• <tr id="yyy80"></tr>
  • <sup id="yyy80"></sup>
  • <tfoot id="yyy80"><noscript id="yyy80"></noscript></tfoot>
  • 99热精品在线国产_美女午夜性视频免费_国产精品国产高清国产av_av欧美777_自拍偷自拍亚洲精品老妇_亚洲熟女精品中文字幕_www日本黄色视频网_国产精品野战在线观看 ?

    Electric field and force characteristic of dust aerosol particles on the surface of high-voltage transmission line

    2024-01-25 07:12:40YinggeLiu劉瀅格XingcaiLi李興財JuanWang王娟XinMa馬鑫andWenhaiSun孫文海
    Chinese Physics B 2024年1期
    關(guān)鍵詞:文海王娟

    Yingge Liu(劉瀅格), Xingcai Li(李興財),?, Juan Wang(王娟),2,Xin Ma(馬鑫), and Wenhai Sun(孫文海)

    1School of Physics,Ningxia University,Yinchuan 750021,China

    2Xinhua College of Ningxia University,Yinchuan 750021,China

    3School of Electronic-Electrical Engineering,Ningxia University,Yinchuan 750021,China

    Keywords: high-voltage current,electric field,aerosol particles,force characteristic

    1.Introduction

    With the advancements in solar and wind power generation technologies, high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission technology has gained widespread use for longdistance power transmission due to its specific advantages.[1]The development of HVDC transmission systems plays a crucial role in enabling efficient power transmission, facilitating the interconnection of diverse alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC) systems, and promoting the integration of renewable energy sources.[2,3]The construction and operation of ultra-high voltage (UHV) and extra-high voltage(EHV) DC transmission lines have brought significant attention to the environmental issues associated with corona discharge from the conductors of DC transmission lines.[4,5]Consequently, numerous scholars both domestically and internationally have undertaken extensive research on calculating the total electric field on the ground of DC transmission lines.They have proposed calculation methods based on Deutsch’s assumption,[6–9]finite element method,[10–12]finite difference method,[13]and simulated charge method,[14,15]which provide vital technical support.

    The issue of atmospheric pollution resulting from economic and social development is progressively deteriorating.[16]The accumulation of substantial amounts of fine particulate matter in the air can adhere to the surface of highvoltage transmission lines,thereby significantly impacting the surface morphology of the conductors.Additionally,this phenomenon can exacerbate corona discharge of the transmission lines, leading to alterations in their surrounding electromagnetic environment[17]and resulting in increased operational and maintenance costs.[18]Chalmers[19]initially discovered that airborne particulate matter influences the ambient electric field through charged interactions.Furthermore,Li’s research[20]demonstrated that strong electric fields acting upon particles significantly affects the optical characteristics of sand particles.These findings are significant for analyzing laboratory data and remotely sensed information related to parameters of sandstorm and rain-cloud.

    Qian[21]developed a formula, based on the assumptions of Deutsch and Kaptzov,[22]for calculating the total electric field on the ground under sandy and dusty conditions.Additionally, Qian conducted a comprehensive study and analysis on the impact of these conditions on the electromagnetic environment surrounding the transmission line.Wanget al.[23]investigated the impact of fouling particles on the electric field surrounding high-voltage conductor.Specifically,they examined the influence of four particle shapes (conical, cylindrical, spherical, and hemispherical) as well as their relative dielectric constants on the maximum electric field strength at the surface of the conductor.The simulation results revealed that factors such as the length(radius)and apex angle of fouling protrusion, along with the dielectric constant of the contaminant, significantly influence the electric field strength at the contaminated conductor.Lüet al.[24]employed finite element software to simulate the electric field distribution on a simulated conductor.The findings indicated that the maximum electric field strength at the apex of fouling particles exhibited an upward trend in response to higher relative dielectric constants.Conversely, the reduction occurred as the size of spherical fouling particles increased, whereas it exhibited an increase with the enlargement of conical fouling particle dimensions.Guet al.[25]examined the corona characteristics of the conductor surface by employing simulated dirt and toner particles with varying surface densities.The researchers specifically investigated the influence of dirt on the corona behavior of a±800-kV EHV DC transmission line using corona cages for experimentation.By combining experimental findings and simulation studies,a preliminary relationship was established between the corona onset voltage and the degree of surface contamination on the conductor of the±800-kV EHV DC transmission line.Maet al.[26]conducted an experiment focused on dirt coating using a compact corona cage.Their findings revealed that proximity to dirt material led to a significant increase in ion current and audible noise on the positively charged conductor of a±500-kV EHV DC transmission line due to enhanced electric field strength near its surface.Furthermore,they employed both corona images and corona pulse measurement data to elucidate the factors contributing to the changes in contaminated conductor’s observed corona characteristics.Liuet al.[27]employed a combination of eccentric dipole method and charge simulation method to determine the electric field distribution near conductor exposed to sand and dust particles.The results suggest that dust particles significantly distort the electric field surrounding the transmission line,with larger dust particles exerting a more pronounced impact on the spatial electric field at equivalent distances.Additionally,when sand particles are in close to the transmission line,the surface field strength of dust particles increases to approximately double the original field strength observed in the absence of dust.

    It can be seen that the majority of existing studies primarily focus on the ground total field strength,[28,29]the electromagnetic environment characteristics surrounding high-voltage AC and DC conductors without adhering particles,[30–33]and analysis of insulator electric field.[34–36]However, there are fewer studies on the electromagnetic environment characteristics on the surface of high-voltage DC conductors with varying degrees of particles adhering.[37,38]Furthermore,it should be noted that the adhesion of particles to the conductor’s surface significantly impacts its wind deviation law.[39]Wind deviation poses an additional challenge for conductors serving in windy areas as it may result in tripping phenomena.The adsorption of complex atmospheric particles on the conductor’s surface can alter its properties and kinetic characteristics.Moreover, it has potential to corrode the protection layer of the conductor, thereby affecting its lifespan.Therefore, accurate prediction and assessment of conductor surface fouling state are crucially significant for the maintenance of transmission line.

