別來自于痰液、傷口分泌物、膿液、血液等。使用法國生物梅里埃公司生產(chǎn)的葡萄球菌和微球菌鑒定系統(tǒng)API STAPH,以及乳膠凝集法快速檢測金葡菌試劑Slidex Staph Plus對所收集的菌株進行鑒定。質控菌株為金葡菌ATCC25923、ATCC29213、ATCC43300,qacA/B陽性菌株TS77。
1.2方法
1.2.1 藥敏試驗 藥敏試驗采用紙片法或稀釋法測定MIC,以2014年CLSI[13]評判標準,檢測51株細菌對16種抗菌藥物以及4種消毒劑的藥敏。
1.2.2 細菌DNA提取及模板制備 取MH平皿上新鮮過夜單個菌落2~3個,混懸于濃度為10 g/ mL溶菌酶的50 μL滅菌TE液中 (pH=8.0),37℃水浴1 h,100℃煮沸10 min,14 000 r/min離心10 min后取上清液即含細菌DNA。
1.2.3 mecA基因擴增 mecA引物參照JONAS等[14]設計,上游引物 P1:5'-AAAAT-CGATGGTAAAGGTTGGG-3'(22 bp);下游引物P2:5'-AGTTCTGCAGTACCG GATTTGC-3'(22 bp)。PCR反應體系(50 μL):10×PCR反應緩沖液5 μL,MgCl23 μL,dNTP4 μL,DNA模板2 μL,Taq酶0.5 μL,滅菌蒸餾水加至50 μL。PCR反應條件:94 ℃預變性2 min,94 ℃變性30 s,50 ℃退火45 s,72 ℃延伸60 s,進行30次循環(huán),最后延伸10 min,反應結束后,將PCR產(chǎn)物于4 ℃保存。取5 μL PCR反應產(chǎn)物樣品在1.5%瓊脂糖凝膠中電泳,紫外凝膠電泳成像并保存。PCR擴增產(chǎn)物由上海生工生物工程有限公司測序,將結果與GenBank中提供的序列進行比對。
1.2.4 qacA/B基因擴增 qacA引物根據(jù)Pubmed基因庫中公布的基因序列用primer 5.0設計:上游引物 P1:5'-GCTGCATTTATGACAATGTT-TG-3' (22 bp);下游引物P2:5'-AATCCCACCTACTAAAGCAG-3'(20 bp)。
1.2.5 spa分型 對16株qacA陽性的金葡菌進行spa分型,spa分型引物參照參考文獻[15-16]:上游引物 P1:5'-GACGATCCTTCAGTGAGCAAAG-3’(22 bp);下游引物P2:5'-GCAGCAATTTTGTCGGCAGTAG -3'(20 bp)。10×PCR反應緩沖液5 μL,MgCl23 μL,dNTP 4 μL,DNA模板2 μL,Taq酶0.5 μL,滅菌蒸餾水加至50 μL。PCR反應條件:95 ℃預變性4 min,95 ℃變性30 s,60 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸45 s,共30次循環(huán),然后72 ℃延伸10 min, 4 ℃保存。取5 μLPCR反應產(chǎn)物樣品加入1.5%瓊脂糖凝膠加樣孔中,在1×TBE中,電壓110 V,時間25 min,紫外凝膠電泳成像并保存。PCR擴增產(chǎn)物由上海生工生物工程有限公司測序。測序結果的重復編碼判讀參照文獻[17],并通過spa分型的數(shù)據(jù)庫(http:// www.ridom.de/spaserver)進行分型。
2.1基因的檢測
表明mecA的攜帶率為21.6%(11/51),部分檢測結果見圖1。
2.2 MIC測定
圖1 mecA基因電泳圖Figure 1 Electrophoretogram of the PCR products for mecA gene
7株攜帶有qacA/B基因的金葡菌和參考菌株對4種常用消毒劑和頭孢西丁的藥敏試驗見表1。
2.3基因在金葡菌中的檢出率
金葡菌中qacA/B檢測陽性率為13.7%(7/51);MRSA菌株中qacA/B陽性率為54.5%(6/11),MSSA菌株中qacA/B陽性率為2.5%(1/40),差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05);在7株qacA/B陽性菌株中6株為MRSA,1株為MSSA,陽性率差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(Fisher精確概率法,P<0.05),見圖2。
2.4spa 分型
7株攜帶有qacA/B的金葡菌的spa分型電泳圖見圖3。如表2所示,可見spa基因重復序列數(shù)為6~10個。將測序結果提交spa重復序列的數(shù)據(jù)庫進行比對,分別定為t037、t091、t932、t895,其中t037有4株,其余菌株各1株,以t037型別為主,占的4/7。
2.5細菌分布
分析了7株攜帶qacA/B基因金葡菌患者的臨床資料顯示,感染均來自于醫(yī)院內(nèi),科室分布以兒科為主,標本來源為痰,呼吸道感染傳播為主,見表3。
2.6耐藥模式
