巧用語(yǔ)篇主題引出復(fù)合手法順解閱讀理解主旨概括題型

浙江

高中英語(yǔ)閱讀教學(xué)不僅要幫助學(xué)生對(duì)語(yǔ)言（詞匯和結(jié)構(gòu)）和信息（文本的主旨大意和細(xì)節(jié)）進(jìn)行表層的理解，還要幫助學(xué)生對(duì)文本進(jìn)行深層次的理解，關(guān)注作者的觀點(diǎn)、情感態(tài)度、寫(xiě)作意圖，把握文本的脈絡(luò)層次和結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)，了解文本中遣詞造句和謀篇布局等方面的技巧，鑒賞語(yǔ)言文化。顯而易見(jiàn)，語(yǔ)篇結(jié)構(gòu)，尤其是各種文體的語(yǔ)篇主題的引出手法，對(duì)于解答各種閱讀理解試題至關(guān)重要，下面筆者將具體講述語(yǔ)篇主題的引出手法在解答主旨概括類閱讀理解試題的應(yīng)用。

命題人考查主旨概括題的設(shè)問(wèn)形式千變?nèi)f化，例如，考查標(biāo)題概括通常會(huì)問(wèn)What’s the best title of this passage?考查文章的主旨大意通常會(huì)問(wèn)What is the main idea of the passage? 或What does the passage tell about? 考查作者的寫(xiě)作意圖通常會(huì)問(wèn)What’s the purpose of the text? 或What message does the author want to convey in this text? 不管主旨概括題以哪種命題形式出現(xiàn)，一看到此類設(shè)題形式，學(xué)生在解題時(shí)應(yīng)該馬上立足整體，把握語(yǔ)篇主題所在。

在記敘文、說(shuō)明文、議論文三種不同的文體中，引出主題的手法不盡相同。在記敘文中，常見(jiàn)的主題引出手法是升華法，即在語(yǔ)篇最后或虛或?qū)嵉睾魬?yīng)前文，凸顯主題。而在說(shuō)明文或者議論文中，主題常出現(xiàn)在文章的開(kāi)篇部分，引出手法包括直白法、反襯法、事例法和提問(wèn)法。單一的主題引出手法不具備“欺騙性”，在解答閱讀理解主旨概括類試題時(shí)不會(huì)給考生設(shè)置障礙，而復(fù)合型的主題引出手法，即多種主題引出手法的組合，便會(huì)大大增加解答主旨概括類試題的難度。有鑒于此，本文筆者將重點(diǎn)聚焦復(fù)合型的主題引出手法，以期起到拋磚引玉的作用。

例證語(yǔ)篇1

Paul Kluitenberg has always been a hit with the ladies.So you wouldn’t expect the 17-year-old student from Avonworth High School in Pennsylvania,US to worry about asking a girl out.However,he did feel a bit nervous when it came to the dance party at the weekend.

Dating has changed in recent years and there’s a lot more pressure on young people.You have to find a novel (新奇的)way of inviting a girl to a formal dance.

“I knew I couldn’t just say,‘You want to go to homecoming?’because that’s kind of lame (蹩腳的),”explained the 17-year-old.

The new trend is called“asking cute”. A TV show entitled Our Last Prom had the main characters trying to impress their high school girlfriends in a variety of“cute”ways.One teenager even dressed up in a gorilla (大猩猩) costume.

The video-sharing website YouTube has made this cultural trend popular.The simple search“ask cute”and“school dance”turns up videos of boys—and a few girls—going to great lengths to pop the question.

The Internet came to the rescue of Joe McDonagh,a tenth-grade student at Avonworth.The 15-year-old found a clever idea online.He went with a white board and pens when he asked classmate Emily Grambo to the dance.

“I wrote,‘See who wants to take you to dance party’on it with a bunch of names,but mine was the only one in permanent marker (不褪色筆),”said Joe.He placed the board on the top shelf of her locker.When she wiped off the names,his was the only one left.