    Following this, several scholars have carried out researches on the characteristics of atmospheric particulate matter in the vicinity of high-voltage transmission line.Maet al.[40]investigated the impact of atmospheric particles on the three-dimensional total electric field beneath the UHV DC transmission line and provided a briefly analysis of particles forces and motions.The results show that these particles significantly distort the total electric field at ground level, with peak field enhancement area reaching 2–3 times their original values.Furthermore, the adsorption of particles on the transmission line is determined by their respective force.Zhanget al.[41]established a three-dimensional model to simulate the accumulation of pollutants on insulator strings under DC composite electric field.The results demonstrate that specific composite electric field result in maximum pollutant accumulation on the insulator string.When nominal electric fields near insulator string are excessively high, pollutant accumulation increases on the lower surface of insulator sheds while decreasing with weakening ion flow field.

    In the arid and consistently dry region prone to desertification,particles are influenced significantly by gravity,electrostatic force,van der Waals force,and fluid force.Therefore,it is crucial to investigate the electric field distribution on the surface of HVDC conductors and the forces exerted on particles under different fouling conditions in order to achieve more accurate predictions of fouling characteristics in both UHV and UHV DC conductors.With this objective in mind, the present study systematically investigates the impact of transmission line fouling on the electric field near the transmission line as well as the forces affecting the particles.Additionally,it examines the potential occurrence of transmission line fouling at various locations.

    2.HVDC transmission line model

    2.1.Geometric model

    This study presents a modeling approach utilizing 1:1 geometric modeling and hybrid meshing to simulate the distribution of electric field on the surface of an HVDC transmission line under fouling conditions.The computational domain is discretized and solved separately for each sub-conductor’s surface.To enhance computational efficiency, the following assumptions are applied in the calculation of the transmission line.(i) It is assumed that the split conductors are infinitely long smooth conductors with identical radii.They are arranged in parallel to each other and parallel to the Earth’s surface.(ii) Considering that the actual transmission frequency used in China falls within the range of the shallow frequency field, where the distance between observation point near the calculated field and conductor is significantly smaller than the wavelength of the electric field propagating in air, it can be considered quasi-static.Therefore,this simulation focuses on calculating the electric field strength on the surface of the highvoltage DC transmission line.(iii) This model simplifies the analysis by disregarding influence from surrounding environment and arc sag, treating them as a two-dimensional (2D)representation.Consequently, simplified calculation for electric fields is treated as a 2D field.

    The distribution of the electric field on the surface of a high-voltage transmission line is addressed as an open-region problem.In this study,the finite element method is employed,and artificial boundaries are established at a certain distance from the transmission conductors.Considering the conductive nature of the Earth,we set the potential value at the artificial boundary corresponding to ground as zero.To ensure that the air domain boundary(i.e.,the computational field domain)simulates an infinite distance, a virtual domain consisting of infinite elements is introduced beyond the artificial boundary.Subsequently, we establish a transmission line model assuming clean conditions without adhering particles.The computational domain for this model is depicted in Fig.1.By introducing a layer thickness, we transform the open-region problem into a finite field, effectively resolving challenges associated with calculating electric field in infinite space.

    Fig.1.Schematic diagram of the computational domain of the transmission line model.

    The parameters of the HVDC transmission line model are shown in Table 1.

    Table 1.HVDC transmission line model parameter.

    Fig.2.Arrangement of monopole 4 split transmission lines:(a)the type I of arrangement,(b)the type II of arrangement.

    According to the spatial domain selection method proposed by Wanget al.[42]for calculating the electric field strength of conductors,and considering the average cell mass and calculation rate of the grid, this paper finally determines the computational domain for modeling the electric field of a 4-division DC transmission line within a 210 m×136 m region.The comparative analysis diagram illustrating the selection of computational domain is shown in Fig.3.From the diagram,it can be observed that the model with the computational domain of 210 m×136 m has the highest average cell mass and minimum cell mass, while also reducing computation time and improving model efficiency due to fewer domain cells.Figure 4(a) depicts the structure of a clean transmission line, while figures 4(b)–4(d) illustrate different particle adhesion scenarios: single particles adhering,double particles adhering, and “triangular” arrangement of particles respectively.The size of the computational domain remains constant throughout subsequent calculations.

    Fig.3.Comparative analysis chart of computational domain selection.

    Fig.4.Schematic diagram of the geometric model of clean conductors and conductors under fouling conditions: (a) geometric model of the clean wire,(b)geometric model of single particle fouling layer with different radii,(c) geometric model of two-particle fouling layer with different spacings,(d) geometric model of the three-particle fouling layer of “triangular” arrangement.

    2.2.Grid division and its quality

    In the process of grid planning,a highly refined triangular grid is utilized to discretize the conductors and their surrounding areas, with a significantly smaller size compared to the radius of the split conductors.The employed grid for the infinite element domain is a structured grid that facilitates radial mapping,enabling as accurate representation of the properties at infinity within the infinite element domain.After implementing modifications to the grid, the final model comprises 21459 domain cells and 369 boundary cells,featuring a minimum cell mass of 0.5411 and an average cell mass of 0.8773.Figure 5 depicts the results of the grid discretization.

    Fig.5.The grid profile of the clean transmission line electric field calculation model.

    2.3.Boundary conditions and model solving

    In this paper, the boundary conditions are established to fulfill the requirements of the charge conservation equation(Eq.(1))and the electric field instanton relationship(Eq.(2)):

    The earth serves as the natural boundary,and a rectangular artificial boundary is implemented around the transmission line.The length of the artificial boundary is approximately 20 times the pole spacing of the transmission line, while the height of the artificial boundary measures twice the height of the transmission line’s center from the ground.Additionally, a layer thickness of 10 m is established beyond the artificial boundary of the infinite element domain, ensuring the proximity of the air domain’s boundary to an infinite distance,aligning with real-world conditions.In conclusion,within the calculation area outside of conductor,the following boundary conditions are established:(i)The potential of the earthφ=0.(ii)The potential on the surface of the conductorφequals the voltage magnitude of the transmission line.(iii) The potential magnitude at the artificial boundary is discretized using the finite element method to obtain numerical solutions for each node.Ultimately,the electric field strength in this HVDC transmission line model can be determined based on these potential values.

