曹軍等
[摘要] 目的 分析不同化療藥物通過(guò)動(dòng)脈及靜脈途徑注射后血漿及組織內(nèi)藥物濃度的變化情況。 方法 40只帶瘤裸大鼠,隨機(jī)分為8組,其中4組為動(dòng)脈組,另4組為靜脈組,帶瘤裸大鼠分別經(jīng)動(dòng)脈及靜脈注射吉西他濱及順鉑。于注射后5、10、20、40、80、120、360、720 min采血液標(biāo)本,注射后10、40、120、720 min取組織標(biāo)本,以高效液相色譜法測(cè)定血漿及腫瘤組織中吉西他濱濃度,ICP-MS法測(cè)定血漿及腫瘤組織中的鉑含量,計(jì)算藥代動(dòng)力學(xué)參數(shù)。 結(jié)果 經(jīng)動(dòng)脈及靜脈注射兩種藥物后,血漿及腫瘤組織中的藥物濃度出現(xiàn)規(guī)律性變化,其變化過(guò)程均可用兩室模型來(lái)描述。動(dòng)脈注射兩組藥物的藥代動(dòng)力學(xué)參數(shù)與靜脈注射的藥代動(dòng)力學(xué)參數(shù)不同,動(dòng)脈組注射藥物后,血漿藥物峰濃度[吉西他濱:(20.84±10.11)μg/mL,順鉑:(15.13±7.12)μg/mL]均低于靜脈組[吉西他濱:(28.96±7.02)μg/mL,順鉑:(21.64±9.72)μg/mL],靶組織內(nèi)藥物峰濃度[吉西他濱:(20.18±9.43)μg/mL,順鉑:(6.98±0.31)μg/mL]均高于靜脈組[吉西他濱:(18.19±10.30)μg/mL,順鉑:(3.04±0.11)μg/mL],靶組織內(nèi)藥物曲線下面積[吉西他濱:(2641±411)μg/(min·mL),順鉑:(6025±870)μg/(min·mL)]均明顯高于靜脈組[吉西他濱:(1663±568)μg/(min·mL),順鉑:(1780±883)μg/(min·mL)],差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05或P < 0.01)。 結(jié)論 動(dòng)脈注射吉西他濱和順鉑較靜脈注射有不同程度的優(yōu)勢(shì),這種優(yōu)勢(shì)與藥物的藥理特性有關(guān)。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 吉西他濱;順鉑;藥代動(dòng)力學(xué);動(dòng)脈注射
[中圖分類號(hào)] R730.53 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2014)11(b)-0008-06
[Abstract] Objective To study the drug concentration change of chemotherapeutic agents in plasma and tissue after arterial and intravenous injection. Methods Gemcitabine and Cisplatin were injected into the 40 mature nude rats with xenografted tumor. The rats were divided into vein injection group and artery injection group randomly. The rats were given Gemcitabine and Cisplatin respectively. Blood samples were collected at 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, 120, 360, 720 min after injection and the tumor tissue specimens were collected at 10, 40, 120, 720 min after injection. Gemcitabine concentration in plasma and tumor tissues were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method, while Cisplatin was determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)method. The data were analyzed by the pharmacokinetic program. Results Regular concentration change of the three drugs in plasma and tissues were observed after the intravenous and arterial injection, which met the two-compartment model. The pharmacokinetic parameters of the two drugs after intravenous and arterial injection were different. The peak concentration