摘 ?要:在分隔型定語(yǔ)從句和定語(yǔ)從句分隔型句子中,主句和從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞均有時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)變化,句型結(jié)構(gòu)擴(kuò)張,句子成分復(fù)雜。本文分析了定語(yǔ)從句與句子成分的分隔類(lèi)型,有助于增強(qiáng)句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析能力、語(yǔ)法解題能力和閱讀理解能力。
關(guān)鍵詞:定語(yǔ)從句 ?主從復(fù)合句 ?句子成分分隔
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):G633.41 ? ? ? ? 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:C ? ? ? ? ? ?文章編號(hào):1672-1578(2019)11-0087-02
英語(yǔ)句子中,為了保持結(jié)構(gòu)的平衡與協(xié)調(diào),或者突出主題而強(qiáng)調(diào)主句的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)所表達(dá)的意義,以及某些特殊句式要求(如“there be”句型等),常常出現(xiàn)定語(yǔ)從句與句子成分分隔的語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象:一是定語(yǔ)從句與先行詞被句子主干成分隔開(kāi),即分隔型定語(yǔ)從句;二是定語(yǔ)從句修飾名詞(詞組)時(shí)將句子主干成分隔開(kāi),即定語(yǔ)從句分隔型句子。定語(yǔ)從句與句子成分分隔后,主句和從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞均有時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)變化,且句型擴(kuò)張,成分復(fù)雜,容易混淆句子結(jié)構(gòu)而錯(cuò)解句意。分析定語(yǔ)從句與句子成分的分隔類(lèi)型,掌握其句型特點(diǎn)和運(yùn)用規(guī)律,對(duì)增強(qiáng)長(zhǎng)難句的句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析能力、提高語(yǔ)法解題能力和閱讀理解能力不無(wú)裨益。
1 ? 定語(yǔ)從句與句子成分分隔題例
①I(mǎi) have reached a point in my life _____ I am supposed to make decisions of my own.
A. which ? ?B. where ? ?C. how ? ?D. why
選B。in my life分隔先行詞a point和where引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。point/situation/case等先行詞,其后關(guān)系詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),用關(guān)系副詞where(=in which)。
②Gun control is a subject _____ Americans have argued for a long time.
A. of which ? ? ?B. with which
C. about which ? D. into which
選C。is a subject分隔先行詞gun control和which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。系“argue about sth.”結(jié)構(gòu)。
③The more ways we have _____ at a problem, the more likely it is that we can find a solution.
A. looked ? B. looking ? C. look ? D. of looking
選D。定語(yǔ)從句we have分隔way的定語(yǔ),系“the ways of doing sth.”結(jié)構(gòu)。
④The war and the suffering _____ caused affected him greatly.
A. it ? ?B. where ? ?C. which ? ?D. what
選A。it指the war,定語(yǔ)從句it caused分隔句子的主謂語(yǔ),it前省略作賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞which。
由例題知,句①、②系分隔型定語(yǔ)從句,句③、④系定語(yǔ)從句分隔型句子。
2 ? 分隔型定語(yǔ)從句的類(lèi)型
2.1 謂語(yǔ)分隔型
謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多為不及物動(dòng)詞(eg: will come)、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(eg: are gone),或系表結(jié)構(gòu)(eg: is available)。
①不及物動(dòng)詞:A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German.(明天新老師來(lái)教你們德語(yǔ)。)
②被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):The days are gone when we suffered so much.(我們的艱難時(shí)光一去不返。)
③系表結(jié)構(gòu):Occasions are quite rare when I have the time to spend a day with my kids.(我少閑暇與小孩共享。)
2.2 賓語(yǔ)或補(bǔ)語(yǔ)分隔型。賓語(yǔ)可以是單賓語(yǔ)、雙賓語(yǔ)、復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)
①單賓語(yǔ):He is a wise man who speaks little.(智者言少。)
②雙賓語(yǔ):I gave everyone a smart gift who attended my party.(晚會(huì)參加者均獲贈(zèng)精美禮物。)
③補(bǔ)語(yǔ):She asked the boy to stay at home who had been ill for a long time.(她留久病男童在家。)
2.3 狀語(yǔ)分隔型。狀語(yǔ)多由副詞或副詞短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成
①副詞:He bears misery best who hides it most.(苦而無(wú)怨即修行。)
②副詞短語(yǔ):There are many thousands of stars in the sky that are like the sun.(太空閃閃亮,恒星千萬(wàn)顆。)
2.4 定語(yǔ)分隔型。定語(yǔ)通常由形容詞(短語(yǔ))、分詞短語(yǔ)或者副詞構(gòu)成
①形容詞(短語(yǔ)):I regard the man as lost who has lost his heart.(戀愛(ài)之人易迷失。)
②分詞短語(yǔ):I collected all the evidences related to the accusation that I can find.(我盡力收集了與指控相關(guān)的證據(jù)。)
③副詞:The student here who studies in your school is from Beijing.(該生來(lái)自北京,在你校學(xué)習(xí)。)
2.5 同位語(yǔ)分隔型
I sympathized with Mary, a young nurse, whose parents died in the floods.(我同情年輕護(hù)士瑪麗,她父母罹難洪災(zāi)。)
2.6 插入語(yǔ)分隔型
①句子:There is no man, whatever his fortune is, who is now engaged in any earnest offices.(該地居民,無(wú)論貧富,無(wú)人從事正當(dāng)職業(yè)。)
②插入語(yǔ):The tunnel excavation which people supposed would last at least 5 years was completed within 3 years.(這個(gè)隧道,人們?cè)J(rèn)為工期至少5年,3年內(nèi)已竣工。)
