王巧紅,張曉晴,郭靜,魏吉林,楊輝*
·科研綜述·
帕金森病病人居家康復運動影響因素及干預研究進展
王巧紅1,2,張曉晴1,郭靜2,魏吉林2,楊輝1,2*
1.山西醫(yī)科大學護理學院,山西 030001;2.山西醫(yī)科大學第一醫(yī)院
總結(jié)帕金森病病人居家康復運動影響因素和干預策略的研究現(xiàn)狀,為我國臨床醫(yī)護人員制定帕金森病病人居家康復運動干預方案提供依據(jù)。
帕金森?。痪蛹铱祻?;康復運動;影響因素;干預;護理;綜述
帕金森?。≒arkinson's disease,PD)是僅次于阿爾茨海默病的常見神經(jīng)退行性疾病,與多巴胺能神經(jīng)元的退行性變和隨之而來的神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)多巴胺的減少有關(guān),導致運動和非運動的改變及病人日常生活能力和生活質(zhì)量的逐漸下降[1?2]。目前,尚無有效的藥物和技術(shù)可以停止或逆轉(zhuǎn)該病進展[3?4]。帕金森病病人受益于持續(xù)不斷的運動,以改善和維持身體功能[5?6],更好地管理疾病。但臨床實踐中仍然有許多病人久坐不動,導致合并癥增加,給家庭和社會造成沉重的照顧負擔和經(jīng)濟負擔[7?8]。我國90%的帕金森病病人選擇居家康復,居家康復是醫(yī)院康復的有效替代方案。因此,建立基于社區(qū)和家庭的帕金森病病人康復運動長效模式,保持病人長期堅持康復運動的動力[9]是醫(yī)護人員面對的挑戰(zhàn)。
1.1相關(guān)定義運動與體力活動不同。體力活動是指任何導致人體骨骼肌收縮所產(chǎn)生的能量消耗的身體運動,如種花、掃地和散步等日常活動都包括在體力活動范圍內(nèi)[10]。運動也稱鍛煉,被定義為身體活動的一個子類別,包括有計劃、有組織、重復、有目的、旨在改善身體健康的一個或多個組成部分的體育活動[8]。居家康復運動在本研究中是指在非醫(yī)療機構(gòu)場所,非專業(yè)醫(yī)護人員陪伴下,病人在家庭和社區(qū)進行的運動或鍛煉,以期改善疾病癥狀,延緩疾病進展,改善疾病結(jié)局。
1.2康復運動的重要性帕金森病發(fā)病機制復雜,現(xiàn)有研究顯示,可能是由于環(huán)境因素、年齡、老化、細胞凋亡、免疫異常、線粒體功能障礙和氧化應激過度等諸多因素影響,導致中腦黑質(zhì)紋狀體多巴胺能神經(jīng)元變性、壞死,最終引起腦內(nèi)紋狀體多巴胺神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)減少而發(fā)病[11?12]。運動可能起到神經(jīng)保護作用,在動物模型上的運動實驗顯示,運動能夠增加多巴胺的釋放,通過下調(diào)多巴胺轉(zhuǎn)運體的表達,增加細胞外的多巴胺,減少紋狀體的多巴胺丟失,保存部分中腦多巴胺能神經(jīng)元及修復多巴胺終端[13?14],對帕金森病潛在的病理產(chǎn)生直接影響,從而減緩疾病的進展。運動還與大腦中的許多結(jié)構(gòu)、血管和神經(jīng)分子變化有關(guān),這些變化有助于改善老化大腦的身體、認知和行為功能[15]。盡管運動對帕金森病病人益處的機制尚缺乏完整了解,但迅速積累的證據(jù)顯示鍛煉的帕金森病病人有更好的結(jié)局[16?17]。多種類型的康復訓練能夠改善早中期帕金森病病人肌力、步態(tài)、運動功能和平衡功能,降低跌倒風險等[18?19];不同類型和強度的運動還可以有效改善帕金森病病人睡眠障礙、抑郁和認知功能等非運動癥狀[20],運動能在一定程度上減少帕金森病病人對藥物依賴性的作用和藥物使用劑量[21]。
1.3帕金森病病人康復運動現(xiàn)狀帕金森病病人康復運動總體水平較低,即使是帕金森病Hoehn?Yahr 1期的病人活動水平也非常低[22],只有30%的人每天步行30 min,遠遠低于指南推薦水平[23]。而我國大部分帕金森病病人沒有進行系統(tǒng)的康復訓練[24],應在疾病所有階段進行一系列的治療性運動,以保持長期的運動依從性[9,25?28]。