    2.4.Electric field verification

    The reliability of the computational domain settings in the numerical simulation is evaluated by constructing a transmission line model using the precise dimensions employed by Han.[43]A comparative analysis is conducted between this model and the findings reported in the reference, resulting in the verification comparison graph depicted in Fig.6.As depicted in the figure, the electric field intensity on the surface of each sub-conductor closely aligns with and conforms to the expected field intensity distribution pattern around the split conductor.

    Fig.6.Comparison chart of model validation results.

    3.Electric field distribution

    3.1.Clean transmission line around the electric field distribution

    To 4-split conductor of the second type of arrangement as an example, calculated as shown in Fig.7 to obtain the twodimensional electric field cloud atlas around the high-voltage transmission line, from the figure can be seen that the field strength along the surface of the transmission line approximately sinusoidal law changes, the maximum electric field strength on each sub-conductor appears in the direction of the geometric center of the split conductor and sub-conductor center line on the outer surface of the transmission line.In contrast, the minimum value generally appears on the inner surface.

    Fig.7.Electric field cloud atlas around the clean transmission line.

    The 800-kV high-voltage DC transmission line is selected for this study, and its electric field mode contour distribution is shown in Fig.8.Among them, figure 8(a) shows the electric field mode contours of the monopole 4-split transmission line, and figure 8(b) shows the electric field mode contours of subconductor 1.From Fig.8(a), it can be found that the field strength value of the nominal electric field at the center of the conductor is almost zero; the electric field strength changes significantly in the range after about 200 mm from the center;the phenomenon of the surge and sudden decrease occurs in the range of 200 mm–300 mm according to the center,that is,the electric field around the conductor produces a sharp change, which is prone to corona discharge phenomenon and the corresponding total electric field effect.From Fig.8(b)we observed that the split sub-conductor,due to the electric field shielding effect,forms a closed circle around it(which is electric field mode contour),the split sub-conductor inside the field strength value is close to 0, while the split transmission line geometric center and each sub-conductor center line direction of the outer surface of the transmission line appeared the maximum value of electric field strength,through the corresponding calculation, the maximum electric field strength value of 25.67 kV/cm.

    Fig.8.Electric field mode contour distribution map: (a) 4-split transmission line around the electric field contour distribution, (b) electric field contour distribution around sub-conductor 1.

    3.2.Single particle fouling layer around the electric field intensity distribution

    Owing to the presence of the “electrostatic dust absorption effect”in DC transmission lines,charged particles in the air experience a continuous directional electric field force,causing them to adhere to the surface of the transmission line.Additionally, the corona effect generated by the transmission line results in the accumulation of numerous charged particles in its vicinity.These particles bind with dust and other contaminants,thereby hastening the process of particulate deposition.

    This section focuses on calculating and analyzing the changes in the top field strength for four distinct shapes of sand particles that are directly adhered to sub-conductor 1 based on their radii.Figure 9 illustrates the trends in top field strength variation for spherical, hemispherical, semi-ellipsoidal, and conical sand particles at various protrusion lengths.It is evident that among the different sand particle types,conical and semi-ellipsoidal particles exhibit significant electric field distortions, followed by spherical particles, while hemispherical particles demonstrate the least distortion.

    For conical sand particles,when the diameter of the conical bottom remains constant, the maximum field strength at the top gradually increases with height.Similarly, for semiellipsoidal sand particles, when the short axis of the ellipsoid is fixed,the maximum field strength at the top gradually increases with the semi-major axis.Conversely, both hemispherical and spherical sand particles experience a gradual decrease in the maximum field strength at the top as their size increases, with the rate of decrease diminishing over time.Specifically,considering spherical particles as an example,the field strength at the top progressively decreases and eventually stabilizes at approximately 49.22 kV/cm,as depicted in Fig.9.

    Fig.9.The variation curves of the top field strength of particles with different shapes with the protrusion length.

    3.3.Electric field intensity distribution around the double particle fouling layer

    Fig.10.Electric field cloud atlas around double particles at different spacings.

    This section calculates the electric field intensity on the sub-conductor’s surface under the influence of a fouling layer consisting of double particles (particle size: 0.01 mm) with varying spacings.The resulting distribution of electric field intensities is depicted in Fig.10.As observed in the figure,when the two particles are in contact (Fig.10(a)), they significantly impact the electric field strength on the transmission line’s surface, approximately doubling the surface field strength when no particles adhere.However,the effect on the surface field strength of the transmission line with adhered single particles remains relatively consistent, at approximately 1.03 times.As the distance between the two particles increases,the electric field strength around the transmission line progressively decreases.When the particle distance exceeds 15 times the particle size,the field strength becomes comparable to that of a particle-free transmission line’s surface.

    3.4.The electric field intensity distribution around the three-particle fouling layer of “triangular” arrangement

    This section calculates the electric field strength on the surface of the sub-conductor under the influence of a threeparticle fouling layer arranged in a triangular configuration,as illustrated in Fig.11.The figure reveals that the presence of three particles in the dirt layer surrounding the sub-conductor has a greater impact on the field strength compared to the contact between two particles in the dirt layer.Specifically, the maximum field strength at the tip of the three-particle dirt layer is approximately 1.44 times that of the double particles and about 1.5 times that of a single particle.These findings suggest that particles adhering to the transmission line surface are more prone to absorbing charged particles.

    Fig.11.Electric field cloud atlas around multiple particles in contact with each other: (a)electric field around two particles with zero spacing,(b)electric field around three particles stacked in a“triangular”pattern.

    4.Particle adsorption and its force analysis

    4.1.Electric field intensity of single particle at different locations on the surface of the sub-conductor

    Fig.12.Eight-way single particle model and its surface field intensity distribution cloud atlas:(a)particle surface field intensity distribution at orientation 7,(b)particle surface field intensity distribution at orientation 8,(c)particle surface field intensity distribution at orientation 1,(d)particle surface field intensity distribution at orientation 6,(e)particle adsorption orientation model,(f)particle surface field intensity distribution at orientation 2,(g)particle surface field intensity distribution at orientation 5, (h) particle surface field intensity distribution at orientation 4, (i) particle surface field intensity distribution at orientation 3.