2.7 定語(yǔ)從句分隔型,有三種類(lèi)型
①同一層次并列定語(yǔ)從句。兩個(gè)以上定語(yǔ)從句由并列連詞and/or/but連接,修飾同一個(gè)先行詞:Bamboo grows best in places where it is warm and where it rains.(暖濕之地宜生竹。)
②非同一層次并列定語(yǔ)從句。兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句修飾同一個(gè)先行詞,無(wú)并列連詞連接,第二個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞時(shí)受第一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句的限制,第一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞作定語(yǔ)從句賓語(yǔ),第二個(gè)關(guān)系代詞作定語(yǔ)從句賓語(yǔ)或者主語(yǔ):Hes the only person that Ive ever met who could do it.(我所遇者,唯他能成其事。)
③嵌套定語(yǔ)從句。定語(yǔ)從句中嵌套其他定語(yǔ)從句:The mouse the cat the dog chased ate had a white tail.(貓啖白尾鼠,犬逐其后。)
3 ? 不是分隔型定語(yǔ)從句的情形
3.1 先行詞與關(guān)系代詞之間僅有前置介詞或者僅有從屬于先行詞部分屬性的名詞(詞組)
①Human facial expressions differ from those of animals in the degree to which they can be controlled on purpose.(在控制力方面,人類(lèi)與動(dòng)物的臉部表情不同。)
②There are altogether eleven books, of which five are mine.(共11本書(shū),其中我有5本。)
③There are two buildings, the larger of which stands nearly a hundred feet high.(兩座大廈,較大者高約100英尺。)
3.2 關(guān)系代詞/關(guān)系副詞與定語(yǔ)從語(yǔ)被插入語(yǔ)隔開(kāi)
Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, which, of course, made the others envy him.(海倫待幼子更親善,這當(dāng)然讓其他子女嫉妒他。)
3.3 句子中有多個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句,但均無(wú)分隔
Women who drink more than 2 cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than those who dont.(每天喝兩杯以上咖啡的婦女患心臟病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)大于每天不足兩杯咖啡的婦女。)
3.4 嵌入式定語(yǔ)從句
第二個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句嵌入第一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句中,既是先行詞的后置修飾語(yǔ),又是第一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句的賓語(yǔ)。
①I(mǎi)ve got a proposition that Im sure will interest you. (我有個(gè)提議相信你會(huì)感興趣。)
②His speech was relayed on the radio which I had no idea anyone listen to at all.(他的演講在收音機(jī)中轉(zhuǎn)播,我不知道是否有人收聽(tīng)。)
句①中,that will interest you既修飾a proposition,又是sure的補(bǔ)足成分,不同于并列定語(yǔ)從句;句②中,若去掉which I had no idea,則句子結(jié)構(gòu)錯(cuò)誤,且無(wú)否定意義,不同于插入語(yǔ)分隔型定語(yǔ)從句。
4 ? 定語(yǔ)從句分隔型句子
因修飾先行詞需要,定語(yǔ)從句常分隔句子主干成分,此時(shí)主句和從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞均有時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)變化,句子結(jié)構(gòu)較為復(fù)雜。下面以“( )”標(biāo)記定語(yǔ)從句,來(lái)說(shuō)明定語(yǔ)從句對(duì)句子主干成分的分隔。
4.1 分隔主謂結(jié)構(gòu)
The country life(he was used to) has changed greatly since 1980.(1980年來(lái),他習(xí)慣的鄉(xiāng)村生活已發(fā)生巨變。)
4.2 分隔賓補(bǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)
Mrs. Brown was much disappointed to see the TV (she had) had repaired go wrong again.(看到她維修過(guò)的電視機(jī)又出故障,布朗女士非常失望。)
4.3 分隔賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)
①分隔賓語(yǔ):I want to reward the old woman for the trouble (I had caused) her.(我想酬謝帶給她麻煩的老婦人。系“cause sb. sth.”結(jié)構(gòu)。)
②分隔定語(yǔ):Please tell me the way (you thought of) to work out the problem.(告訴我你想到的解決問(wèn)題的方法。)
③分隔狀語(yǔ):He did all (that he could) to pass the examinations.(他曾竭盡全力應(yīng)考。)
4.4 分隔固定句式
You cant imagine the hard time (she had) bringing up the children.(你無(wú)法想像她撫育小孩的艱辛?xí)r光。)
4.5 分隔強(qiáng)調(diào)句型
It is near the place (where there is a bomb) that we found the dead man.(就在靠近炸彈處,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)了罹難者。)
4.6 分隔獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)
With everything (she needed) bought, she went home happily.(買(mǎi)完所需東西,她高興地回家了。)
5 ? 結(jié)語(yǔ)
分隔型定語(yǔ)從句和定語(yǔ)從句分隔型句子展示了英語(yǔ)句子結(jié)構(gòu)的多樣性和復(fù)雜性,體現(xiàn)了英語(yǔ)注重句型結(jié)構(gòu)與語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)完整性的形合語(yǔ)言特征。分析分隔型定語(yǔ)從句和定語(yǔ)從句分隔型句子的句型特點(diǎn)和運(yùn)用規(guī)律,能更好地理解定語(yǔ)從句的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)和語(yǔ)法特征,增強(qiáng)對(duì)長(zhǎng)難句語(yǔ)法構(gòu)造和句型結(jié)構(gòu)的分析能力,提高語(yǔ)法解題能力和閱讀理解能力,進(jìn)而提升信息獲取以及信息整合輸出等語(yǔ)言綜合應(yīng)用能力。
參考文獻(xiàn):
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[2] 章振邦主編.新編英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法(第三版)[M].上海:上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社,1997(1).
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