國內(nèi)李偉等[29]研究指出,相比同年齡組的健康人,帕金森病病人運動能力下降約1/3,其中24%的能力下降與疾病進展、步行障礙和日常活動能力受限相關(guān)。精神障礙(如抑郁、孤獨和癡呆)、疲勞等個體因素以及由于跌倒恐懼而導致的戶外活動減少等多種因素,都會引起帕金森病病人活動能力降低。解璇等[30]研究指出,居家帕金森病病人康復鍛煉總依從率處于中等偏低水平,病情分期、康復鍛煉知識了解程度、是否身體疲勞、是否害怕跌倒、運動自我效能及社會支持是居家帕金森病病人康復鍛煉依從性的主要影響因素。陳志等[31]指出,環(huán)境影響帕金森癥病人的康復,主要涉及醫(yī)院、社會、家庭3個方面,如藥品和輔助器械等醫(yī)療設(shè)備以及與帕金森癥病人康復息息相關(guān)的服務及政策。吳曉[32]通過實施包括康復目標、鼓勵病人、增強社會支持、滿足病人需求和利益等康復措施,提高帕金森病病人康復運動自我效能感,從而改善干預組病人的心理狀態(tài),促進病人功能康復。徐萍[33]也指出,自我效能與教育干預對帕金森病病人運動效能和平衡功能有顯著作用。李昊[34]研究顯示,醫(yī)護人員和家庭共同參與及督促對于維持帕金森病病人康復運動具有重要作用。
國外研究指出,帕金森病病人運動的障礙因素包括結(jié)果期望低、缺乏時間、害怕摔倒、自我效能低以及缺乏衛(wèi)生保健專業(yè)人員和組織的支持[9,35?36]。Khalil等[37]通過對帕金森病病人和康復治療師進行質(zhì)性訪談,提出帕金森病病人運動的障礙因素和促進因素,障礙因素包括缺乏疾病感知和參與運動的信息、疾病診斷困難、缺乏對物理治療的轉(zhuǎn)介、疾病特定問題(僵硬和疲勞)、環(huán)境(中心鍛煉和家庭鍛煉、個人鍛煉和團體鍛煉)及缺乏自我效能;促進因素是啟動和維持鍛煉計劃的動機,包括結(jié)果預期和家庭支持。Afshari等[38]研究指出,得病前高運動量的病人在確診后更有可能開始鍛煉,而低運動量的人更有可能減少運動量,運動量少的人需要更多的激勵因素,低運動量的人更常見的障礙是缺乏激勵、疲勞和抑郁。除此之外,Schootemeijer等[39]綜述了帕金森病病人運動的障礙和動力因素,指出一般健康障礙(與帕金森病無關(guān))、害怕跌倒、鍛煉伙伴及病友影響、鍛煉地點交通不便、惡劣天氣、文化挑戰(zhàn)、鍛煉的經(jīng)濟負擔、擁擠的環(huán)境也是造成鍛煉依從性差的因素;運動改善癥狀、運動納入日常生活、相信體育運動對健康有益、希望保持獨立性、與能力和興趣相匹配的個性劃運動方案、個人目標、高教育水平、家人或朋友的社會支持、專業(yè)支持、健康教育、社交活動、病友鼓勵、掌握經(jīng)驗、績效反饋與獎勵是康復運動的促進因素。
3.1居家康復運動干預內(nèi)容《歐洲帕金森病物理治療指南》以國際功能、殘疾和健康分類(International Classification of Functioning,Disability and Health,ICF)為指導框架,確定帕金森病5個核心功能障礙,即體能、轉(zhuǎn)移、手活動、平衡和步態(tài)[40]。帕金森病病人的康復運動干預圍繞改善核心功能障礙展開。于洋[41]研究指出,帕金森病的康復干預是多學科全程管理中非常重要的部分,應“貫穿于始終”,疾病不同時期側(cè)重點有所不同,治療方法設(shè)計應基于日常生活活動內(nèi)容,治療量應遵循“循序漸進”的原則。