    By referring to Figs.7 and 8, it becomes evident that the outer surface of the transmission line experiences the highest electric field intensity (referred to as orientation 1 in Fig.12(e)).This orientation aligns with the connecting line between the split transmission line’s geometric center and the center of each sub-conductor.Conversely, the lowest electric field intensity occurs on the inner side of the split subconductor(referred to as orientation 5 in Fig.12(e)).Notably,orientations 3 and 7 in Fig.12(e)represent areas of strong and weak electric field intensity junctions, respectively.Consequently,this section establishes separate models for eight orientations (1–8) of 0.01 mm single particles on the surface of sub-conductor 1, as depicted in Fig.12(e).The calculations yield an electric field intensity cloud atlas around the single particle for each orientation(1–8),presented in panels(a)–(d)and(f)–(i).

    Based on Fig.12, it is evident that the overall distribution of field intensity around the split transmission line remains consistent even after particle adsorption.Orientation 1 exhibits the maximum electric field intensity on the surface of the split conductor,measuring 61.14 kV/cm,which is approximately 2.4 times higher than the maximum electric field intensity when no particles are present.Conversely, orientation 5 represents the minimum electric field intensity on the surface of the split conductor,measuring 44.70 kV/cm,approximately 2.6 times lower than the minimum electric field intensity in the absence of adhering particles.Orientations 3 and 7 correspond to the intersections of strong and weak spatial field strengths,measuring 58.44 kV/cm and 57.29 kV/cm,respectively.Additionally,the field strengths outside the geometric center of the line exceed those on the inside.

    4.2.Force on single particles at different locations on the sub-conductor surface

    In deserted areas, the “electrostatic dust absorption effect” of DC transmission line is pronounced, so it is crucial to scientifically understand and analyze the force on dust particles.[44–46]In this section,the force on particles at different locations under the influence of the electrostatic field of high voltage transmission line is discussed based on theoretical analysis(Fig.13).

    Fig.13.Force analysis of particles on the surface of sub-conductors.

    The forces on the surface of the transmission line road conductor sand should mainly include gravity, van der Waals force, electrostatic force, and so on.The specific calculation formula is as follows.

    (i)Gravity

    whereGis the gravity of dust particlesN;ρis the density of dust particles(SiO2)ρ=2.2×103kg/m3;gis the acceleration of gravity,Yinchuan is located at 38°20',and its gravitational acceleration is taken asg=9.832 N/kg.

    (ii)Van der Waals force

    In a dry environment, micron-sized particles are mainly affected by van der Waals forces in addition to other field forces in the collision process and adhesion behavior.[47,48]Since the radius of the particles is much smaller than the radius of the transmission line,the fouling particles and the transmission line are approximated as a model of a sphere and an infinitely thick plate,[49]and the van der Waals forces satisfied by the particles are obtained as

    whereHis the Hamaker constant,which is related to the material properties.The Hamaker constant for the interaction of SiO2particles and Cu transmission lines in a vacuum(this section derives the equation treating air as a vacuum)is calculated from the Hamaker constant for the interaction of SiO2and Cu respectively in a vacuum (as in Eq.(5)).Ris the particle radius.Dis the minimum distance between the spherical particles and the contact planeD=1×10?8m.[50]

    whereHSiO2=1.5×10?19J andHCu=2.84×10?19J.[49]

    (iii)Electrostatic force

    where the particle chargeQis given by Eq.(7)[51]and the electric field strengthEat the location of the particle is calculated through the eccentric electric dipole model.[52,53]

    Fig.14.Electric field distribution around particles under non-uniform electric field.

    This eccentric electric dipole model equates a particle in a nonuniform external electric field to an electric dipole off the center of the particle to calculate the actual field strength of the particle and the interparticle interaction force.[54]According to the electric dipole theory, the superposition of the applied field strength(i.e.,the spatial background field strength)and the electric field generated by the eccentric electric dipole is the actual field strength of the particle.From the engineering electromagnetic field theory, it is known that the actual field strength of a single particle under the action of an applied uniform electric fieldE0is shown in Eq.(8),while for a nonuniform external electric field (e.g., Fig.14), the actual field strength of the particle can be obtained after taking a zerolevel approximation(see Eq.(9)).

    whereβ=(k ?1)/(k+2),k=εp/εe,εprepresents the relative permittivity of particles,which has a value of 4.2;εeis the relative permittivity of air with a size of 1.000536.

    Fig.15.Particle force variation graph: (a) variation of force on particles at various places on the transmission line surface,(b)curve of the variation of each force on the particle at azimuth 8 with radius.

    In conclusion, the force analysis conducted on the single particle and the top particle of the“triangulartle”type resulted in a particle force variation diagram, as presented in Fig.15.Specifically,figure 15(a)illustrates the forces exerted on the surface of the sub-conductor by both the individual pellet and the“triangulartle”top pellet.Furthermore,figure 15(b)demonstrates the changes in forces acting on the single pellet as the radius varies at orientation 8.

    The analysis of Fig.15 reveals that the primary adhesion forces between particles and the transmission line in a dry environment follow the order of electrostatic force and van der Waals force.These forces are approximately 75 and 19 times greater than the gravitational force acting on the particles at the minimum field strength,respectively.Notably,the electrostatic force greatly surpasses both gravity (0.09 μN) and van der Waals force(0.35μN).This observation suggests that, in regions with high field strength,the electrostatic force induces smaller particles to detach from the surface of the transmission line.Consequently,this leads to an uneven distribution of dust accumulation on the transmission line,exacerbating the occurrence of corona phenomena and potentially giving rise to other significant environmental issues.

    4.3.Particle adsorption

    The conditions of desorption[46]of the particles on the surface of the splitter conductor can be obtained by combining Fig.15 as

    whereμis the coefficient of friction between the particle and the transmission line.

    The desorption of particles under the electric field generated by the high voltage transmission line, as described in Eq.(10)and illustrated in Fig.15,can now be discussed.From Fig.15(a),it is evident that the particles within 200°–300°are more accessible to be adsorbed than those at 0°–100°.Among all orientations,particles at orientation 5 exhibit the highest accessibility for adsorption,while those at orientation 1 demonstrate the easiest propensity for jumping.By comparing single particles with particles situated on top of the“triangular”fouling layer, it can be concluded that single particles are more susceptible to adsorption based on variations in electrostatic and van der Waals force as well as gravity.