He got a yes,along with several“awwws”from the girls who quickly gathered.

“It’s so much better when they ask you in a cute way,”said Grambo.“It means they put more thought into it and want to be nicer.”

語(yǔ)篇體裁：說(shuō)明文

主旨大意：novel ways of dating

主題原句：Dating has changed in recent years and there’s a lot more pressure on young people.You have to find a novel(新奇的) way of inviting a girl to a formal dance.

引出手法：事例法（Paul Kluitenberg 的具體情況）+反襯法（表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的連接詞However 連接的表示先揚(yáng)后抑的兩句語(yǔ)意相反的句子）

例證試題：

Question :What is the main purpose of the text?

A.To show that“asking cute”is a new trend for dating.

B.To give tips on how to prepare for a homecoming.

C.To give advice on how to invite girls to a formal dance.

D.To explain why traditional dating is no longer popular.

解題策略：

利用上面的復(fù)合型主題引出手法，即事例法與反襯法，側(cè)重表達(dá)與傳統(tǒng)的約會(huì)方式有區(qū)別的一種新的約會(huì)方式，在解答本題時(shí)學(xué)生要緊緊扣住主題，選擇正確的選項(xiàng) A.To show that“asking cute”is a new trend for dating.而其他幾個(gè)選項(xiàng)都不能很好地概括本文的主題，B 項(xiàng)側(cè)重表達(dá)準(zhǔn)備回家的建議，偏中性。C 項(xiàng)是邀請(qǐng)女孩正式跳舞的相關(guān)建議，同樣也是偏中性。D 項(xiàng)則解釋了傳統(tǒng)的約會(huì)方式不再流行的原因，在語(yǔ)義上偏貶義，不符合文章主題偏褒義的特點(diǎn)，因此予以排除。

對(duì)于使用事例法和反襯法這類復(fù)合型主題引出方法的主旨概括類試題，學(xué)生在答題時(shí)需忽略具體事例，把重點(diǎn)放在事例后面的概括部分，而由于概括部分中存在先抑后揚(yáng)或者先揚(yáng)后抑的反襯，學(xué)生需把重中之重放在后面部分，也就是but,however,in fact,actually 等詞（組）后面的內(nèi)容，然后根據(jù)這部分內(nèi)容確定文章的主題思想后再解題。

例證語(yǔ)篇2

A new library in Tianjin—Tianjin Binhai Public Library—recently became an online hit.The Daily Mail described it as the“world’s ultimate（終極的）library”,while the word“breathtaking”was the choice of Newsweek magazine.One look at the library and you’ll see why.With its futuristic design and walls loaded with books,it’s the dream library of every book lover.

But as the awe（驚嘆）continues,there’s a burning question lying in the back of our minds:When physical bookstores are closing down one by one,what makes libraries immune from the wave of digitalization（數(shù)碼化）? And do we really still need libraries now we’ve got the Internet in our hands?

Reporter Ian Clark has the answer.“Libraries are not declining in importance—people are simply changing the way they use them,”he wrote on the Guardian website.

What Clark means is that libraries have shifted from simply being storehouses of books to a medium（媒介）to help“bridge the gap between the haves and the have-nots”,according to website Libraries Are Essential.Since not everyone can afford a smart phone,a tablet or an Internet connection,and not everyone knows how to search the internet correctly and efficiently,it’s public libraries that make sure that these resources（資源）and technologies are available to a larger group of people.

And one of the pitfalls that come with online materials is that they’re not always reliable.“Google doesn’t tell you what you’re not getting,so people need to evaluate the quality and completeness of what they see on their screens,”Sarah Pritchard,dean of libraries at Northwestern University,told Northwestern Research Magazine.And libraries are usually where that“evaluation”happens.

But all of these practical functions aside,we still need the physical space that a library provides.It’s something that’s called a“third place”,according to the Seattle Times.This is a place in which we can fully concentrate on our study and work without easily getting distracted.

