唐莉 王強 顏飛
摘要:譫妄是一種急性、波動性的疾病,以興奮性增高為主,表現(xiàn)為思維紊亂、定向力障礙、注意力不集中、晝夜顛倒、意識改變等癥狀,可導(dǎo)致術(shù)后并發(fā)癥增多、增加圍手術(shù)期死亡率,但目前對術(shù)后譫妄的發(fā)病機制的研究尚存在爭議,其治療仍主要以藥物預(yù)防為主。本文主要就術(shù)后譫妄的分型、危險因素、發(fā)病機制及藥物治療作一綜述,以期為臨床治療提供參考。
關(guān)鍵詞:術(shù)后譫妄;發(fā)病機制;藥物預(yù)防
中圖分類號:R65? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?文獻標識碼:A? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-1959.2020.20.016
文章編號:1006-1959(2020)22-0051-04
Study on the Pathogenesis and Drug Prevention of Delirium During Perioperative Period
TANG Li1, WANG Qiang2,YAN Fei2
(1.Department of Anesthesiology,the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University,Xi'an 710021,Shaanxi,China;
2.Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University,Xi'an 710061,Shaanxi,China)
Abstract:Delirium is an acute and fluctuating disease. It is mainly characterized by increased excitability, manifested as thinking disorder, disorientation, inattention, diurnal reversal, and changes in consciousness. It can lead to increased postoperative complications. Increasing perioperative mortality, but the current research on the pathogenesis of postoperative delirium is still controversial, and its treatment is still mainly based on drug prevention. This article mainly reviews the classification, risk factors, pathogenesis and drug treatment of postoperative delirium, in order to provide reference for clinical treatment.
Key words:Postoperative delirium;Pathogenesis;Drug prevention
譫妄(delirium)是急性認知功能改變,以認知功能障礙、意識水平改變、明顯的注意力障礙、情緒失控和睡眠-覺醒周期紊亂為特征[1]。術(shù)后譫妄(postoperative delirium)是指患者在經(jīng)歷外科手術(shù)后出現(xiàn)的譫妄,主要發(fā)生在術(shù)后24~72 h。高齡是譫妄的危險因素之一,有報道稱[2],在擇期手術(shù)中其發(fā)生率達到15%~25%,而在一些譫妄發(fā)生率高的手術(shù)類型如股骨頭置換及心臟手術(shù)中,其發(fā)生率更是接近于50%。本研究就術(shù)后譫妄的分型、危險因素、發(fā)病機制及藥物治療作一綜述,以期為臨床治療提供參考。
1術(shù)后譫妄的分型及危險因素
目前譫妄可以分為3型:高活動型、低活動型和混合型。臨床表現(xiàn)的差異性源于病因不同,如酒精戒斷性譫妄和其他物質(zhì)戒斷或中毒性譫妄一般為高活動型,而代謝性因素所致譫妄一般為低活動型。
術(shù)后譫妄的發(fā)生是由易感因素和誘發(fā)因素共同作用的結(jié)果[3],其中易感因素包括高齡、認知儲備功能下降、機體功能減退、感覺損害(視覺,聽覺受損)、嗜酒、營養(yǎng)不良、載脂蛋白E4基因型攜帶等[4,5]。而誘發(fā)因素包括藥物(尤其是鎮(zhèn)靜催眠藥物及抗膽堿類藥物)、手術(shù)、麻醉、劇烈疼痛以及感染等[6,7]。易感因素越多,誘發(fā)因素則會相對減少,這也側(cè)面說明了為何術(shù)后譫妄往往發(fā)生在老年以及生理機能較差的患者中。
此外,術(shù)后譫妄是圍術(shù)期重要的并發(fā)癥[8]。術(shù)后譫妄會延長患者的機械通氣時間、ICU滯留時間[9]及住院時間[10],增加圍術(shù)期并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率、死亡率以及醫(yī)療費用,且有研究表明[10],每48 h的譫妄至少會使病死率增加10%~20%。術(shù)后譫妄同樣能夠?qū)颊叩拈L期預(yù)后產(chǎn)生影響,Hshieh TT等[11]對566例年齡大于70歲的擇期手術(shù)患者進行了長達18個月的隨訪,結(jié)果顯示發(fā)生術(shù)后譫妄的患者較沒有發(fā)生術(shù)后譫妄的患者恢復(fù)更為不理想,且發(fā)生術(shù)后譫妄的患者5年內(nèi)更容易進展為老年癡呆。
2術(shù)后譫妄的發(fā)病機制