in plasma of artery injection group [Gemcitabine: (20.84±10.11) μg/mL; Cisplatin: (15.13±7.12) μg/mL] were lower than those of the vein injection group [(Gemcitabine: (28.96±7.02) μg/mL; Cisplatin: (21.64±9.72) μg/mL], the peak concentration in tissues of the arterial injections group [Gemcitabine: (20.18±9.43) μg/mL; Cisplatin: (6.98±0.31) μg/mL] were higher than those of the intravenous injection group [Gemictabine: (18.19±10.30) μg/mL; Cisplation: (3.04±0.11) μg/mL], and area under curve (AUC) value [(Gemcitabine: (2641±411) μg/(min·mL); Cisplatin:(6025±870) μg/(min·mL)], in tissues of the arterial injections group were higher than those of the intravenous injection group [Gemcitabine:(1663±568) μg/(min·mL); Cisplatin: (1780±883) μg/(min·mL)]. Conclusion Intraarterial chemotherapy has advantages to intravenous chemotherapy in gemcitabine and cisplatin. These advantages depend on the drug pharmacological properties.endprint
[Key words] Gemcitabine; Cisplatin; Pharmacokinetics; Intraarterial injection
肺癌在我國(guó)居惡性腫瘤死亡的第1位,其發(fā)病率仍逐年上升[1]。肺癌分為非小細(xì)胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)和小細(xì)胞肺癌(small cell lung cancer,SCLC)。非小細(xì)胞肺癌占肺癌總數(shù)的85%,其中肺腺癌占30%~40%[2]。大多數(shù)肺癌患者臨床診斷時(shí)往往已屬晚期,喪失了手術(shù)治療時(shí)機(jī)。因此,在肺癌的治療方案選擇中,化療藥物仍然發(fā)揮著舉足輕重的作用[3]。吉西他濱聯(lián)合順鉑治療肺癌的確切療效在一些中外研究中已得到驗(yàn)證[4-5],但是兩種藥物不同給藥途徑治療肺癌的療效比較研究卻鮮有報(bào)道。本研究通過(guò)動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)研究吉西他濱及順鉑動(dòng)脈化療與靜脈化療的藥代動(dòng)力學(xué)表現(xiàn),比較兩種給藥途徑的藥代動(dòng)力學(xué)特點(diǎn),以了解動(dòng)脈化療是否有其優(yōu)勢(shì)。
1 材料與方法
1.1 材料
1.1.1 細(xì)胞株
人肺癌細(xì)胞珠(A549)購(gòu)自上海市腫瘤研究所。
1.1.2 實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物
裸大鼠40只,8~10周齡,體重(180±15)g,SPF級(jí),雌雄各半,實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物購(gòu)自上海市公共衛(wèi)生臨床中心實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物部。飼養(yǎng)條件:各組鼠均同等自由飲水、攝食,溫度22~25℃,相對(duì)濕度40%~50%。
1.1.3 藥物
吉西他濱(商品名:澤菲,江蘇豪森藥業(yè)股份有限公司,批號(hào):130611)及順鉑(德州德藥制藥有限公司;批號(hào):WA2A1211085)。
1.2 儀器
Millipore超純水機(jī)(美國(guó)Millipore公司)、Sigma 3K15高速低溫離心機(jī)(德國(guó)Sigma公司)、 2695型高效液相色譜儀、2487型紫外檢測(cè)器、Millennium 3.2色譜處理軟件(美國(guó)waters公司)、BP211D電子分析天平(德國(guó)Sartorius公司)、XW-80 A旋渦混合器(上海醫(yī)科大學(xué)儀器廠)、惠普1100 HPLC系統(tǒng)。不銹鋼手提式壓力蒸汽滅菌器(合肥華泰醫(yī)療設(shè)備有限公司,YX-280A型)、質(zhì)譜儀(美國(guó)PE公司,DRC Ⅱ型)、離心機(jī)(北京醫(yī)用離心機(jī)廠,型號(hào)LD4-2)、潔凈工作臺(tái)(蘇州安泰空氣技術(shù)有限公司,型號(hào)SW-CJ-IFD)、光學(xué)顯微鏡(Olympus Optical Co.Ltd.,型號(hào)CHS No.100278)。