And compared to other“third places”like coffee shops,libraries have a“non-commercial nature”that allows you to relax completely.

“Nobody is trying to sell you anything in the library.There is no pressure to buy and there is no judgment of your choices,”Anne Goulding,a professor at Victoria University in New Zealand,wrote on the Newsroom website.

“There are few other spaces that you can just‘be’without somebody questioning your presence or your motivation（動(dòng)機(jī)）.”

語(yǔ)篇體裁：說(shuō)明文

主旨大意：the certainty of the survival of libraries in modern world

主題原句：Reporter Ian Clark has the answer.“Libraries are not declining in importance — people are simply changing the way they use them,”he wrote on the Guardian website.

引出手法：事例法（天津?yàn)I海網(wǎng)上數(shù)碼圖書(shū)館的開(kāi)放）+反襯法（第二段But 連接的表示先揚(yáng)后抑轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的語(yǔ)段）+提問(wèn)法（當(dāng)實(shí)體書(shū)店一家又一家先后倒閉時(shí)，是什么使圖書(shū)館能夠從數(shù)字化的浪潮中幸免于難？When physical bookstores are closing down one by one,what makes libraries immune from the wave of digitalization ?）

例證試題：

A.Libraries should reform to keep up with the pace of digitalization.

B.It remains to be seen whether libraries will survive in the future.

C.Libraries are suffering because of the wave of digitalization.

D.Libraries have reasons to stay alive in the modern world.

解題策略：

本題考查語(yǔ)篇主題，根據(jù)文章的整體意思學(xué)生可以看出本篇文章的主題是褒義的主題，也就是講述在當(dāng)今世界圖書(shū)館仍然有存在和發(fā)展的可能，縱觀四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，只有D 項(xiàng)是褒義的表達(dá)，A 項(xiàng)和B 項(xiàng)分別表示建議和不確定性，屬于中性的表達(dá)，C 項(xiàng)中的are suffering 帶有貶義意味的表達(dá)，故本題正確選項(xiàng)是D。

對(duì)于事例法、反襯法和提問(wèn)法三種手法并存的主題引出方式，學(xué)生在解答閱讀理解主旨概括題時(shí)務(wù)必要看提問(wèn)部分，即緊接在一般疑問(wèn)句和特殊疑問(wèn)句后面的內(nèi)容，因?yàn)槭吕ê头匆r法引出的內(nèi)容可能只是預(yù)熱，提問(wèn)法引出的內(nèi)容才是文章的重點(diǎn)，所以學(xué)生必須要重視提問(wèn)后面的內(nèi)容，這樣才能準(zhǔn)確掌握文章的中心思想。

隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的迅速發(fā)展,培養(yǎng)更多具有創(chuàng)新能力、適應(yīng)時(shí)代要求的體育人才,是當(dāng)前體育專業(yè)教學(xué)工作的一項(xiàng)重要任務(wù).實(shí)驗(yàn)教學(xué)是體育基礎(chǔ)理論教學(xué)的重要組成部分，是培養(yǎng)學(xué)生觀察能力、分析能力、動(dòng)手能力等的有效途徑，在體育專業(yè)建設(shè)中起到很重要的作用,直接影響到專業(yè)培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)的實(shí)現(xiàn).因此，創(chuàng)新實(shí)驗(yàn)教學(xué)內(nèi)容,加強(qiáng)實(shí)驗(yàn)教學(xué)手段,探索實(shí)驗(yàn)室建設(shè)、管理的新模式,提高實(shí)驗(yàn)教學(xué)的質(zhì)量與水平,對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)室的科學(xué)發(fā)展具有積極意義[1-4].

例證語(yǔ)篇3

（2017 年11 月浙江省高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解B 篇）

It’s surprising how much simple movements of the body can affect the way we think.Using expansive gestures with open arms makes us feel more powerful,crossing your arms makes you more determined and lying down can bring more insights（領(lǐng)悟）.