    5.Conclusion

    The accumulation of significant quantities of fine particulate matter on the surface of high-voltage transmission lines can exacerbate corona discharge,thereby altering the electromagnetic environment surrounding the transmission line.[9,55]This study investigates the variations in electric field intensity on the segmented conductor surface caused by various fouling layers and analyzes the principles governing the adhesion of dust particles to the conductor.Additionally, it develops a comprehensive force model incorporating electrostatic force,van der Waals force,and gravity acting between dust particles and subconductors.The research findings demonstrate the following points.

    (i)The field strength along the surface of the high-voltage transmission line exhibits an approximately sinusoidal variation with the absence of adhered particles.The maximum field strength is observed towards the geometric center of the segmented transmission line and the centerline of the subconductors, on its outer surface.Conversely, the minimum field strength is typically observed on the inner surface.

    (ii)The adhesion of individual particles modifies the electric field distribution on the surface of the transmission line.As the particle size increases, there is a gradually reduction in the peak field strength at the top of the particle, eventually reaching a constant value of approximately 49.22 kV/cm.Additionally,adhered particles exhibit a maximum field strength that is approximately 1.96 times higher than non-adhered particles under similar surface field strength conditions.

    (iii)The presence of a dual particle fouling layer leads to a gradual reduction in the field strength surrounding the transmission line as the spacing between particles increases.At a particle spacing of 0, the surface field strength of the transmission line is approximately twice that of non-adhered particles.However, when the particle spacing exceeds 15 times the size of each individual particle, the surface field strength of the transmission line becomes comparable to that observed with non-adhered particles.

    (iv)The field strength at the tip of a“triangular”arrangement of three particles in the fouling layer is approximately 1.44 times higher than that of a double-particle arrangement and 1.5 times higher than that of a single particle.These findings indicate that it is more prone to adhere charged particles on the surface of the wire after adhering particles.

    (v)The primary forces responsible for adhesion between fouling particles and the transmission line are electrostatic force and Van der Waals force.The adhesion force ranges from approximately 10?10N to 10?9N.At the minimum field strength,these forces exceed the gravitational force acting on the particles by approximately 74.73 and 19.43 times,respectively.

    These results bear significant importance in accurately predicting the extent of fouling accumulation on high-voltage conductors and assessing the corresponding safety risks.

    Acknowledgements

    Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.12064034), the Leading Talents Program of Science and Technology Innovation in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China (Grant No.2020GKLRLX08), the Natural Science Foundation of Ningxia Hui Auatonomous Region, China (Grant Nos.2022AAC03643,2022AAC03117, and 2018AAC03029), the Major Science and Technology Project of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region,China (Grant No.2022BDE03006), and the Natural Science Project of the Higher Education Institutions of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region,China(Grant No.13-1069).