1.3 方法
1.3.1 細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)
將人肺癌A549細(xì)胞復(fù)蘇,含10%小牛血清的DMEM培養(yǎng)液培養(yǎng),取生長(zhǎng)指數(shù)良好的人肺癌A549細(xì)胞,用0.25%胰蛋白酶消化,離心,收集細(xì)胞用磷酸鹽緩沖液(PBS)稀釋,濃度調(diào)整為5×106/mL,每只小鼠以0.2 mL接種于右腋皮下,待腫瘤長(zhǎng)至體積約為1000 mm3時(shí)移植于裸大鼠耳后造模。
1.3.2 造模
選擇生長(zhǎng)良好、瘤結(jié)無(wú)破潰的荷瘤裸鼠,處死后無(wú)菌條件下完整剝離瘤結(jié),剪開(kāi)瘤結(jié),清除中心壞死組織,在生理鹽水下,用剪刀切成2 mm×2 mm×2 mm瘤組織塊,每只裸大鼠右耳后皮下接種2 mm×2 mm×2 mm瘤組織塊,接種在30 min內(nèi)完成。正常飼養(yǎng)8 d后動(dòng)物接種腫瘤成功;待3周后腫瘤長(zhǎng)至2650~2800 mm3,保證各組腫瘤平均體積無(wú)明顯差異。
1.3.3 給藥及取材
給藥劑量:吉西他濱150 mg/kg,順鉑10 mg/kg。給藥方法:①動(dòng)脈化療4組,荷瘤大鼠經(jīng)10%水合氯醛(3.5 g/kg)腹腔注射麻醉后,沿頸部正中切開(kāi)皮膚,暴露右頸動(dòng)脈,于右頸動(dòng)脈采用改良Seldinger技術(shù)插管,先造影證實(shí)腫瘤供血?jiǎng)用},再經(jīng)導(dǎo)管灌注吉西他濱150 mg/kg或順鉑10 mg/kg,緩慢推注,縫合皮膚。②靜脈化療4組,吉西他濱150 mg/kg或順鉑10 mg/kg由尾靜脈注入。裸大鼠體內(nèi)給藥后獲取標(biāo)本:將40只裸大鼠隨機(jī)分為8組,每組5只。在吉西他濱及順鉑分別動(dòng)脈及靜脈給藥后5、10、20、40,80、120、360、720 min將裸大鼠獲取血液標(biāo)本,在10、40、120、720 min將裸大鼠處死獲取腫瘤組織標(biāo)本。血液收集于肝素抗凝管,離心后獲取血漿。標(biāo)本冷凍于-20℃冰箱保存。
1.3.4 藥物濃度測(cè)定
1.3.4.1 吉西他濱藥物分析 用高效液相色譜法(惠普1100 HPLC系統(tǒng))測(cè)定吉西他濱的血漿藥物濃度。采用惠普 Hypersil ODS分析柱(125 mm×4 mm,5μm)。流動(dòng)相為水,流速為0.8 mL/min。紫外檢測(cè)波長(zhǎng)268 nm。測(cè)定方法的日間誤差及日內(nèi)誤差均<10%。血漿樣品的處理:血漿0.5 mL,加入0.1 mg/mL吉西他濱(內(nèi)標(biāo))50 μL,以乙酸乙酯進(jìn)行萃取,吹干氮?dú)?,用水溶解殘留物后進(jìn)樣測(cè)定。組織標(biāo)本的處理:在標(biāo)本組織中分別加入0.1 mg/mL吉西他濱、0.1 mg/mL順鉑各50 μL和水2 mL,剪碎,勻漿30 min,取1 mL均勻血漿液,2000 r/min離心10 min,上清液以乙酸乙酯萃取,其余步驟與血漿樣品處理相同。
1.3.4.2 鉑含量檢測(cè) 吸取血漿200 μL,對(duì)組織樣本進(jìn)行稱重,經(jīng)濕法消解后,利用電感耦合等離子體質(zhì)譜法(inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry,ICP-MS)進(jìn)行鉑含量測(cè)定,分別以“鉑含量/血漿含量(μg/mL)”、“鉑含量/組織含量(μg/mL)”表示測(cè)定結(jié)果。通過(guò)以下公式將鉑含量換算為藥物含量,結(jié)果表示為“藥物含量/血漿含量(μg/mL)”、“藥物含量/組織含量(μg/mL)”:順鉑含量=檢測(cè)的鉑含量×300.05/195.08。ICP MS檢測(cè)大鼠血漿、腫瘤鉑含量的加標(biāo)回收率分別為99.70%和97.30%。endprint
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 13.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計(jì)量資料數(shù)據(jù)用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,兩組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn),以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。應(yīng)用DAS 2.0軟件進(jìn)行藥代動(dòng)力學(xué)分析。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組注射化療藥物后血漿及組織中的濃度變化情況比較
