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      早期血管性認知功能障礙生物標志物的研究進展

      2018-09-20 20:43:06毛蕾付饒馬天君尹又
      上海醫(yī)藥 2018年17期
      關(guān)鍵詞:生物標志物危險因素

      毛蕾 付饒 馬天君 尹又

      摘 要 血管性認知功能障礙(vascular cognitive impairment, VCI)是指由腦血管疾病危險因素和腦血管疾病引起的一類認知功能損害綜合征。VCI的發(fā)生、發(fā)展與腦血管疾病危險因素、糖脂代謝、甲狀腺功能、慢性炎癥和阿爾茨海默病(Alzheimers disease, AD)相關(guān)的β-淀粉樣蛋白、tau蛋白等均相關(guān),篩選VCI相關(guān)的有效的生物標志物并在VCI早期有效地控制其危險因素可能是延緩VCI患者認知功能下降和癡呆發(fā)生的關(guān)鍵。本文從代謝相關(guān)的生物標志物、炎癥相關(guān)的生物標志物和AD相關(guān)的生物標志物這3個主要方面對近年來VCI相關(guān)的生物標志物的研究進展作一概要介紹。

      關(guān)鍵詞 血管性認知功能障礙 危險因素 生物標志物

      中圖分類號:R749.13 文獻標志碼:A 文章編號:1006-1533(2018)17-0013-05

      Advances in biomarkers of early vascular cognitive impairment*

      MAO Lei1, 2, FU Rao1, MA Tianjun1, YIN You1**

      (1. Department of Neurology, Changzheng Hospital affiliated to the Naval Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China; 2. Department of Neurology, Baoshan Branch of Shanghai First Peoples Hospital, Shanghai 200940, China)

      ABSTRACT Vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) is a type of cognitive impairment syndrome caused by cerebrovascular disease risk factors and cerebrovascular diseases. The occurrence and development of VCI are related to vascular risk factors, glycolipid metabolism, thyroid function, chronic inflammation, amyloid β-protein and tau protein associated with Alzheimers disease (AD) and so on. Screening of effective biomarkers related to VCI and effective control of risk factors at the early stage of VCI may be the key to delay cognitive decline and reduce the risk of dementia. This article reviews the recent research progress in three major VCI-related biomarkers including metabolic biomarkers, inflammatory biomarkers and AD-related biomarkers.

      KEy WORDS vascular cognitive impairment; risk factors; biomarkers

      血管性認知功能障礙(vascular cognitive impairment, VCI)是指由腦血管疾病危險因素和腦血管疾病引起的一類認知功能損害綜合征。隨著人口老齡化,我國VCI的發(fā)病率逐年升高。VCI涵蓋了起源于腦血管病變的輕度認知功能障礙至血管性癡呆的所有疾病階段,其可嚴重影響患者的日常生活質(zhì)量,使患者家屬背負沉重的精神和經(jīng)濟負擔[1-3]。2011年,中華醫(yī)學會神經(jīng)病學分會癡呆與認知障礙學組提出,VCI的診斷應具備三要素,即認知功能損害、血管因素、認知功能障礙與血管因素之間有因果關(guān)系[4]。VCI的發(fā)生、發(fā)展與腦血管疾病危險因素相關(guān)。篩查VCI相關(guān)的有效的生物標志物并在VCI早期對其危險因素進行有效的控制可能是延緩VCI患者認知功能下降和癡呆發(fā)生的關(guān)鍵[5]。本文主要就近年來VCI相關(guān)的生物標志物的研究進展作一概要介紹。

      1 代謝相關(guān)的生物標志物

      1.1 糖代謝

      慢性高糖血癥、高胰島素血癥、代謝綜合征和糖尿病均是認知功能減退的重要危險因素,但有關(guān)機制仍存爭議。糖尿病與血管性癡呆風險增加相關(guān)。一項基于不同人群的薈萃分析發(fā)現(xiàn),與非糖尿病個體相比,老年糖尿病患者罹患血管性癡呆的風險高約2.4倍[6]。在所有癡呆患者中,有7% ~ 13%的患者在發(fā)生癡呆前存在糖尿病危險因素[7]。2型糖尿病患者的認知功能變化涉及多個認知領(lǐng)域[8],其中腦處理速率減緩是最一致的表現(xiàn)[9]。糖尿病對認知功能的影響可通過多種機制介導,包括血管損傷、葡萄糖毒性、高胰島素血癥和淀粉樣蛋白代謝紊亂[9]。糖尿病與微血管、大血管疾病和腦血流改變有關(guān),但部分可通過改善患者的血糖水平得到逆轉(zhuǎn)[10]。此外,糖尿病患者更可能在神經(jīng)影像學上出現(xiàn)癥狀性腦梗死[9],這與觀察到的糖尿病與血管性癡呆相關(guān)的結(jié)果相符。然而,糖尿病常在已存在代謝綜合征的其他組分的背景下發(fā)生、發(fā)展,因此通過糖尿病或代謝綜合征其他組分介導的對患者認知功能變化的影響程度仍需進一步的研究[11]。“糖尿病患者記憶研究(Memory in Diabetes Study)”觀察了強化與標準血糖控制對2型糖尿病患者腦結(jié)構(gòu)和認知功能影響的差異[12],結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)在40個月時,與標準控制組患者相比,強化控制組患者的腦總體積顯著更大,表明他們的腦總體積自基線下降速率減緩。然而,采用任何認知功能量表評估發(fā)現(xiàn),兩種治療方案對患者認知功能的影響沒有顯著差異。“ADVANCE”試驗也顯示,強化血糖控制沒有減緩2型糖尿病患者認知功能下降速率的作用,且強化控制組的事件性癡呆數(shù)量比例更高。

