[摘要]目的:系統(tǒng)評價基于臨床隨機(jī)對照試驗(yàn)下的隧道技術(shù)(Tunnel technique,TUN)聯(lián)合結(jié)締組織移植(connective tissue graft,CTG)治療牙齦退縮的臨床效果。方法:檢索PubMed、Web of Science、Cochrane、Embase、知網(wǎng)、萬方、CBM、維普關(guān)于隧道技術(shù)聯(lián)合結(jié)締組織移植治療牙齦退縮的臨床隨機(jī)對照試驗(yàn),檢索時間為建庫至2022年10月,進(jìn)行資料提取及偏倚評價,運(yùn)用Review Manager 5.4軟件對最終納入文獻(xiàn)的研究數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行Meta分析。結(jié)果:本研究共納入10篇文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行定量分析,Meta分析結(jié)果顯示:隧道技術(shù)聯(lián)合結(jié)締組織移植在短期(6個月)與長期(≥12個月)的平均根面覆蓋率(Mean root coverage,MRC)(WMD=-0.25,95%CI=-4.51~4.00,P=0.91)和角化組織寬度(Keratinized tissue width,KTW)(WMD=0.31,95%CI=-0.59~1.18,P=0.48)比較差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義;隧道技術(shù)聯(lián)合結(jié)締組織移植與冠向復(fù)位瓣(Coronal advanced flap,CAF)聯(lián)合結(jié)締組織移植的平均根面覆蓋率(WMD=-1.58,95%CI=-13.39~10.23,P=0.79)、探診深度(Probing depth,PD)(WMD=-0.04,95%CI=-0.19~0.12,P=0.64)、根面美學(xué)評分(Root coverage esthetic score,RES)(WMD=-0.24,95%CI=-0.82~0.33,P=0.41)均差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義;隧道技術(shù)聯(lián)合結(jié)締組織移植與冠向復(fù)位瓣聯(lián)合結(jié)締組織移植的角化組織增量(Gained keratinized tissue,GKT)(WMD=0.38,95%CI=0.04~0.72,P=0.03)差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。結(jié)論:隧道技術(shù)聯(lián)合結(jié)締組織移植是治療牙齦退縮的一項可靠的手術(shù)方法,并且隨時間推移,臨床效果也能夠獲得良好的維持。
[關(guān)鍵詞]隧道技術(shù);結(jié)締組織移植;牙齦退縮;臨床隨機(jī)對照試驗(yàn);Meta分析
[中圖分類號]R781.4+4" " [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼]A" " [文章編號]1008-6455(2024)07-0124-05
Meta-analysis of Tunnel Technique Combined with Connective Tissue Graft Transplantation Therapy in the Treatment of Gingival Recession
YU Yao, REN Guiyun, CHENG Yameng, WU Penglin, MA Xue
( Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hebei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Hebei Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei, China )
Abstract: Objective" To systematically evaluate the clinical efficacy of tunnel technique(TUN) combined with connective tissue graft(CTG) transplantation based on clinical randomized controlled trials(RCTs). Methods" PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane, Embase, CNKI, Wanfang Data, CBM and VIP were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) about tunneling technique(TUN) combined with connective tissue transplantation in the treatment of gingival recession,the sinus lift procedures were collected from inception of these database above to October 2022. Data extraction and bias evaluation were performed, The Review Manager 5.4 software was used to perform a meta-analysis of the study date ultimately included in the literature. Results" 10 studies were included for quantitative analysis, Meta-analysis showed that: There was no significant difference in mean root coverage(MRC)(WMD=-0.25, 95%CI=-4.51 to 4.00, P=0.91)and keratinized tissue width(KTW)(WMD=0.31, 95%CI=-0.59 to 1.18, P=0.48)of TUN+CTG in short term(6th month)and long term (≥12th month). There was no significant difference between TUN+CTG and CAF+CTG in mean root coverage (WMD=-1.58, 95%CI= -13.39 to 10.23, P=0.79), probing depth (WMD=-0.04,95%CI=-0.19 to 0.12,P=0.64) and root coverage esthetic score(WMD=-0.24, 95%CI=-0.82 to 0.33, P=0.41). There was significant difference between TUN+CTG and CAF+CTG in gained keratinized tissue,(WMD=0.38, 95%CI=0.04 to 0.72, P=0.03 ). Conclusion" Tunnel technique combined with connective tissue transplantation is a reliable surgical method for gingival recession and the clinical effect can be maintained well over time.