國內(nèi)孫文玉[42]在常規(guī)康復運動治療方案的基礎(chǔ)上加入導引術(shù),包括八段錦的前兩式和《養(yǎng)性延命錄》[43]記載的五禽戲中的鹿戲、鳥戲和熊戲,結(jié)果顯示提高了病人運動能力和生活質(zhì)量。吳夢穎等[44]設(shè)計了互聯(lián)網(wǎng)模式下帕金森病病人延續(xù)性康復應用軟件,其“運動療法”板塊主要是通過視頻指導病人進行肌肉放松訓練、步態(tài)訓練、關(guān)節(jié)活動度訓練、緩慢下蹲式訓練和低負荷運動訓練等。劉燕平等[45]探討了基于移動互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的帕金森病病人家庭康復訓練效果,康復訓練內(nèi)容包括步行、姿勢、站起、平衡、床上移動、柔韌性等項目,每次30 min,每周4次,持續(xù)8周,結(jié)果顯示改善了帕金森病病人的運動功能和日常生活能力。楊新萍等[46]探討了家庭護理干預對帕金森病病人康復護理的效果,指出病人盡量多參與各種形式的活動,如散步、打太極拳、保健操等。陳東霞[47]應用長期家庭治療中的緩慢下蹲式康復訓練,結(jié)果顯示提高了帕金森病病人的下肢運動水平和關(guān)節(jié)運動水平,縮短了臨床癥狀改善時間,改善了病人生活質(zhì)量評分,提高了訓練效果。
研究顯示,八段錦形式的氣功練習比其他形式的訓練計劃更具優(yōu)勢,因為其在家庭物理干預的理想特征(成本效益高、簡單、自我控制、安全、強度和持續(xù)時間低,不需要額外設(shè)備或大空間)和潛在的有益效果之間取得了積極的平衡[48?52]。八段錦已被證明可以改善帕金森病病人的非運動和運動相關(guān)的癥狀及其相關(guān)的功能結(jié)果[50,53?54]。Isernia等[55]探索了步行訓練結(jié)合呼吸肌訓練對帕金森病病人肺功能、呼吸肌力和功能運動能力的影響,結(jié)果表明步行訓練可提高帕金森病病人的呼氣肌訓練效果。Van Der Kolk等[56]研究表明,以自行車為基礎(chǔ)的高強度運動家庭鍛煉方案對帕金森病病人運動功能和最大攝氧量的改善是可行和有效的。Flynn等[57]系統(tǒng)綜述了基于家庭運動處方對帕金森病病人平衡、步態(tài)的效果,指出家庭運動處方一般涉及的運動干預為平衡、步態(tài)、暗示、力量、步行、日?;顒雍团懿綑C運動,大強度(每周150 min,至少6周)鍛煉更為有效。Albani等[58]將探戈舞改編用于帕金森病病人家庭鍛煉,結(jié)果改善了病人的姿勢、步態(tài)、言語功能和生活質(zhì)量。
3.2居家康復運動干預形式目前,國內(nèi)外帕金森病病人居家康復干預并沒有統(tǒng)一方式。
3.2.1國內(nèi)帕金森病病人居家康復運動干預形式國內(nèi)學者對于帕金森病病人居家康復干預形式的研究較少,還處于初級探索階段,形式較單一。陳賽釵等[59]利用微信平臺在帕金森病病人出院后進行延續(xù)康復護理,通過成立延續(xù)護理管理小組、建立病人信息檔案、建立微信群及微信公眾號,進行知識、技能推送、答疑、實時反饋等,結(jié)果顯示有效改善了病人焦慮、抑郁的不良心理狀態(tài),提高了居家運動依從性和日常生活活動能力。劉燕平等[45]借助中文版“Parkinson Home Exercise”App協(xié)助帕金森病病人進行家庭訓練,改善了帕金森病病人的運動功能和日常生活能力。
3.2.2國外帕金森病病人居家康復運動干預形式國外學者一直致力于創(chuàng)新帕金森病病人居家康復運動干預形式,并引入現(xiàn)代化的電子信息技術(shù),以提高病人居家康復運動的可行性、依從性、有效性和滿意度。