So if moving the body can have these effects,what about the clothes we wear? We’re all well aware of how dressing up in different ways can make us feel more attractive,sporty or professional,depending on the clothes we wear,but can the clothes actually change cognitive (認(rèn)知的) performance or is it just a feeling?

Adam and Galinsky tested the effect of simply wearing a white lab coat on people’s powers of attention.The idea is that white coats are associated with scientists,who are in turn thought to have close attention to detail.

What they found was that people wearing white coats performed better than those who weren’t.Indeed,they made only half as many errors as those wearing their own clothes on the Stroop Test (one way of measuring attention).The researchers call the effect“enclothed cognition”,suggesting that all manner of different clothes probably affect our cognition in many different ways.

This opens the way for all sorts of clothes-based experiments.Is the writer who wears a fedora more creative? Is the psychologist wearing little round glasses and smoking a cigar more insightful? Does a chef ’s hat make the resultant food taste better?

From now on I will only be editing articles for PsyBlog while wearing a white coat to help keep the typing error count low.Hopefully you will be doing your part by reading PsyBlog in a cap and gown（學(xué)位服）.

語(yǔ)篇體裁：說(shuō)明文

主旨大意：the influence of clothes on people’s cognitive performance

主題原句：but can the clothes actually change cognitive（認(rèn)知的）performance or is it just a feeling?

引出手法：反襯法（體態(tài)語(yǔ)言非常有益于我們的情感表達(dá)，但是我們所穿的衣服是否也有同樣的影響呢?）+提問(wèn)法(我們所穿的衣服真的能夠改變我們的認(rèn)知表現(xiàn)，還是這只是一種感覺(jué)?)引出主題衣服能夠改變我們的認(rèn)知表現(xiàn)。

例證試題：

Question :What is the main idea of the text?

A.Body movements change the way people think.

B.How people dress has an influence on their feelings.

C.What people wear can affect their cognitive performance.

D.People doing different jobs should wear different clothes.

解題策略：

根據(jù)題干可知本題考查語(yǔ)篇主題，由于復(fù)合型的引出手法突出中性的主題：衣服能夠改變我們的認(rèn)知表現(xiàn)，因此可以推出C 選項(xiàng)最貼近語(yǔ)篇主題，A 項(xiàng)屬于次要的反襯部分，不能喧賓奪主。B 項(xiàng)是強(qiáng)干擾項(xiàng)，錯(cuò)在介詞on 后面的賓語(yǔ)their feelings 屬于偷換概念，而D 項(xiàng)則明顯缺乏語(yǔ)境的支撐。

反襯法和提問(wèn)法同時(shí)出現(xiàn)，有時(shí)一般疑問(wèn)句后并沒(méi)有答語(yǔ)，此時(shí)這個(gè)提問(wèn)的反面意思實(shí)際上就是文章的中心所在，所以在遇到此類篇章時(shí)，學(xué)生要樹(shù)立沒(méi)有答語(yǔ)的提問(wèn)的反面表達(dá)就是語(yǔ)篇的主題的意識(shí)。

例證語(yǔ)篇4

Greek myth（神話）is filled with tales of heroic strength—perhaps the most famous being that of Atlas,who single-handedly held the heavens high up in the air.In an inspiring modern-day version of Atlas,one courageous athlete recently climbed Mount Olympus—home to the ancient gods,carrying a disabled companion to the summit（山頂）.

Long-distance runner Giannakos has a long track record of taking on challenges:He hiked 168 miles across the Al Marmoum Desert and he also took first place in a freezing 93-mile cross-country race in Antarctica.Before his latest effort,he’d already successfully admired the view from atop Mount Olympus’ highest peak 50 times.

When Giannakos met and befriended 22-year-old biology student Torsion and learned of her dream to experience the summit herself,it seemed only natural that he was more than ready to rise to the occasion.“For me,all international races,the medals and the distinctions so far,mean little compared to that goal,”he told the Greek Reporter.