動(dòng)脈及靜脈組注射兩組藥物后,血漿及組織中的藥物濃度出現(xiàn)規(guī)律性變化。如藥物在血漿中的濃度變化,藥物在組織中的濃度變化也可用數(shù)學(xué)模型來(lái)描述。吉西他濱血漿及組織中藥物濃度變化符合藥代動(dòng)力學(xué)兩室模型,用藥0~40 min后,靜脈組血漿藥物濃度明顯高于動(dòng)脈組,并且隨著時(shí)間延長(zhǎng),兩組間血漿藥物濃度差異漸消失;藥物注射后動(dòng)脈組及靜脈組的藥物峰濃度分別為(30.84±10.11)μg/mL及(48.96±7.02)μg/mL,兩組比較差異有高度統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.01)。腫瘤組織內(nèi)藥物濃度水平動(dòng)脈組與靜脈組相似,峰濃度分別為(20.18±9.43)μg/mL和(18.19±10.30)μg/mL,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。動(dòng)靜脈組的血漿及組織藥物峰濃度均在注射藥物結(jié)束時(shí)出現(xiàn)(圖1A~D)。
2.2 兩組注射化療藥物后在組織和血漿中藥代動(dòng)力學(xué)參數(shù)比較
兩組注射順鉑后,靜脈組血漿藥物峰濃度明顯高于動(dòng)脈組,其峰濃度分別為(21.64±9.72)μg/mL和(15.13±7.12)μg/mL,兩組比較差異有高度統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.01)。動(dòng)脈組用藥后10 min左右還可在血漿中見(jiàn)雙峰現(xiàn)象,第2峰低于第1峰。兩組用藥后組織中藥物峰濃度動(dòng)脈組明顯高于靜脈組,兩組比較差異有高度統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.01),因順鉑存在組織吸收過(guò)程,靜脈組的組織內(nèi)藥物峰濃度出現(xiàn)于用藥后約28 min。見(jiàn)圖1A、C。
2.3 兩組注射化療藥物后的藥代動(dòng)力學(xué)參數(shù)變化
兩組注射化療藥物后的藥代動(dòng)力學(xué)參數(shù)有所差異,從表1可以看出,動(dòng)靜脈組藥物注射后,組織內(nèi)藥時(shí)曲線下面積(AUC)值動(dòng)脈組均大于靜脈組;血漿的AUC值動(dòng)脈組均小于靜脈組。兩組注射藥物后,組織內(nèi)的藥物消除速率常數(shù)(β)值動(dòng)脈組明顯低于靜脈組,因藥物在動(dòng)脈組組織內(nèi)滯留時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)。
2.4 兩組注射化療藥物后在組織和血漿中峰濃度比值的比較
動(dòng)脈注射吉西他濱后,藥物在組織與血漿中的峰濃度比值為(0.591±0.106),AUC比值為(4.61±2.07);靜脈注射吉西他濱后,藥物在組織與血漿中的峰濃度比值為(0.412±0.045),AUC比值為(2.31±0.961),動(dòng)脈組顯著高于靜脈組(P < 0.05)。動(dòng)脈注射順鉑后,藥物在組織與血漿中的峰濃度比值為(0.463±0.165),AUC比值為(3.58±0.625),靜脈注射順鉑后,藥物在組織與血漿中的峰濃度比值為(0.141±0.062),AUC比值為(2.04±1.66),動(dòng)脈組顯著高于靜脈組(P < 0.05)。
3 討論
吉西他濱是目前NSCLC治療最有效的第三代化療藥之一。其作用機(jī)制是在機(jī)體細(xì)胞內(nèi)的核苷激酶作用下生成具有活性的二磷酸核苷(dFdCDP)及三磷酸核苷(dFdCTP),具有抑制細(xì)胞DNA合成的聯(lián)合作用,從而發(fā)揮抗腫瘤作用,主要影響細(xì)胞DNA合成期(S期),阻止細(xì)胞從G1期進(jìn)入S期。順鉑屬細(xì)胞周期非特異性抗腫瘤藥,作用機(jī)制為可將細(xì)胞阻滯于S期,因其與其他抗癌藥物無(wú)交叉耐藥性,故常與其他藥物聯(lián)用共同治療腫瘤[5-8]。1998年美國(guó)食品藥品監(jiān)督管理局(FDA)根據(jù)相關(guān)臨床試驗(yàn)結(jié)果,批準(zhǔn)吉西他濱和順鉑聯(lián)合化療作為晚期NSCLC患者一線治療方案。國(guó)內(nèi)外多項(xiàng)體內(nèi)外研究證實(shí)吉西他濱與順鉑聯(lián)合用藥可明顯提高生存期,緩解全身癥狀及改善生活質(zhì)量,治療NSCLC效果明顯優(yōu)于以往的常規(guī)化療方案[9-12]。