Key words: tunnel technique; connective tissue graft transplantation; gingival recession; clinical randomized controlled trial; Meta-analysis
牙齦退縮(Gingival recession)被定義為牙齦的邊緣位于釉牙骨質(zhì)界的根方[1],牙齦退縮并不是隨年齡增長的必然結(jié)果,而是對某種病理變化的反映[2],牙齦退縮是多種因素造成的結(jié)果,單一因素并不一定會導(dǎo)致牙齦退縮,導(dǎo)致牙齦退縮的誘因大致可以分為兩類:先天因素和誘發(fā)因素[3]。牙齦退縮可造成牙齒敏感、牙頸部齲壞、磨損、食物嵌塞等癥狀。目前治療牙齦退縮的手術(shù)方法有多種,其中冠向復(fù)位瓣聯(lián)合結(jié)締組織移植被認(rèn)為是治療牙齦退縮的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[4],隨著技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展,近年來隧道技術(shù)在治療牙齦退縮及美學(xué)上取得了良好的效果,已被發(fā)現(xiàn)是治療牙齦退縮的一種非常有效的方法[5],隧道技術(shù)的使用有助于維持皮下移植物充足的血液供應(yīng),并為移植物提供良好的條件來適應(yīng)受區(qū)[6]。本文采用對比不同時間TUN+CTG的臨床效果、同時對比CAF+CTG(治療牙齦退縮的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn))[4]的臨床效果,對隧道技術(shù)聯(lián)合結(jié)締組織移植治療牙齦退縮進(jìn)行Meta分析,以期為臨床提供一定的借鑒。
1" 資料和方法
1.1 文獻(xiàn)檢索:檢索PubMed、Web of Science、Cochrane、Embase、知網(wǎng)、萬方、CBM、維普。英文檢索詞:tunnel technique、TUN、coronally advanced tunnel flap、minimally invasive tunnel technology、gingival recession、meta-analysis;中文檢索詞:隧道技術(shù)、冠向復(fù)位隧道皮瓣、微創(chuàng)隧道技術(shù)、牙齦退縮、Meta分析,檢索時間為建庫至2022年10月。PubMed檢索策略:tunnel technique[MeSH Terms] OR TUN[Title/Abstract] OR Pouch[Title/Abstract] OR coronally advanced flap modification tunnel technique[Title/Abstract] OR coronally advanced tunnel technique[Title/Abstract] OR coronally advanced tunnel flap[Title/Abstract] OR tunneling technique[Title/Abstract] OR tunneling flap[Title/Abstract] OR coronally positioned tunnel[Title/Abstract] OR MCAT[Title/Abstract] OR TT[Title/Abstract] OR modified microsurgical tunnel[Title/Abstract] OR MMTT[Title/Abstract] OR POT[Title/Abstract] OR minimally invasive tunnel technology[Title/Abstract] AND gingival recession[Title/Abstract] OR gingival recessions[Title/Abstract]。
1.2 納入和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
1.2.1 納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①研究對象為Miller’s Ⅰ、Ⅱ型牙齦退縮患者;②研究類型為臨床隨機(jī)對照試驗(yàn)(Random controlled trials,RCTs);③干預(yù)措施為使用隧道技術(shù)(Tunnel technique,TUN)聯(lián)合結(jié)締組織移植(Connective tissue graft,CTG)治療牙齦退縮;④結(jié)局指標(biāo)包括平均根面覆蓋率(Mean root coverage,MRC)、角化組織寬度(Keratinized tissue width,KTW)、角化組織增量(Gained keratinized tissue,GKT)、探診深度(Probing depth,PD)、根面美學(xué)評分(Root coverage esthetic score,RES)。要求同時包含①②③和④中的任何一項結(jié)局指標(biāo)才可納入。