3.2.2.1遠程醫(yī)療技術(shù)的進步創(chuàng)造了管理和監(jiān)督家庭鍛煉計劃的替代渠道隨著人工智能和網(wǎng)絡通訊被大量應用于醫(yī)療領(lǐng)域,病人和醫(yī)務人員之間通過網(wǎng)絡通訊技術(shù)和信息管理平臺,完成醫(yī)療服務的遠程醫(yī)療模式應運而生。目前遠程醫(yī)療被廣泛應用于慢性病的隨訪管理等,如心臟起搏器植入術(shù)后、結(jié)腸癌、帕金森病、腦卒中等[60?65]。國際帕金森和運動障礙協(xié)會也發(fā)布了在運動障礙診所實施遠程醫(yī)療的逐步指南[66]。Adams等[67]也指出,帕金森病病人的遠程護理是可行、有效和有價值的。在虛擬環(huán)境中使用的統(tǒng)一帕金森病評分量表(UPDRS)的可靠性也得到了證實[68]。Kim等[69]使用定制的移動應用程序進行帕金森病病人居家康復運動管理,結(jié)果證明移動應用程序可能有助于改善帕金森病病人的運動依從性、身體活動水平、抑郁管理和生活質(zhì)量。Flynn等[70]為了比較中心鍛煉與家庭鍛煉的有效性,將以中心為基礎(chǔ)的鍛煉過渡到使用遠程(反饋、監(jiān)測和支持)的家庭鍛煉計劃,結(jié)果表明帕金森病病人完成了更多的鍛煉課程,有更多的時間用于鍛煉,在改善平衡和步態(tài)方面與基于中心的鍛煉一樣有效。
3.2.2.2虛擬現(xiàn)實(VR)技術(shù)與傳統(tǒng)物理治療方法相比可能具有附加值VR干預定義為使用計算機軟件創(chuàng)建的視覺模擬應用程序,實時模擬現(xiàn)實世界或可想象的環(huán)境、對象和事件,并通過用戶持續(xù)的行為反應來要求交互性[71],有可能在安全的環(huán)境中優(yōu)化運動學習,并且通過復制現(xiàn)實生活場景可以幫助改善日常生活的功能活動。近年來,VR作為一種治療工具已成為神經(jīng)康復研究的新課題[72]。從運動學學習的角度看,VR為高強度、存在任務導向、多感官的反饋訓練提供了可能,可以促進病人的視覺、聽覺和觸覺輸入,增加他們對康復過程的興趣。沉浸式或非沉浸式虛擬環(huán)境使病人的治療依從性得到有效提高[73?74]。研究表明,VR可以改善帕金森病病人的平衡功能和日常生活活動[75]。Lei等[76]也指出,VR康復訓練不僅可以達到與常規(guī)康復訓練相同的效果,而且在帕金森病病人的步態(tài)和平衡方面有更好的表現(xiàn)??傊?,VR沉浸式技術(shù)的最新進展為開發(fā)神經(jīng)康復的新穎和有前途的應用提供了新的工具。
3.2.2.3可穿戴技術(shù)為家庭和社區(qū)環(huán)境中康復運動輔助和縱向監(jiān)控提供了可能性目前評估運動障礙和運動癥狀波動的方法主要依靠臨床評分和病人日記。然而,這些方法捕捉縱向和真實世界的測量的能力有限[77]??纱┐骷夹g(shù)中的慣性傳感器能夠長時間收集數(shù)據(jù),捕捉帕金森病病人日常生活中的運動功能數(shù)據(jù),評估病人的狀態(tài)和疾病癥狀,監(jiān)測病人家庭康復運動,并通過客觀量化病人的狀況支持臨床醫(yī)生的決策過程[78]。Kawashima等[79]使用可穿戴步幅管理輔助設(shè)備(SMA)對中晚期帕金森病病人進行家庭步態(tài)訓練的療效研究,結(jié)果顯示SMA輔助下的步態(tài)訓練可能會增加中度進展期帕金森病病人的運動耐力。Raiano等[80]設(shè)計和驗證了一種用于在家中評估帕金森病病人手腕僵硬程度的可穿戴機電設(shè)備,結(jié)果論證了該裝置在測量腕部硬度方面的可行性。Vergara?Diaz等[81]評估了可穿戴傳感器數(shù)據(jù)用于評估肢體特定癥狀嚴重程度的準確性,結(jié)果證實可穿戴傳感器數(shù)據(jù)可以協(xié)助醫(yī)生進行藥物劑量滴定和康復運動策略的制定??傊?,可穿戴技術(shù)可能有助于克服帕金森病病人復診頻繁、醫(yī)療資源壓力大、癥狀動態(tài)變化等挑戰(zhàn)[82],可以在家中對病人進行持續(xù)、客觀和有效的評估,幫助監(jiān)控個人對治療的反應,優(yōu)化治療方案[83]。