隨著介入放射學(xué)的發(fā)展,經(jīng)支氣管動(dòng)脈化療目前已成為治療不可切除性中、晚期肺癌的重要手段[13-15]。但肺癌介入治療的化療用藥方案一般為順鉑、絲裂酶素C、5-氟尿嘧啶、表阿霉素等第二代藥物化療方案[15-16]。吉西他濱動(dòng)脈灌注給藥已經(jīng)廣泛用于肝轉(zhuǎn)移瘤、胰腺癌和膽管腫瘤的介入治療[17-22],但在肺癌的介入治療中鮮有報(bào)道。通過(guò)對(duì)肺癌動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)研究吉西他濱動(dòng)脈用藥與靜脈用藥的藥物代謝動(dòng)力學(xué)研究尚未見(jiàn)報(bào)道。在臨床應(yīng)用中,雖然裸小鼠肺癌模型制作比較成熟,但因其體積小無(wú)法行血管造影檢查,不便在血管介入診療領(lǐng)域進(jìn)行深入研究。其他大型動(dòng)物卻成瘤困難。本實(shí)驗(yàn)采用A549肺癌細(xì)胞株建立裸大鼠耳后移植瘤,建造肺癌模型,成瘤率高,便于動(dòng)脈插管,它的成功制作有利于肺癌荷瘤動(dòng)物動(dòng)脈介入實(shí)驗(yàn)的順利開(kāi)展。
研究發(fā)現(xiàn)動(dòng)脈化療與靜脈化療相比有獨(dú)特優(yōu)勢(shì)[17,23-25]。首先,動(dòng)脈注射藥物后,靶組織藥物峰濃度較高,滯留時(shí)間也較長(zhǎng),有利于其藥效發(fā)揮,并且動(dòng)脈給藥后血漿藥物峰濃度及AUC值相對(duì)較低,可減少化療藥物全身毒性。局部組織滯留化療藥物的能力是動(dòng)脈給藥的主要優(yōu)勢(shì),而藥物的藥理特性決定化療藥物藥物在組織中的滯留時(shí)間。動(dòng)脈給藥,可使藥物首先從血漿分布至靶組織,再?gòu)陌薪M織進(jìn)入循環(huán)系統(tǒng),分布到其他組織中去;而對(duì)于靜脈注射,化療藥物首先進(jìn)入循環(huán)系統(tǒng),再分布至靶組織。由于動(dòng)脈及靜脈注射藥物經(jīng)歷不同代謝過(guò)程,其藥代動(dòng)力學(xué)參數(shù)必然有所差異。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)動(dòng)脈或靜脈注藥后,組織及血漿中藥物濃度出現(xiàn)規(guī)律性變化,可以用兩室模型描述其變化過(guò)程。另外,本研究也發(fā)現(xiàn)藥物濃度在血漿分布相快速降低的同時(shí),組織藥物濃度也快速下降,這可能是由于血漿藥物濃度下降加速了藥物從組織向血漿中的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)。
吉西他濱和順鉑兩組藥物經(jīng)頸內(nèi)動(dòng)脈及尾靜脈注射后,血漿及組織中的濃度變化有不同特點(diǎn)。吉西他濱注射后,血漿及組織峰濃度均在注射結(jié)束后出現(xiàn),藥物分配快。順鉑注射后,靜脈組靶組織內(nèi)藥物峰濃度出現(xiàn)于注射后28 min,而動(dòng)脈組出現(xiàn)于注射完畢時(shí)??梢?jiàn),順鉑靜脈注射后存在較緩慢的組織吸收過(guò)程,這可能與順鉑的蛋白結(jié)合率高及結(jié)合力強(qiáng)有關(guān)。動(dòng)脈注射后,順鉑首先經(jīng)過(guò)靶組織,大量游離順鉑快速分布到靶組織中,而靜脈注射后順鉑首先進(jìn)入全身循環(huán)與血漿蛋白結(jié)合,減緩了順鉑在組織的分布速度,并減少其在組織中分布濃度。組織內(nèi)AUC定義為藥物在組織內(nèi)濃度和時(shí)間的乘積,是組織與藥物接觸程度的量化指標(biāo)。藥物在組織內(nèi)的AUC 值與峰濃度可作為藥物對(duì)靶組織作用強(qiáng)度的指標(biāo),或作為對(duì)全身作用強(qiáng)度的指標(biāo),也可通過(guò)比較靶組織與血漿中藥物的AUC 比值及峰濃度反映動(dòng)靜脈用藥的優(yōu)劣。endprint
動(dòng)脈及靜脈注射吉西他濱和順鉑較靜脈注射有不同程度的優(yōu)勢(shì)。組織內(nèi)藥代動(dòng)力學(xué)參數(shù)α、β值反映組織內(nèi)藥物向血漿轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)的速度,而血漿內(nèi)的α、β值反映藥物從血漿向組織的分布速度及藥物從血漿的消除速度,α、β值與藥物從血漿或組織的排除速度呈正相關(guān)。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),動(dòng)脈注射吉西他濱后,組織內(nèi)α、β值均小于血漿α、β值,表明動(dòng)脈注射優(yōu)勢(shì)本質(zhì)上是藥物在組織中的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)速率低于藥物在血漿中的分布及消除速率。動(dòng)脈注射順鉑后,這種優(yōu)勢(shì)體現(xiàn)于有更多游離順鉑進(jìn)入靶組織中。若將吉西他濱及順鉑聯(lián)合治療可能有藥代動(dòng)力學(xué)的互補(bǔ)作用。
[參考文獻(xiàn)]
[1] Di JZ,Peng JY,Wang ZG. Prevalence,clinicopathological characteristics,treatment,and prognosis of intestinal metastasis of primary lung cancer: a comprehensive review [J]. Surgical Oncology,2014,23(2):72-80.