1.2.2 排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①研究對象中包含吸煙的患者;②非臨床隨機(jī)對照試驗(yàn);③干預(yù)措施中無隧道技術(shù)聯(lián)合結(jié)締組織移植;④重復(fù)發(fā)表,文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量差或無可用數(shù)據(jù)。
1.3 數(shù)據(jù)提?。河?名評價者按照設(shè)定的納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行文獻(xiàn)篩選,若兩位評價者的觀點(diǎn)不一致則與第三人討論解決,提取內(nèi)容為作者、年份、研究設(shè)計、樣本量、牙齦退縮類型、干預(yù)措施、隨訪時間、相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)及偏倚風(fēng)險評價的關(guān)鍵要素。
1.4 質(zhì)量評價:由2名評價者根據(jù)Cochrane手冊5.10版推薦的偏倚風(fēng)險評估工具,獨(dú)立對納入的10篇文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行質(zhì)量評價。若存在爭議,則與第三人討論解決。
1.5 統(tǒng)計學(xué)分析:使用Review Manager 5.4軟件進(jìn)行分析。當(dāng)I2≥50%,采用隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型;當(dāng) I2<50%,采用固定效應(yīng)模型。通過敏感性分析檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果的穩(wěn)定性,采用加權(quán)均數(shù)差(Weighted mean difference,WMD)對連續(xù)性數(shù)值變量的合并統(tǒng)計量進(jìn)行評價,并計算其95%可信區(qū)間(Confidence interval,CI),當(dāng)P<0.05時,差異存在統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。用森林圖描述本研究的可信區(qū)間及效應(yīng)估計值。使用漏斗圖對文獻(xiàn)的發(fā)表偏倚進(jìn)行分析。
2" 結(jié)果
2.1 檢索結(jié)果:檢索到相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)共768篇,剔除重復(fù)文獻(xiàn)后剩余517篇,閱讀標(biāo)題和摘要后剩余89篇。仔細(xì)閱讀全文后最終納入10篇文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行Meta分析。文獻(xiàn)篩選流程見圖1。
2.2 納入研究的特點(diǎn):見表1。
2.3 質(zhì)量評價:共納入10篇RCT,其中6篇提到隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法,其余4篇文獻(xiàn)提及使用隨機(jī)方法,但未介紹具體方法;有7篇文獻(xiàn)采用的是密閉信封的分配隱藏;有8篇文獻(xiàn)采用盲法,其中1篇采用雙盲;在納入的10篇文獻(xiàn)中,有5篇存在失訪;所有研究均未提選擇性報告及其他偏倚。見圖2。
2.4 Meta分析結(jié)果
2.4.1 TUN+CTG短期(6個月)與長期(≥12個月)的MRC:共納入5篇文獻(xiàn)[7-9,15-16],固定效應(yīng)模型分析顯示,TUN+CTG在短期與長期MRC上的差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(WMD=-0.25,95%CI=-4.51~4.00,P=0.91,I2=39%)。敏感性分析研究結(jié)果未發(fā)生改變,提示研究結(jié)果具有良好的穩(wěn)健性。見圖3。