7株qacA/B陽性菌株對16種常用抗金葡菌藥物的耐藥表型進行分型,其中507、509、511和520均為A型,534、551和557分別為B、C、D 型。A型的菌株表現(xiàn)為對氨芐西林-舒巴坦、氯霉素、環(huán)丙沙星、紅霉素、磷霉素、夫西地酸、慶大霉素、亞胺培南、莫西沙星、四環(huán)素耐藥,對利奈唑胺、利福平、替考拉寧和奎奴普丁-達福普汀敏感,B型則除了對氯霉素、紅霉素和四環(huán)素耐藥外對其他檢測抗菌藥物均敏感,而C型和D型除了對磷霉素和莫西沙星敏感性不一致外其余都耐藥[10],見表4。
表1 7株qacA/B陽性株和參考菌株mecA檢出率及對4種消毒劑及頭孢西丁的MICTable 1 The susceptibility of 7 qacA-positive S. aureus strains and 2 reference strains to 4 disinfectants and cefoxitin in terms of minimum inhibitory concentrations and mecA status
圖2 qacA/B基因檢測電泳圖Figure 2 Electrophoretogram of the PCR products for qacA/B gene M, marker; Lane 1-4, Lane5-7: 507, 509, 511, 520, 534, 541, 557 test strains. Lane 8: TS77, qacA/B-positive strain; Lane 9: negative stain.
圖3 spa分型電泳圖Figure 3 Electrophoresis for spa typing of S. aureus strains M, marker; Lane 1-7: 507, 509, 511, 520, 534, 541, 557 test strains.
表2 7株qacA/B陽性細菌SPA重復序列的特征及分型Table 2 Spa typing of the 7 strains of qacA/B-positive S. aureus based on the features of spa repetitive sequences
表3 qacA/B陽性的金葡菌臨床資料Table 3 Clinical details of the qacA/B-positive S. aureus strains
表4 qacA/B陽性金葡菌對常用抗菌藥物耐藥模式Table 4 Resistant pattern of qacA/B-positive S. aureus strains to commonly used antimicrobial agents
mecA基因的檢出是確證MRSA的金標準,研究結果顯示mecA基因的檢出率與金葡菌對頭孢西丁的耐藥率是一致的,藥敏結果提示7株攜帶有qacA/B基因的金葡菌6株為mecA基因陽性菌株,消毒防腐劑類對帶有qacA/B基因菌株的MIC均高于未攜帶該基因菌株,菌號557未檢測出mecA基因,盡管消毒劑對該菌的MIC低于mecA陽性菌株,但也明顯高于陰性對照菌株,表明MSSA也可攜帶耐消毒劑基因,提示可能增加社區(qū)金葡菌感染的傳播。
我院的qacA/B檢出率明顯高于WEI等[18]報道的qacA/B的檢測率9.1%,MRSA中qacA/B的檢出率為17.1%,2006年黃支密等[19]首次報道國內(nèi)MRSA菌株檢出qacA/B基因,其后國內(nèi)其他地區(qū)報道的檢出率為38%~92%[20],本研究與日本及2001年歐洲報道的qacA/B在MRSA的檢出率44%~63%大致相當[12,21], MIYAZAKI等[22]2007報道MRSA中qacA/B的檢出率達到80%,巴西3所醫(yī)院收集的74株MRSA中qacA/ B檢出率為80%[22],這些檢出率的差異可能與地域不同,用藥的頻次、習慣及收集標本的多少有關;MRSA 中qacA/B基因的陽性檢出率高,目前已經(jīng)從MRSA菌株中檢出多種消毒劑耐藥基因(qacA/B及qacC/D家族),這可能是qacA/B等消毒劑耐藥基因多位于多重耐藥基因位點上,故導致MRSA對某些消毒劑的耐藥性與對抗菌藥物的耐藥性的關聯(lián)性,我們的藥敏實驗中也可看到MRSA菌株的耐消毒劑水平也更高于MSSA菌株,更有利于耐藥菌的生存與傳播,因此應當高度重視并調(diào)查耐消毒劑基因在MRSA中的傳播,以降低醫(yī)院感染的發(fā)生。
spa分型顯示,國外MRSA主要以t001、t002為主,國內(nèi)其他地區(qū)發(fā)現(xiàn)有t030及t037流行[23],此次我們的研究中并未發(fā)現(xiàn)新的spa分型菌株,本研究對象是攜帶耐消毒劑基因的MRSA,但也與國內(nèi)流行趨勢一致,另外也說明spa分型存在很強的地域性,有助于不同地區(qū)實驗室的比較。臨床資料結合spa分型可以看到我院兒科可能存在醫(yī)院攜帶有qacA/B MRSA克隆株的流行。
本研究的不足之處主要為我院存在臨床標本送檢率及檢出率不高,因此1年時間僅收集51株,樣本量小,統(tǒng)計結果可能出現(xiàn)偏倚。