    猜你喜歡
    文海王娟
    彩插·畫家
    封三·劉文海
    The formation of adolescent performing culture in the chorus
    High adsorption and separation performance of CO2 over N2 in azo-based(N=N)pillar[6]arene supramolecular organic frameworks*
    Electrostatic force of dust deposition originating from contact between particles and photovoltaic glass?
    貧血鑒別診斷中血液檢驗的效果及作用分析
    健康之家(2021年19期)2021-05-23 09:10:44
    文海紅國畫展
    老祖宗留下來的瑰寶與絕活
    狂飆美少女
    文海江作品選
    美術(shù)界(2014年7期)2014-04-29 00:44:03
    久久99蜜桃精品久久| 亚洲精品成人久久久久久| 国产av不卡久久| 免费观看无遮挡的男女| 国产精品一二三区在线看| 男女那种视频在线观看| 精品熟女少妇av免费看| 一级毛片 在线播放| 久久韩国三级中文字幕| 直男gayav资源| 在线播放无遮挡| 中文天堂在线官网| 黑人高潮一二区| av在线播放精品| 国产精品一二三区在线看| 另类亚洲欧美激情| 国产亚洲5aaaaa淫片| 国产男女内射视频| 在线免费十八禁| 高清在线视频一区二区三区| 国产有黄有色有爽视频| 黑人高潮一二区| 性色avwww在线观看| 18禁动态无遮挡网站| 国产精品不卡视频一区二区| 精品人妻视频免费看| 网址你懂的国产日韩在线| 精品人妻视频免费看| 一级二级三级毛片免费看| 最近2019中文字幕mv第一页| 成人一区二区视频在线观看| 欧美精品人与动牲交sv欧美| 噜噜噜噜噜久久久久久91| 日本欧美国产在线视频| 男人添女人高潮全过程视频| 中文字幕av成人在线电影| 大片电影免费在线观看免费| 亚洲成人久久爱视频| 精品一区二区三卡| 日韩av不卡免费在线播放| 少妇的逼好多水| videossex国产| 99热全是精品| 午夜精品国产一区二区电影 | 人体艺术视频欧美日本| 亚洲国产欧美在线一区| 乱系列少妇在线播放| 欧美97在线视频| 亚洲欧美精品自产自拍| 2018国产大陆天天弄谢| 亚洲成人久久爱视频| 久久这里有精品视频免费| 寂寞人妻少妇视频99o| 99久久中文字幕三级久久日本| 美女xxoo啪啪120秒动态图| 国产高清有码在线观看视频| 一个人观看的视频www高清免费观看| 亚洲高清免费不卡视频| 午夜老司机福利剧场| 国产 精品1| 久久久久久久久久久丰满| 中国美白少妇内射xxxbb| 久久久久国产网址| 黄色配什么色好看| 日韩,欧美,国产一区二区三区| 日韩国内少妇激情av| 亚洲性久久影院| 国产一区二区三区综合在线观看 | 国产色婷婷99| 免费av观看视频| 国产一区二区三区综合在线观看 | 国产午夜精品一二区理论片| 国产精品成人在线| 少妇猛男粗大的猛烈进出视频 | 国产黄a三级三级三级人| 国产老妇伦熟女老妇高清| 亚洲在线观看片| 国产精品一区二区性色av| 亚州av有码| 99久国产av精品国产电影| 国产色婷婷99| 中文欧美无线码| 欧美日韩视频高清一区二区三区二| 干丝袜人妻中文字幕| 日韩国内少妇激情av| 26uuu在线亚洲综合色| 亚洲国产精品成人综合色| 免费看日本二区| 国产精品一区二区三区四区免费观看| 爱豆传媒免费全集在线观看| 在现免费观看毛片| 人妻一区二区av| av国产免费在线观看| 69av精品久久久久久| 中文字幕免费在线视频6| 岛国毛片在线播放| 色吧在线观看| 亚洲欧美一区二区三区国产| 日韩国内少妇激情av| 视频区图区小说| 美女内射精品一级片tv| 大又大粗又爽又黄少妇毛片口| 交换朋友夫妻互换小说| 啦啦啦中文免费视频观看日本| 久久久久久久大尺度免费视频| 亚洲av二区三区四区| 99热国产这里只有精品6| www.色视频.com| 激情 狠狠 欧美| 韩国高清视频一区二区三区| 夫妻性生交免费视频一级片| 国产黄a三级三级三级人| 一级黄片播放器| 精品少妇黑人巨大在线播放| 男女下面进入的视频免费午夜| 美女内射精品一级片tv| 一级爰片在线观看| 日韩欧美精品v在线| 亚洲色图综合在线观看| 夜夜爽夜夜爽视频| 亚洲精品自拍成人| videossex国产| 精品久久久噜噜| 亚洲精品自拍成人| 欧美zozozo另类| 日日啪夜夜爽| 国产乱人视频| 久久99热这里只频精品6学生| 久久精品国产鲁丝片午夜精品| 日本免费在线观看一区| 青青草视频在线视频观看| 久久久久久久大尺度免费视频| 看十八女毛片水多多多| 精品久久国产蜜桃| 亚洲久久久久久中文字幕| 夜夜看夜夜爽夜夜摸| 一级a做视频免费观看| 韩国高清视频一区二区三区| 亚洲国产高清在线一区二区三| 国产亚洲午夜精品一区二区久久 | 久久久久精品久久久久真实原创| 好男人视频免费观看在线| 久久久久久久亚洲中文字幕| 亚洲成人精品中文字幕电影| 欧美成人a在线观看| 男女那种视频在线观看| 亚洲精品自拍成人| 一区二区三区乱码不卡18| 大又大粗又爽又黄少妇毛片口| 欧美亚洲 丝袜 人妻 在线| 一区二区三区四区激情视频| 国产日韩欧美亚洲二区| 亚洲av国产av综合av卡| 黄色配什么色好看| 亚洲欧洲国产日韩| 亚洲人与动物交配视频| 亚洲经典国产精华液单| 久久久精品94久久精品| 特大巨黑吊av在线直播| 男的添女的下面高潮视频| 观看美女的网站| 别揉我奶头 嗯啊视频| 永久免费av网站大全| 日韩强制内射视频| videos熟女内射| 身体一侧抽搐| 午夜福利视频精品| 久久久欧美国产精品| av国产免费在线观看| 亚洲四区av| 18+在线观看网站| 97人妻精品一区二区三区麻豆| 午夜老司机福利剧场| 亚洲av中文字字幕乱码综合| 九九久久精品国产亚洲av麻豆| 麻豆成人午夜福利视频| av天堂中文字幕网| 国产精品精品国产色婷婷| 亚洲久久久久久中文字幕| 