2.4.2 TUN+CTG短期(6個月)與長期(≥12個月)的KTW:共納入5篇文獻(xiàn)[7-9,15-16],隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型分析顯示,TUN+CTG在短期與長期KTW上的差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(WMD=0.31,95%CI=-0.56~1.18,P=0.48,I2=84%)。敏感性分析研究結(jié)果未發(fā)生改變,提示研究結(jié)果具有良好的穩(wěn)健性。見圖4。
2.4.3 TUN+CTG與CAF+CTG的MRC:共納入7篇文獻(xiàn)[7-13],隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型分析顯示,TUN+CTG與CAF+CTG在MRC上的差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(WMD=-1.58,95%CI=-13.39~10.23,P=0.79,I2=94%)。敏感性分析研究結(jié)果未發(fā)生改變,提示研究結(jié)果具有良好的穩(wěn)健性。見圖5。
2.4.4 TUN+CTG與CAF+CTG的GKT:共納入6篇文獻(xiàn)[8-13,13-14],隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型分析顯示,TUN+CTG與CAF+CTG在GKT上的差異存在統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(WMD=0.40,95%CI=-0.28~1.08,P=0.03,I2=52%)。敏感性分析研究結(jié)果未發(fā)生改變,提示研究結(jié)果具有良好的穩(wěn)健性。見圖6。
2.4.5 TUN+CTG與CAF+CTG的PD:共納入6篇文獻(xiàn)[8-13],隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型分析顯示,TUN+CTG與CAF+CTG在PD上的差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(WMD=-0.04,95%CI=-0.19~0.12,P=0.64,I2=79%)。敏感性分析研究結(jié)果未發(fā)生改變,提示研究結(jié)果具有良好的穩(wěn)健性。見圖7。
2.4.6 TUN+CTG與CAF+CTG的RES:共納入2篇文獻(xiàn)[8,12],固定效應(yīng)模型分析顯示,TUN+CTG與CAF+CTG在RES上的差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(WMD=-0.24,95%CI=-0.82~0.33,P=0.41,I2=0%),敏感性分析研究結(jié)果未發(fā)生改變,提示研究結(jié)果具有良好的穩(wěn)健性。見圖8。
3" 討論
在過去的幾年中,人們評估了多種手術(shù)方法(側(cè)向轉(zhuǎn)位瓣、冠向復(fù)位瓣、隧道技術(shù)等),以期實(shí)現(xiàn)根面覆蓋[17]。隧道技術(shù)是使用精細(xì)的器械進(jìn)行齦瓣分離,從膜齦聯(lián)合下方到齦乳頭基底的區(qū)域,齦乳頭頂端仍與舌、腭側(cè)牙齦連接,充分松解齦瓣,使齦瓣能夠無張力復(fù)位至釉牙骨質(zhì)界的稍冠方,隨后將移植物置于“隧道”內(nèi)進(jìn)行縫合[18]。
平均根面覆蓋率(MRC)是根面覆蓋術(shù)后實(shí)現(xiàn)根面覆蓋的面積與術(shù)前根面暴露面積的比值。Sahli L等[14]的研究表明,CAF+CTG的平均根面覆蓋率在術(shù)后3個月到術(shù)后6個月從99.0±4.47下降到96.3±12.1;TUN+CTG的平均根面覆蓋率術(shù)后3個月到術(shù)后6個月從91.55±22.4下降到91.3±17.6。這兩種手術(shù)方法的平均根面覆蓋率隨時間推移均出現(xiàn)下降趨勢,也在某種程度上印證了本次研究的意義。本研究顯示,隧道技術(shù)聯(lián)合結(jié)締組織移植,在短期(6個月)與長期(≥12個月)的平均根面覆蓋率無統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異,可以證明隧道技術(shù)聯(lián)合結(jié)締組織移植的平均根面覆蓋率并未因時間推移發(fā)生明顯的變化,也證明了該手術(shù)方法的穩(wěn)定性。且Zhur O等[19]的研究表明,當(dāng)TUN與CTG結(jié)合時,即使CTG中一小部分未覆蓋,它也能存活并獲得成功的結(jié)果。當(dāng)比較短期(6個月)與長期(≥12個月)的角化組織寬度時,出現(xiàn)了較高的異質(zhì)性(I2=84%),通過敏感性分析,剔除敏感文獻(xiàn)(Zhur 2021)后,I2=17%。該文獻(xiàn)(Zhur 2021)導(dǎo)致異質(zhì)性增加的原因,作者認(rèn)為是由于較高的失訪率(33%)導(dǎo)致。許多研究人員認(rèn)為,探索根面覆蓋的穩(wěn)定性具有重要意義[12],時間本身作為一種結(jié)局變量,通過不同時間點(diǎn)來探索隧道技術(shù)聯(lián)合結(jié)締組織移植的穩(wěn)定性是具有意義的。