With Torsion securely fastened in a specially adapted backpack Giannakos,along with an eight-member support team,started the exhausting uphill climb of Olympus’ tallest summit,Mount Mytikas.When they reached 2 400 meters,the party stopped to rest.After making camp for the night,they continued with their climb at 6 a.m.the following morning.Three hours later,at 9:02 local time—having put in more than 10 hours climbing in total—the victorious pair reached the 2 918-meter summit.“There is nothing more real than the dream,”Giannakos said with extreme happiness.

It’s heartening to know that while we generally think of heroes as the stuff of myth and legend,there are actually some shining examples—like Giannakos—who exist in real life as well.

語(yǔ)篇體裁：記敘文

主旨大意：the real hero in life

主題原句：It’s heartening to know that while we generally think of heroes as the stuff of myth and legend,there are actually some shining examples—like Giannakos—who exist in real life as well.

引出手法：反襯法（雖然我們通常認(rèn)為英雄是神話和傳說(shuō)中的人物）+升華法（在記敘文語(yǔ)篇結(jié)尾部分升華主題）得出中心思想：在現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中也存在一些真實(shí)的英雄人物。

例證試題：

Question:What does the text mainly talk about?

A.Giannakos was a true hero existing in reality.

B.Giannakos successfully challenged world hiking records.

C.Giannakos is the first to run the Antarctic cross-country race.

D.Giannakos reached Mount Olympus’ highest peak 50 times.

解題策略：

本題的正確答案為A，因?yàn)橹挥蠥 項(xiàng)最符合語(yǔ)篇的中心思想：Giannakos 是在現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中確實(shí)存在的英雄人物。而B(niǎo) 項(xiàng)Giannakos 成功挑戰(zhàn)遠(yuǎn)足世界紀(jì)錄缺乏語(yǔ)境支撐，C 項(xiàng)Giannakos 是第一個(gè)橫穿南極洲的跑步運(yùn)動(dòng)員更是夸張之說(shuō)，D 項(xiàng)Giannakos 共成功攀登奧林匹斯山50 次，數(shù)字不精確，應(yīng)是51 次，所以B、C、D 三項(xiàng)均可以排除。

對(duì)于記敘文中反襯法和升華法的主題表現(xiàn)方式，學(xué)生首先必須確定位置，即把重點(diǎn)放在記敘文語(yǔ)篇的結(jié)尾部分，同時(shí)不要被前面反襯的內(nèi)容誤導(dǎo)，而應(yīng)把重點(diǎn)放在后面反襯的內(nèi)容上，即but,however,in fact,actually 等詞（組）后面的內(nèi)容或者讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中的主句部分。

主旨概括能力不僅能提高學(xué)生解答主旨概括類試題的得分率，而且對(duì)于學(xué)生把握各種體裁篇章的主題，梳理語(yǔ)篇的脈絡(luò)體系，解答細(xì)節(jié)理解、推理判斷等其他題型也大有好處。提高學(xué)生主旨概括能力的不二之法是熟稔各種主題引入手法，尤其是主題引入的復(fù)合手法，因?yàn)橹挥姓莆樟诉@些變化紛呈、種類繁多的復(fù)合型主題引入手法才能順利切入主題，從而占領(lǐng)語(yǔ)篇語(yǔ)義的制高點(diǎn)，達(dá)到“一覽眾山小”的目的。在確定各種引出手法的過(guò)程中，學(xué)生既要能夠細(xì)分各種不同引出手法的差別，同時(shí)也要熟悉不同復(fù)合手法引出中心大意的特點(diǎn)，并且能夠區(qū)分哪種手法在哪種類型的語(yǔ)篇中起到引出主題思想的關(guān)鍵作用。希望通過(guò)本文對(duì)復(fù)合手法的分析，學(xué)生在解答閱讀理解各類主旨概括試題時(shí)能夠更加游刃有余。