3.2.2.4聲光刺激技術(shù)對于帕金森病病人居家康復運動的輔助效果Cock等[84]將智能手機應用程序與可穿戴傳感器相結(jié)合,為家庭步態(tài)康復病人設(shè)計了一款音樂刺激程序(BeatWalk),結(jié)果顯示BeatWalk是一種易于使用、安全、愉快的音樂應用程序,增加了帕金森病病人步行鍛煉持續(xù)時間,提高了步態(tài)康復的依從性。Thaut等[85]將節(jié)拍器嵌入音樂對帕金森病病人家庭步態(tài)訓練進行節(jié)律性聽覺刺激(RAS),結(jié)果顯示RAS可顯著減少帕金森病病人的跌倒次數(shù),并改變了速度和步長;視覺刺激方面,可在地板上畫類似斑馬線的彩色線條或者將光線打在地上,線條間距按成人的步長設(shè)計,讓病人練習跨步,控制步長和步速,避免小碎步和慌張步態(tài)。
康復運動是帕金森病病人關(guān)鍵的輔助治療方法,但臨床病人存在總體運動水平較低的現(xiàn)狀。居家康復運動是面對當前醫(yī)療資源緊張狀況下最具有成本效益的長效康復模式,但帕金森病病人居家康復運動的依從性受到眾多因素的影響,且國內(nèi)外學者也在致力于研究帕金森病病人居家康復干預策略。目前,國內(nèi)對于帕金森病病人康復運動研究多停留在院內(nèi)康復,對于居家康復運動的研究開展較少;已有研究對于影響帕金森病病人居家康復運動意向和行為的影響因素及其路徑關(guān)系沒有深入系統(tǒng)的探討,缺乏評估、監(jiān)測、反饋和激勵的單一干預形式無法保障居家康復運動的效果。所以,臨床醫(yī)護人員可以從這些角度入手,找到干預措施準確的干預環(huán)節(jié)和切入點,構(gòu)建和完善居家康復運動干預方案,提高病人長期居家康復運動的動力和依從性。
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Research progress on influencing factors and intervention of home rehabilitation exercise in patients with Parkinson's disease
WANGQiaohong, ZHANGXiaoqing, GUOJing, WEIJilin, YANGHui
Nursing College of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi 030001 China
This study summarized the status quo of influencing factors and intervention strategies of home rehabilitation exercise in patients with Parkinson's disease,in order to provide basis for Chinese clinical medical staff to formulate the intervention scheme of home rehabilitation exercise for patients with Parkinson's disease.
Parkinson's disease; home rehabilitation; rehabilitation exercise; influencing factors; intervention; nursing; review
YANG Hui, E?mail: qyhui2020@163.com
10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2023.03.016
王巧紅,副主任護師,博士研究生在讀
楊輝,E?mail:qyhui2020@163.com
王巧紅,張曉晴,郭靜,等.帕金森病病人居家康復運動影響因素及干預研究進展[J].護理研究,2023,37(3):471?477.
(收稿日期:2022-04-03;修回日期:2023-01-18)
(本文編輯 蘇琳)