[2] Liu Y,Chen LP. The regulation of cell polarity in the progression of lung cancer [J]. Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics,2013,9(Suppl 2):S80-85.
[3] Li W,Liu HY,Jia ZR,et al. Advances in the early detection of lung cancer using analysis of volatile organic compounds:from imaging to sensors [J]. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention:APJCP,2014,15(11):4377-4384.
[4] Zhou M,Ding YJ,F(xiàn)eng Y,et al. Association of xeroderma pigmentosum group D(Asp312Asn,Lys751Gln)and cytidine deaminase(Lys27Gln,Ala70Thr)polymorphisms with outcome in Chinese non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with cisplatin-gemcitabine [J]. Genetics and Molecular Research:GMR,2014,13(2):3310-3318.
[5] Li Y,Wang LR,Chen J,et al. First-line gemcitabine plus cisplatin in nonsmall cell lung cancer patients [J]. Disease Markers,2014,2014:960458.
[6] Gridelli C,Novello S,Zilembo N,et al. Phase Ⅱ randomized study of vandetanib plus gemcitabine or gemcitabine plus placebo as first-line treatment of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer in elderly patients [J]. Journal of Thoracic Oncology:Official Publication of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer,2014,9(5):733-737.
[7] Juan O,Vidal J,Gisbert R,et al. Prognostic significance of circulating tumor cells in advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with docetaxel and gemcitabine [J]. Clinical & Translational Oncology:official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico,2014,16(7):637-643.
[8] Galvani E,Toffalorio F,Peters GJ,et al. Pharmacogenetics of Non-small Cell Lung Cancer(NSCLC):Time to "Work it Out" ? [J]. Current Pharmaceutical Design,2014,20(24):3863-3874.
[9] Yang F,Li X,Chen KZ,et al. Tolerability and toxicity of adjuvant cisplatin and gemcitabine for treating non-small cell lung cancer [J]. Chinese Medical Journal,2013,126(11):2087-2091.
[10] Tang Y,Wang Y,Teng X. Sequencedependent effect of gemcitabine and cisplatin on A549 nonsmallcell lung cancer cells [J]. Molecular Medicine Reports,2013,8(1):221-226.endprint
[11] Morabito A,Gebbia V,Di Maio M,et al. Randomized phase Ⅲ trial of gemcitabine and cisplatin vs. gemcitabine alone in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer and a performance status of 2:the CAPPA-2 study [J]. Lung Cancer,2013,81(1):77-83.
[12] Ozkaya S,F(xiàn)indik S,Dirican A,et al. Long-term survival rates of patients with stage Ⅲb and Ⅳ non-small cell lung cancer treated with cisplatin plus vinorelbine or gemcitabine [J]. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine,2012,4(6):1035-1038.
[13] Wu CF,Lee CH,Hsi E,et al. Interval between intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy and surgery for locally advanced oral squamous cell carcinoma:impacts on effectiveness of chemotherapy and on overall survival [J]. The Scientific World Journal,2014,2014:568145.
[14] Ma MC,Chen YY,Li SH,et al. Intra-arterial chemotherapy with Doxorubicin and Cisplatin is effective for advanced hepatocellular cell carcinoma [J]. The Scientific World Journal,2014,2014:160138.
[15] Yuan Z,Li WT,Ye XD,et al. Intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer:preliminary experience on the safety,efficacy,and clinical outcomes [J]. Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology:JVIR,2013,24(10):1521-1528.
[16] Nakanishi MY,oshida Y,Natazuka T. Prospective study of transarterial infusion of docetaxel and cisplatin to treat non-small-cell lung cancer in patients contraindicated for standard chemotherapy [J]. Lung Cancer,2012,77(2):353-358.
[17] Heinrich S,Kraft D,Staib-Sebler E,et al. Phase Ⅱ study on combined intravenous and intra-arterial chemotherapy with gemcitabine and mitomycin C in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer [J]. Hepato-gastroenterology,2013,60(126):1492-1496.
[18] Spada F,F(xiàn)azio N,Bonomo G,et al. Hepatic intra-arterial chemotherapy in patients with advanced primary liver tumours [J]. Ecancer Medical Science,2012,6:280.
[19] Hong GB,Zhou JX,Sun HB,et al. Continuous transarterial infusion chemotherapy with gemcitabine and 5-Fluorouracil for advanced pancreatic carcinoma [J]. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention:APJCP,2012,13(6):2669-2673.
[20] Uwagawa T,Misawa T,Tsutsui N,et al. Phase Ⅱ study of gemcitabine in combination with regional arterial infusion of nafamostat mesilate for advanced pancreatic cancer [J]. American Journal of Clinical Oncology,2013,36(1):44-48.