我的老师免费观看完整版| 欧美性猛交╳xxx乱大交人| 在线亚洲精品国产二区图片欧美 | 啦啦啦啦在线视频资源| 亚洲欧美一区二区三区黑人 | 国产成人福利小说| 九九爱精品视频在线观看| 人妻夜夜爽99麻豆av| 欧美性猛交╳xxx乱大交人| 久久精品国产鲁丝片午夜精品| 男女边摸边吃奶| 日日摸夜夜添夜夜爱| 成人综合一区亚洲| 视频区图区小说| 久久久久精品性色| 久久鲁丝午夜福利片| 自拍欧美九色日韩亚洲蝌蚪91 | 最近的中文字幕免费完整| 伊人久久精品亚洲午夜| 久久久久久国产a免费观看| 成人亚洲精品av一区二区| av在线蜜桃| 在线观看美女被高潮喷水网站| 新久久久久国产一级毛片| 国产乱人视频| 午夜福利视频1000在线观看| 亚洲,欧美,日韩| 亚洲av.av天堂| 久久精品国产亚洲网站| 夜夜看夜夜爽夜夜摸| 久久人人爽av亚洲精品天堂 | 国产精品久久久久久久电影| 免费观看无遮挡的男女| 免费av观看视频| 久久久久久久久大av| 午夜激情福利司机影院| 在线a可以看的网站| 精品一区在线观看国产| 国产成人精品一,二区| 少妇人妻一区二区三区视频| 亚洲国产色片| 成人亚洲欧美一区二区av| 国产一区二区亚洲精品在线观看| 观看免费一级毛片| 美女主播在线视频| 少妇熟女欧美另类| 在线看a的网站| 69av精品久久久久久| 久久这里有精品视频免费| 精品国产三级普通话版| 日韩一区二区三区影片| 精品国产一区二区三区久久久樱花 | av.在线天堂| 一级毛片久久久久久久久女| 丝袜喷水一区| 亚洲美女视频黄频| 国产精品久久久久久精品古装| 亚洲av日韩在线播放| 亚洲欧美日韩卡通动漫| 人人妻人人爽人人添夜夜欢视频 | 大话2 男鬼变身卡| 午夜老司机福利剧场| 国产淫语在线视频| 大话2 男鬼变身卡| 一二三四中文在线观看免费高清| 日韩在线高清观看一区二区三区| 国产男人的电影天堂91| 欧美高清性xxxxhd video| 婷婷色麻豆天堂久久| videossex国产| 人人妻人人爽人人添夜夜欢视频 | av网站免费在线观看视频| 午夜福利视频精品| 成人高潮视频无遮挡免费网站| 我的女老师完整版在线观看| 欧美高清性xxxxhd video| 久久热精品热| 亚洲精品久久午夜乱码| av线在线观看网站| 午夜福利在线观看免费完整高清在| a级毛片免费高清观看在线播放| 少妇 在线观看| 国产精品不卡视频一区二区| 街头女战士在线观看网站| 丰满乱子伦码专区| 三级国产精品片| 国产精品不卡视频一区二区| 在线观看av片永久免费下载| 亚洲精品乱久久久久久| 国产片特级美女逼逼视频| 联通29元200g的流量卡| 中文字幕av成人在线电影| 舔av片在线| 熟女人妻精品中文字幕| a级一级毛片免费在线观看| 国内少妇人妻偷人精品xxx网站| 一级二级三级毛片免费看| 国产在线一区二区三区精| 欧美日韩在线观看h| 亚洲国产精品成人久久小说| 全区人妻精品视频| 18禁在线无遮挡免费观看视频| 国产探花在线观看一区二区| 自拍偷自拍亚洲精品老妇| 91精品伊人久久大香线蕉| 久久久久久久亚洲中文字幕| av网站免费在线观看视频| 偷拍熟女少妇极品色| 亚洲精品一区蜜桃| 国产免费一级a男人的天堂| 国产男人的电影天堂91| 亚洲精品日本国产第一区| 久久这里有精品视频免费| 亚洲精品日韩在线中文字幕| 在线观看国产h片| 亚洲精品成人av观看孕妇| 国产成人午夜福利电影在线观看| 亚洲欧美清纯卡通| 日本三级黄在线观看| 亚洲av日韩在线播放| 狂野欧美激情性xxxx在线观看| 日本黄色片子视频| 久久精品人妻少妇| 99久国产av精品国产电影| 老司机影院毛片| 久久97久久精品| 小蜜桃在线观看免费完整版高清| 国产成人福利小说| 日韩视频在线欧美| 中国三级夫妇交换| 老师上课跳d突然被开到最大视频| 国产一区二区在线观看日韩| 亚洲精品456在线播放app| 日产精品乱码卡一卡2卡三| 午夜爱爱视频在线播放| 午夜福利网站1000一区二区三区| 热99国产精品久久久久久7| 国产精品99久久久久久久久| av在线天堂中文字幕| 亚洲丝袜综合中文字幕| 自拍偷自拍亚洲精品老妇| 好男人视频免费观看在线| 精品少妇黑人巨大在线播放| 综合色丁香网| 亚洲最大成人中文| 久久综合国产亚洲精品| 国产又色又爽无遮挡免| 国产黄a三级三级三级人| 在线观看一区二区三区激情| 七月丁香在线播放| 又黄又爽又刺激的免费视频.| 亚洲欧洲国产日韩| 中文字幕制服av| av在线蜜桃| 夫妻午夜视频| 免费av毛片视频| 国产伦理片在线播放av一区| av在线观看视频网站免费| 精品一区在线观看国产| 国产视频内射| 一个人看的www免费观看视频| 嫩草影院精品99| 欧美高清性xxxxhd video| 三级国产精品欧美在线观看| 春色校园在线视频观看| 三级经典国产精品| 国产黄a三级三级三级人| 亚洲av在线观看美女高潮| 国产午夜精品久久久久久一区二区三区| 亚洲国产精品成人综合色| av在线亚洲专区| 欧美少妇被猛烈插入视频| 99久久人妻综合| 亚洲精品日韩av片在线观看| 美女高潮的动态| 久久久久久九九精品二区国产| 国语对白做爰xxxⅹ性视频网站| 十八禁网站网址无遮挡 | 国产亚洲最大av| 又黄又爽又刺激的免费视频.| 亚洲精品视频女| 男人爽女人下面视频在线观看| 国产高清不卡午夜福利| av卡一久久| 国产一区二区三区综合在线观看 | 欧美丝袜亚洲另类| 欧美精品人与动牲交sv欧美| 国产精品一区www在线观看| 欧美日韩一区二区视频在线观看视频在线 | 男女国产视频网站| 国产欧美日韩精品一区二区| 国产成人福利小说| 秋霞伦理黄片| 国国产精品蜜臀av免费| 亚洲人成网站在线观看播放| 一级毛片电影观看| 亚洲精华国产精华液的使用体验| 日韩强制内射视频| 免费av观看视频| 久久精品综合一区二区三区| 久热这里只有精品99| 亚洲av福利一区| 男女那种视频在线观看| a级毛色黄片| 男人舔奶头视频| 最近2019中文字幕mv第一页| 日韩av在线免费看完整版不卡| 亚洲成人久久爱视频| 欧美精品一区二区大全| 熟女人妻精品中文字幕| 男女边摸边吃奶| 久久久久国产精品人妻一区二区| 国产黄色免费在线视频| 三级国产精品片| 婷婷色麻豆天堂久久| 