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2.重慶醫(yī)科大學附屬第一醫(yī)院感染科,重慶市傳染病寄生蟲病學重點實驗室。
中圖分類號:R378.11
文獻標識碼:A
文章編號:1009-7708(2016)03-0340-06
DOI:10.16718/j.1009-7708.2016.03.016
收稿日期:2015-06-15 修回日期:2015-08-15
基金項目:重慶市衛(wèi)生計生委醫(yī)學科研面上項目(2013-2-286)。
作者簡介:1.重慶市奉節(jié)縣人民醫(yī)院感染科,重慶 404600; 吳建國(1973—),男,副主任醫(yī)師,主要從事細菌耐藥性分析及致病機制研究。
通信作者:賈蓓,E-mail:beijia2008@yeah.net。
Detection of disinfectant-resistant gene in Staphylococcus aureus
WU Jianguo, HUANG Yuqing, YAN Ming, LIU Chengwei, HUANG Wenxiang, JIA Bei. (Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Fengjie County People's Hospital, Chongqing 404600, China)
Abstract:Objective To detect the disinfectant-resistant gene qacA/B in the strains of Staphylococcous aureus isolated from January 2014 to December 2014. Methods Fifty-one isolates were collected. PCR assay was used to detect mecA gene and qacA/ B gene in the isolates followed by Staphylococcus protein A (spa) typing. Antimicrobial-resistant phenotypic typing was conducted to analyze the homology of these qacA/B positive strains. The clinical information of the patients from whom the strains were isolated was collected to further understand the clinical background of qacA/B-carrying S. aureus. Results The prevalence of mecA and qacA/B genes was 21.6% (11/51) and 13.7% (7/51), respectively in the strains. The prevalence of qacA/B gene in the methicillinresistant S. aureus strains (54.5%, 6/11) was signifcantly higher than that in the methicillin-sensitive S. aureus strains (2.50%, 1/40). The prevalence of mecA gene in qacA/B gene positive strains (6/7) was signifcantly higher than that in qacA/B gene negative strains (1/7). These qacA/B positive strains were classifed into 4 spa types (t037, t091, t932 and t895). The main type was t037 (4/7), which was from the pediatric ward. Conclusions The prevalence of qacA/B gene is low in the S. aureus strains. However, the prevalence of this gene in methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains is far higher than that in methicillin-sensitive S. aureus. spa type t037 may be a prevalent clone in pediatric ward.
Key words:Staphylococcus aureus; disinfectant-resistant gene; qacA/B; mecA; spa typing