[21] Tanaka T,Nishiofuku H,Tamamoto T,et al. Intra-arterial chemoinfusion prior to chemoradiotherapy with full-dose systemic gemcitabine for management of locally advanced pancreatic cancer [J]. Anticancer Research,2011,31(11):3909-3912.
[22] Guiu B,Vincent J,Guiu S,et al. Hepatic arterial infusion of gemcitabine-oxaliplatin in a large metastasis from colon cancer [J]. World Journal of Gastroenterology:WJG,2010, 16(9):1150-1154.
[23] Shields CL,Kaliki S,Al-Dahmash S,et al. Management of advanced retinoblastoma with intravenous chemotherapy then intra-arterial chemotherapy as alternative to enucleation [J]. Retina,2013,33(10):2103-2109.
[24] Shields CL,F(xiàn)ulco EM,Arias JD,et al. Retinoblastoma frontiers with intravenous,intra-arterial,periocular,and intravitreal chemotherapy [J]. Eye,2013,27(2):253-264.
[25] Fiorentini G,Aliberti C,Tilli M,et al. Intra-arterial infusion of irinotecan-loaded drug-eluting beads(DEBIRI) versus intravenous therapy(FOLFIRI)for hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer:final results of a phase Ⅲ study [J]. Anticancer Research,2012,32(4):1387-1395.
(收稿日期:2014-08-07 本文編輯:任 念)endprint
[11] Morabito A,Gebbia V,Di Maio M,et al. Randomized phase Ⅲ trial of gemcitabine and cisplatin vs. gemcitabine alone in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer and a performance status of 2:the CAPPA-2 study [J]. Lung Cancer,2013,81(1):77-83.
[12] Ozkaya S,F(xiàn)indik S,Dirican A,et al. Long-term survival rates of patients with stage Ⅲb and Ⅳ non-small cell lung cancer treated with cisplatin plus vinorelbine or gemcitabine [J]. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine,2012,4(6):1035-1038.
[13] Wu CF,Lee CH,Hsi E,et al. Interval between intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy and surgery for locally advanced oral squamous cell carcinoma:impacts on effectiveness of chemotherapy and on overall survival [J]. The Scientific World Journal,2014,2014:568145.
[14] Ma MC,Chen YY,Li SH,et al. Intra-arterial chemotherapy with Doxorubicin and Cisplatin is effective for advanced hepatocellular cell carcinoma [J]. The Scientific World Journal,2014,2014:160138.
[15] Yuan Z,Li WT,Ye XD,et al. Intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer:preliminary experience on the safety,efficacy,and clinical outcomes [J]. Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology:JVIR,2013,24(10):1521-1528.
[16] Nakanishi MY,oshida Y,Natazuka T. Prospective study of transarterial infusion of docetaxel and cisplatin to treat non-small-cell lung cancer in patients contraindicated for standard chemotherapy [J]. Lung Cancer,2012,77(2):353-358.
[17] Heinrich S,Kraft D,Staib-Sebler E,et al. Phase Ⅱ study on combined intravenous and intra-arterial chemotherapy with gemcitabine and mitomycin C in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer [J]. Hepato-gastroenterology,2013,60(126):1492-1496.
[18] Spada F,F(xiàn)azio N,Bonomo G,et al. Hepatic intra-arterial chemotherapy in patients with advanced primary liver tumours [J]. Ecancer Medical Science,2012,6:280.
[19] Hong GB,Zhou JX,Sun HB,et al. Continuous transarterial infusion chemotherapy with gemcitabine and 5-Fluorouracil for advanced pancreatic carcinoma [J]. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention:APJCP,2012,13(6):2669-2673.
[20] Uwagawa T,Misawa T,Tsutsui N,et al. Phase Ⅱ study of gemcitabine in combination with regional arterial infusion of nafamostat mesilate for advanced pancreatic cancer [J]. American Journal of Clinical Oncology,2013,36(1):44-48.
[21] Tanaka T,Nishiofuku H,Tamamoto T,et al. Intra-arterial chemoinfusion prior to chemoradiotherapy with full-dose systemic gemcitabine for management of locally advanced pancreatic cancer [J]. Anticancer Research,2011,31(11):3909-3912.
[22] Guiu B,Vincent J,Guiu S,et al. Hepatic arterial infusion of gemcitabine-oxaliplatin in a large metastasis from colon cancer [J]. World Journal of Gastroenterology:WJG,2010, 16(9):1150-1154.
[23] Shields CL,Kaliki S,Al-Dahmash S,et al. Management of advanced retinoblastoma with intravenous chemotherapy then intra-arterial chemotherapy as alternative to enucleation [J]. Retina,2013,33(10):2103-2109.