譫妄可能是中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中特定神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)通路功能失調(diào)的表現(xiàn),關(guān)于其具體發(fā)病機制尚不明確,目前主要假說有神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)變化學(xué)說、神經(jīng)炎癥學(xué)說、神經(jīng)細胞老化學(xué)說及其他學(xué)說等。
2.1神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)變化學(xué)說? 膽堿能神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)功能減退、多巴胺能神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)功能增強,可能是譫妄發(fā)展的最后共同通路。膽堿能系統(tǒng)在突觸傳遞中有具重要的作用,可控制其他神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)如多巴胺、5-羥色胺等神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)的釋放,進而引起譫妄相關(guān)的一系列癥狀。譫妄患者也表現(xiàn)出多巴胺轉(zhuǎn)運體的基因多態(tài)性[12],說明譫妄癥狀可能是通過單胺類神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)功能改變實現(xiàn)的。氟哌啶醇為多巴胺受體抑制劑,能夠較有效地改善譫妄的精神癥狀,已成為治療譫妄的一線用藥[13]。
2.2神經(jīng)炎癥學(xué)說? 手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷可引發(fā)炎癥反應(yīng),中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)對于外周炎癥的反應(yīng)是POD發(fā)病機制的關(guān)鍵。外周的炎癥介質(zhì)通過受損的血腦屏障進入中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng),誘發(fā)神經(jīng)元和突觸的功能失調(diào),引起突觸傳遞以及小膠質(zhì)細胞的過度激活,產(chǎn)生神經(jīng)毒性等,最終導(dǎo)致譫妄的神經(jīng)行為學(xué)和記憶功能的改變[14]。此外,有研究指出[15-19],與未發(fā)生譫妄的患者相比,發(fā)生譫妄的患者中血清C-反應(yīng)蛋白、腫瘤壞死因子、白介素-6、白介素-8、白介素-10等炎癥因子均顯著升高,均提示外周炎癥參與了術(shù)后譫妄的發(fā)生發(fā)展。
2.3神經(jīng)細胞老化學(xué)說? 神經(jīng)細胞的老化與神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)的改變、血腦屏障損害密切相關(guān)。高齡導(dǎo)致的生理系統(tǒng)改變是譫妄的獨立危險因素,老年大腦在外周炎癥的短暫刺激下就會產(chǎn)生更強烈更持久的炎癥反應(yīng),對血腦屏障的損傷更嚴重,中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)單胺類遞質(zhì)的改變更為明顯,這可能是高齡患者發(fā)生譫妄的危險性較高的原因之一。已有影像學(xué)資料證實[20,21],譫妄患者存在與年齡相關(guān)的腦萎縮和白質(zhì)損害。
2.4其他學(xué)說? 關(guān)于術(shù)后譫妄的發(fā)生機制還包括神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)變化學(xué)說、睡眠覺醒障礙學(xué)說[22]、神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)連接異常學(xué)說[23]等。
3術(shù)后譫妄的藥物治療
目前,POD的預(yù)防主要是針對其誘發(fā)因素,如提倡微創(chuàng)手術(shù)、減少高危藥物、多模式鎮(zhèn)痛、預(yù)防睡眠剝奪等,以上措施已經(jīng)得到學(xué)術(shù)界的認可,并且已付諸臨床。對于高齡、依從性差及危重癥患者等高危人群,合理選擇并制定個體化的用藥方案仍是目前預(yù)防POD中不可或缺的重要手段。但是POD的發(fā)生機制繁多、復(fù)雜,藥物預(yù)防往往只能針對其中某一機制或?qū)W說進行干預(yù),導(dǎo)致了目前尚無針對POD預(yù)防的“特效藥”。
3.1氟哌啶醇(Haloperidol)? 氟哌啶醇為已證實是治療譫妄最常用的有效藥物,其是一種高效的抗精神疾病藥物,能夠改善各種類型譫妄發(fā)作,減輕精神癥狀,使睡眠周期正常化。但是對于氟哌啶醇能否預(yù)防POD的發(fā)生,不同的研究得出的結(jié)論并不相同。Fukata S等[24]2014年對119例75歲以上消化道或骨科手術(shù)患者進行研究,結(jié)果顯示實驗組在手術(shù)后第1~3天連續(xù)予氟哌啶醇2.5 mg,其譫妄的發(fā)生率與安慰劑組無顯著差異;該研究團隊[25]又于2017年對201例75歲以上擇期手術(shù)患者進行研究,結(jié)果顯示術(shù)后5 d連續(xù)口服氟哌啶醇5 mg能夠減少嚴重術(shù)后譫妄的發(fā)生。Girard TD等[13]隨機對照研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在術(shù)前靜脈應(yīng)用0.5 mg氟哌啶醇并以0.1 mg/h速度靜脈泵入12 h,安慰劑組能顯著降低腹腔手術(shù)患者譫妄的發(fā)生率。結(jié)合以上研究結(jié)果表明氟哌啶醇對老年患者POD的預(yù)防作用較為明確。