最近2019中文字幕mv第一页| 免费看a级黄色片| 久久久久性生活片| 街头女战士在线观看网站| 国产视频内射| 亚洲成人中文字幕在线播放| 成年av动漫网址| 黄片wwwwww| 韩国高清视频一区二区三区| 日本色播在线视频| 国产91av在线免费观看| 国产精品秋霞免费鲁丝片| 免费黄网站久久成人精品| 又大又黄又爽视频免费| 久久久久国产精品人妻一区二区| 成人综合一区亚洲| 91久久精品电影网| 久久99热这里只频精品6学生| 亚洲精品一二三| 国产精品精品国产色婷婷| 人妻一区二区av| 噜噜噜噜噜久久久久久91| 国产午夜精品一二区理论片| 18禁在线播放成人免费| 内射极品少妇av片p| 色视频在线一区二区三区| 亚洲欧美日韩东京热| 一区二区三区四区激情视频| 成人亚洲精品一区在线观看 | 精品人妻熟女av久视频| 婷婷色麻豆天堂久久| 色视频www国产| 欧美日韩视频精品一区| 久久久久久久国产电影| 少妇人妻久久综合中文| 一级爰片在线观看| 国产av不卡久久| av专区在线播放| 一级毛片电影观看| 免费看光身美女| 少妇猛男粗大的猛烈进出视频 | 久久久久国产精品人妻一区二区| 少妇人妻一区二区三区视频| 国产爽快片一区二区三区| 草草在线视频免费看| 国产在线一区二区三区精| 99久久中文字幕三级久久日本| 国产日韩欧美在线精品| av一本久久久久| 人妻一区二区av| 欧美激情在线99| 大香蕉久久网| 亚洲精品国产av成人精品| 91久久精品电影网| 又爽又黄无遮挡网站| 26uuu在线亚洲综合色| 国产在线一区二区三区精| 在线观看三级黄色| 18+在线观看网站| 国产精品女同一区二区软件| 五月开心婷婷网| 一本久久精品| 天天躁夜夜躁狠狠久久av| 一级黄片播放器| 免费观看a级毛片全部| 欧美高清性xxxxhd video| 国产精品国产三级国产av玫瑰| 联通29元200g的流量卡| 久久99热6这里只有精品| 久久国产乱子免费精品| 成年av动漫网址| 日韩三级伦理在线观看| 亚洲av中文字字幕乱码综合| 深爱激情五月婷婷| 成人免费观看视频高清| 一级毛片我不卡| 国内精品美女久久久久久| 狂野欧美白嫩少妇大欣赏| 日本与韩国留学比较| 特大巨黑吊av在线直播| www.色视频.com| 一级毛片aaaaaa免费看小| 亚洲av一区综合| 精品酒店卫生间| 男插女下体视频免费在线播放| 国产女主播在线喷水免费视频网站| 国产片特级美女逼逼视频| 日日啪夜夜撸| 国产在线一区二区三区精| 国产男女内射视频| 欧美激情国产日韩精品一区| 久久午夜福利片| 欧美精品人与动牲交sv欧美| 久久久久久久大尺度免费视频| 亚洲综合色惰| 久久这里有精品视频免费| 深爱激情五月婷婷| 亚洲经典国产精华液单| 亚洲精品日本国产第一区| 国产黄色免费在线视频| 精品99又大又爽又粗少妇毛片| 99久久中文字幕三级久久日本| 看黄色毛片网站| av在线播放精品| 人体艺术视频欧美日本| 少妇人妻精品综合一区二区| 日韩伦理黄色片| 99热这里只有是精品50| 欧美少妇被猛烈插入视频| 人妻 亚洲 视频| 亚洲国产欧美人成| 亚洲丝袜综合中文字幕| 亚州av有码| 欧美极品一区二区三区四区| 午夜福利在线在线| 99久国产av精品国产电影| 国产黄片美女视频| 久久久久九九精品影院| av.在线天堂| 国精品久久久久久国模美| 午夜视频国产福利| 国产黄a三级三级三级人| 欧美97在线视频| 亚洲一级一片aⅴ在线观看| av在线app专区| 美女国产视频在线观看| 亚洲天堂国产精品一区在线| 成人黄色视频免费在线看| 美女高潮的动态| av播播在线观看一区| 久久精品国产亚洲网站| 我的老师免费观看完整版| 亚洲四区av| 国产精品一区二区性色av| 国产美女午夜福利| 中文字幕av成人在线电影| 人妻少妇偷人精品九色| 永久网站在线| 国产亚洲av嫩草精品影院| 日本免费在线观看一区| 免费观看性生交大片5| 国产成人freesex在线| 卡戴珊不雅视频在线播放| 色5月婷婷丁香| 午夜亚洲福利在线播放| 伊人久久精品亚洲午夜| 在线观看美女被高潮喷水网站| 久久亚洲国产成人精品v| 青青草视频在线视频观看| 国产精品不卡视频一区二区| 欧美一区二区亚洲| 国产毛片在线视频| 亚洲内射少妇av| 赤兔流量卡办理| 美女xxoo啪啪120秒动态图| 99re6热这里在线精品视频| 少妇猛男粗大的猛烈进出视频 | 嫩草影院入口| 美女脱内裤让男人舔精品视频| 国产在视频线精品| 人妻夜夜爽99麻豆av| 狂野欧美激情性bbbbbb| freevideosex欧美| 国产精品国产三级国产专区5o| 蜜臀久久99精品久久宅男| a级毛色黄片| 最新中文字幕久久久久| 亚洲精品一区蜜桃| 一本色道久久久久久精品综合| 精品久久久噜噜| 精品一区在线观看国产| 国产一区二区三区综合在线观看 | 国产精品女同一区二区软件| 大香蕉久久网| 最近手机中文字幕大全| 成人毛片60女人毛片免费| 一级黄片播放器| 99九九线精品视频在线观看视频| 久热这里只有精品99| 视频中文字幕在线观看| 少妇高潮的动态图| 一区二区三区免费毛片| 国产精品一区二区性色av| 久久久久性生活片| 3wmmmm亚洲av在线观看| 真实男女啪啪啪动态图| 精品久久国产蜜桃| 国产精品99久久久久久久久| 成人漫画全彩无遮挡| 人人妻人人爽人人添夜夜欢视频 | 国产毛片在线视频| 天天躁日日操中文字幕| 永久网站在线| 人妻系列 视频| 哪个播放器可以免费观看大片| 亚洲人成网站在线播| 久久久成人免费电影| 天堂网av新在线| 青春草亚洲视频在线观看| 欧美激情国产日韩精品一区| 91精品伊人久久大香线蕉| 熟女电影av网| 国产黄色视频一区二区在线观看| 久久99蜜桃精品久久| 亚洲人成网站在线播| 777米奇影视久久| 97超碰精品成人国产| 日本爱情动作片www.在线观看| 美女脱内裤让男人舔精品视频| 久久久久网色| av播播在线观看一区| 高清毛片免费看| 又粗又硬又长又爽又黄的视频| 97超碰精品成人国产| 性插视频无遮挡在线免费观看| 亚洲国产高清在线一区二区三| 午夜爱爱视频在线播放| 国产午夜精品久久久久久一区二区三区| 99久久人妻综合| 国产亚洲午夜精品一区二区久久 | 亚洲精品久久午夜乱码|