[24] Shields CL,F(xiàn)ulco EM,Arias JD,et al. Retinoblastoma frontiers with intravenous,intra-arterial,periocular,and intravitreal chemotherapy [J]. Eye,2013,27(2):253-264.
[25] Fiorentini G,Aliberti C,Tilli M,et al. Intra-arterial infusion of irinotecan-loaded drug-eluting beads(DEBIRI) versus intravenous therapy(FOLFIRI)for hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer:final results of a phase Ⅲ study [J]. Anticancer Research,2012,32(4):1387-1395.
(收稿日期:2014-08-07 本文編輯:任 念)endprint
[11] Morabito A,Gebbia V,Di Maio M,et al. Randomized phase Ⅲ trial of gemcitabine and cisplatin vs. gemcitabine alone in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer and a performance status of 2:the CAPPA-2 study [J]. Lung Cancer,2013,81(1):77-83.
[12] Ozkaya S,F(xiàn)indik S,Dirican A,et al. Long-term survival rates of patients with stage Ⅲb and Ⅳ non-small cell lung cancer treated with cisplatin plus vinorelbine or gemcitabine [J]. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine,2012,4(6):1035-1038.
[13] Wu CF,Lee CH,Hsi E,et al. Interval between intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy and surgery for locally advanced oral squamous cell carcinoma:impacts on effectiveness of chemotherapy and on overall survival [J]. The Scientific World Journal,2014,2014:568145.
[14] Ma MC,Chen YY,Li SH,et al. Intra-arterial chemotherapy with Doxorubicin and Cisplatin is effective for advanced hepatocellular cell carcinoma [J]. The Scientific World Journal,2014,2014:160138.
[15] Yuan Z,Li WT,Ye XD,et al. Intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer:preliminary experience on the safety,efficacy,and clinical outcomes [J]. Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology:JVIR,2013,24(10):1521-1528.
[16] Nakanishi MY,oshida Y,Natazuka T. Prospective study of transarterial infusion of docetaxel and cisplatin to treat non-small-cell lung cancer in patients contraindicated for standard chemotherapy [J]. Lung Cancer,2012,77(2):353-358.
[17] Heinrich S,Kraft D,Staib-Sebler E,et al. Phase Ⅱ study on combined intravenous and intra-arterial chemotherapy with gemcitabine and mitomycin C in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer [J]. Hepato-gastroenterology,2013,60(126):1492-1496.
[18] Spada F,F(xiàn)azio N,Bonomo G,et al. Hepatic intra-arterial chemotherapy in patients with advanced primary liver tumours [J]. Ecancer Medical Science,2012,6:280.
[19] Hong GB,Zhou JX,Sun HB,et al. Continuous transarterial infusion chemotherapy with gemcitabine and 5-Fluorouracil for advanced pancreatic carcinoma [J]. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention:APJCP,2012,13(6):2669-2673.
[20] Uwagawa T,Misawa T,Tsutsui N,et al. Phase Ⅱ study of gemcitabine in combination with regional arterial infusion of nafamostat mesilate for advanced pancreatic cancer [J]. American Journal of Clinical Oncology,2013,36(1):44-48.
[21] Tanaka T,Nishiofuku H,Tamamoto T,et al. Intra-arterial chemoinfusion prior to chemoradiotherapy with full-dose systemic gemcitabine for management of locally advanced pancreatic cancer [J]. Anticancer Research,2011,31(11):3909-3912.
[22] Guiu B,Vincent J,Guiu S,et al. Hepatic arterial infusion of gemcitabine-oxaliplatin in a large metastasis from colon cancer [J]. World Journal of Gastroenterology:WJG,2010, 16(9):1150-1154.
[23] Shields CL,Kaliki S,Al-Dahmash S,et al. Management of advanced retinoblastoma with intravenous chemotherapy then intra-arterial chemotherapy as alternative to enucleation [J]. Retina,2013,33(10):2103-2109.
[24] Shields CL,F(xiàn)ulco EM,Arias JD,et al. Retinoblastoma frontiers with intravenous,intra-arterial,periocular,and intravitreal chemotherapy [J]. Eye,2013,27(2):253-264.
[25] Fiorentini G,Aliberti C,Tilli M,et al. Intra-arterial infusion of irinotecan-loaded drug-eluting beads(DEBIRI) versus intravenous therapy(FOLFIRI)for hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer:final results of a phase Ⅲ study [J]. Anticancer Research,2012,32(4):1387-1395.
(收稿日期:2014-08-07 本文編輯:任 念)endprint