3.2右美托咪定(dexmedetomidine)? 右美托咪定是一種新型α2腎上腺素受體激動劑,用于行全身麻醉的手術(shù)患者氣管插管和機械通氣時的鎮(zhèn)靜,其能夠減少大腦兒茶酚胺的釋放,并且間接激動γ-氨基丁酸受體(GABA),產(chǎn)生鎮(zhèn)靜作用,從而減少術(shù)后譫妄的發(fā)生。Su X等[26]對700例非心臟術(shù)后進入外科監(jiān)護室的老年患者隨機分為右美托咪定組及安慰劑組,研究證明術(shù)后給予小劑量右美托咪定[0.1 μg/(kg·h)]進行持續(xù)輸注8 h能夠顯著降低術(shù)后譫妄發(fā)生率(右美托咪定組發(fā)生率為9%,而安慰劑組發(fā)生率為23%)。此外,Reade MC等[27]研究表明,對于已經(jīng)發(fā)生譫妄的重癥患者,右美托咪定能夠顯著降低其機械通氣時間。Djaiani G等[28]研究表明,對于心臟術(shù)后的患者,右美托咪定相比與丙泊酚更能夠減少術(shù)后譫妄的發(fā)生。然而,Deiner S等[29]研究中報道術(shù)中持續(xù)輸注Dex并沒有減少術(shù)后譫妄的發(fā)生率。雖然對于右美托咪定能否減少術(shù)后譫妄有不同的結(jié)論,但是絕大多數(shù)研究顯示右美托咪定能夠減少術(shù)后譫妄的發(fā)生,而對于不同的結(jié)論更有可能是因為樣本量以及失訪所導(dǎo)致。
3.3氯胺酮(Ketamine)? 氯胺酮是一種常用的靜脈麻醉藥物,具有強大的鎮(zhèn)痛作用,能夠降低術(shù)后炎癥指標、產(chǎn)生神經(jīng)保護作用、減少阿片類藥物應(yīng)用,并且具有抗抑郁作用?;谝陨纤幚碜饔?,小劑量的氯胺酮輸注能夠減少術(shù)后譫妄的發(fā)生。Hudetz JA等[30]研究顯示,小劑量的氯胺酮輸注(0.5 mg/kg)能夠使心臟術(shù)后譫妄發(fā)生率從31%降至3%,且無相關(guān)不良事件發(fā)生。然而,一項多中心、雙盲、隨機臨床研究顯示[31],無論是按照0.5 mg/kg或1.0 mg/kg輸注氯胺酮并沒有減少術(shù)后譫妄的發(fā)生。上述研究中氯胺酮并沒有降低術(shù)后譫妄的發(fā)生,可能是因為小劑量的氯胺酮并沒有發(fā)揮其前述藥理作用,而且其能夠產(chǎn)生中樞性興奮作用,故限制了氯胺酮在降低術(shù)后譫妄中的應(yīng)用。氯胺酮是否能有效降低術(shù)后譫妄的發(fā)生,未來仍需更多的臨床研究證實。
3.4加巴噴丁(Gabapentin)? 加巴噴丁是一種新穎的抗癲癇藥,是γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)的衍生物,其能夠減少圍術(shù)期阿片類藥物的應(yīng)用、產(chǎn)生鎮(zhèn)靜,從而降低術(shù)后譫妄的發(fā)生率。Leung JM等[32]研究顯示,加巴噴丁能夠降低術(shù)后譫妄的發(fā)生,其原因考慮為是因減少了阿片類藥物的應(yīng)用。但另有研究顯示[33],雖然加巴噴丁能夠減少圍術(shù)期阿片類藥物的應(yīng)用,但對于術(shù)后譫妄的發(fā)生,加巴噴丁組與安慰劑組無顯著性差異。目前,關(guān)于加巴噴丁降低術(shù)后譫妄的研究開展較少,因此需要更多的循證醫(yī)學(xué)研究加以證實。
3.5抗炎藥物? 甲強龍(Methylprednisolone)為人工合成的糖皮質(zhì)激素,具有強大的抗炎作用。有學(xué)者認為其能夠減輕全身炎癥反應(yīng),降低中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)對于外周炎癥的反應(yīng),從而減少術(shù)后譫妄的發(fā)生;但也有研究顯示,大劑量的甲強龍治療并沒有降低術(shù)后譫妄的發(fā)生率[34]。
4總結(jié)
術(shù)后譫妄是老年人圍術(shù)期常見的中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)紊亂,其顯著增加遠期并發(fā)癥和死亡率,增加醫(yī)療費用。老年患者發(fā)生術(shù)后譫妄與多因素相關(guān),目前無明確的病理生理機制解釋。因此,通過完善術(shù)前篩查,利用認知功能評定、腦電圖、影像學(xué)等數(shù)據(jù)構(gòu)建預(yù)測模型,識別出術(shù)后譫妄的高風險人群,及時進行有針對性的術(shù)前干預(yù)是減少術(shù)后譫妄發(fā)生的有效方案。然而,目前術(shù)后譫妄仍沒有公認有效的治療手段,需要開展更多的臨床研究探索。同時,充分發(fā)揮我國傳統(tǒng)醫(yī)學(xué)的優(yōu)勢,大力開展有關(guān)中醫(yī)藥和針灸防治術(shù)后譫妄的研究,以最終減少術(shù)后譫妄等并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生,確?;颊呱踩?,提高其生活質(zhì)量。
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收稿日期:2020-07-13;修回日期:2020-08-01
編輯/杜帆
作者簡介:唐莉(1992.2-),女,陜西寶雞人,本科,住院醫(yī)師,主要從事臨床麻醉學(xué)相關(guān)研究
通訊作者:王強(1971.10-),男,湖北鄖縣人,博士,主任醫(yī)師,主要從事針刺麻醉、圍術(shù)期腦保護機制及轉(zhuǎn)化醫(yī)學(xué)研究