冠向復(fù)位瓣聯(lián)合結(jié)締組織移植被認(rèn)為是治療牙齦退縮的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[4],Singh N[20]認(rèn)為,冠向復(fù)位瓣聯(lián)合結(jié)締組織移植可維持良好的術(shù)后長期穩(wěn)定性。與金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行對比,能夠準(zhǔn)確分析隧道技術(shù)聯(lián)合結(jié)締組織移植的臨床效果。角化組織對牙齒健康的維持具有重要作用,獲得角化組織是治療牙齦退縮的主要目的之一[21]。角化組織表面有一層厚的角化上皮覆蓋,下方富含膠原纖維,附著齦通過黏骨膜直接附著在骨面上,活動性小,能夠有效耐受食物的摩擦,且能夠抵御炎癥反應(yīng)刺激[22]。本研究顯示,TUN+CTG相較CAF+CTG獲得了更多的角化組織。這可能與Zabalegui I等[23]研究指出的隧道技術(shù)相較于冠向復(fù)位瓣技術(shù)可以為移植物提供更好的血供及良好的愈合條件有關(guān)。Zuhr O等[24]的研究也指出隧道技術(shù)使皮瓣升高但不脫離乳頭組織,沒有做垂直切口,有助于提供更為豐富的血供和加速傷口順利愈合。TUN+CTG與CAF+CTG的根面美學(xué)評分進(jìn)行對比時,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P=0.41)。根面美學(xué)評分由5項臨床指標(biāo)[齦緣位置(Gingival margin,GM)、軟組織輪廓(Soft tissue texture,STT)、膜齦聯(lián)合線(Muco-gingival junction,MGJ)、齦緣外形(Marginal tissue contour,MTC)以及牙齦顏色(Gingiva color,GC)]組成[25],有研究表明,RES能夠客觀評價根面覆蓋手術(shù)的美學(xué)效果,并且是一套簡單且標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的評分系統(tǒng),基本上包含了評價牙齦的所有美學(xué)指標(biāo),與患者的美學(xué)評價基本一致[26]。但該指標(biāo)納入的相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)較少,所以結(jié)果應(yīng)慎重解釋。
本研究的局限性:①由于語言條件的限制,本研究只對英文及中文的文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行了篩選;②納入文獻(xiàn)數(shù)量較少,大樣本量的研究也較少;③符合納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的文獻(xiàn),研究時間相對較短,第10次歐洲牙周病學(xué)工作組甚至進(jìn)一步提出,需要長達(dá)5年的隨訪來評估各類根面覆蓋術(shù)的長期穩(wěn)定[27]。
綜上所述,TUN聯(lián)合CTG的手術(shù)方法,隨時間推移在平均根面覆蓋率及角化組織寬度的維持上都取得了良好的效果,且與金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(冠向復(fù)位瓣聯(lián)合結(jié)締組織移植)的對比中,平均根面覆蓋率、探診深度及根面美學(xué)評分未存在明顯統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異,在角化組織增量的對比中效果甚至要優(yōu)于冠向復(fù)位瓣聯(lián)合結(jié)締組織移植。
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[收稿日期]2023-04-07
本文引用格式:于堯,任貴云,程亞萌,等.隧道技術(shù)聯(lián)合結(jié)締組織移植治療牙齦退縮的Meta分析[J].中國美容醫(yī)學(xué),2024,33(7):124-129.