      綜上所述,高糖血癥或糖尿病是血管性癡呆的危險因素[13-18],而強化血糖控制對此類患者認知功能保護作用的證據(jù)水平非常低[19]。此外,一項以老年2型糖尿病患者為對象的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),嚴重低血糖事件與癡呆風險增加相關(guān)[20],但低血糖事件與VCI的關(guān)聯(lián)還需進一步研究證實。

      1.2 脂質(zhì)和血脂異常

      膽固醇可能與血管性癡呆和阿爾茨海默病(Alzheimers disease, AD)均相關(guān),因這兩種疾病的發(fā)病機制有部分重疊[13]。流行病學研究發(fā)現(xiàn),中年人較高的血清總膽固醇水平與其多年后發(fā)生的認知功能障礙之間存在關(guān)聯(lián)[21],且此種關(guān)聯(lián)在血管性癡呆和AD患者中均被發(fā)現(xiàn)[22],提示血清高膽固醇水平可增加血管性癡呆和AD風險。然而,有關(guān)膽固醇與癡呆之間的關(guān)聯(lián)仍存爭議,特別是在老年人群中。認知功能是“心臟保護研究(Heart Protection Study)”[23]和“PROSPER”試驗[24]的一項三級結(jié)果,這兩項研究的平均隨訪時間分別為5和3.5年。“心臟保護研究”在最終隨訪時采用了電話訪談方式,其評估了歸類為認知功能障礙和罹患癡呆事件的患者的百分比?!癙ROSPER”試驗使用了4種不同的結(jié)果參數(shù)[《簡易精神狀態(tài)檢查(Mini-Mental State Examination)》、 Stroop色詞測驗、字母數(shù)字編碼和圖片學習評分],并分析了最后1次治療后的結(jié)果與基線之間的差異。兩項研究均表明,控制血脂水平對任何認知功能評估結(jié)果都沒有改善作用。換言之,他汀類藥物治療對老年人的認知功能沒有改善作用。然而,前瞻性研究顯示,脂質(zhì)和血脂異常是VCI、特別是血管性癡呆的危險因素[13-15, 21]。

      1.3 甲狀腺激素水平

      正常的甲狀腺激素水平對促進及維持學習、記憶等高級認知功能活動極為重要[25],但甲狀腺激素水平異常與VCI的關(guān)聯(lián)尚無定論[26-28]。例如,Ichibangase等[25]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),伴有癡呆的血管性疾病患者的血清三碘甲狀腺原氨酸(triiodothyronine, T3)水平顯著低于無癡呆癥狀的血管性疾病患者,提示血清低T3水平與認知功能障礙相關(guān)。Forti等[29]評估了受試者的血清促甲狀腺激素(thyroid-stimulating hormone, TSH)水平與認知功能變化之間的關(guān)聯(lián),發(fā)現(xiàn)基線血清TSH水平高的受試者在4年后隨訪時的VCI發(fā)生率更高,提示高TSH水平可能是VCI的預測因子。但Agarwal等[30]在比較了105例健康對照者和35例血管性癡呆患者的血清甲狀腺激素水平后發(fā)現(xiàn),健康對照者和血管性癡呆患者的血清T3、甲狀腺素和TSH水平均無顯著差異,提示甲狀腺激素水平與VCI無關(guān)。各項研究結(jié)果之間存在差異這一事實提示,血清甲狀腺激素水平可能與納入研究的VCI患者的疾病分型密切相關(guān),并受到諸多因素如入組時的年齡、既往病史、腦梗死的類型及部位等的影響,因此甲狀腺激素水平異常是否可用于預測VCI還有待進一步研究的確認。

      2 炎癥相關(guān)的生物標志物

      固有免疫和系統(tǒng)性炎癥在認知功能損害的病理生理學過程中起著重要作用[31-32]。因此,篩選認知功能損害相關(guān)的炎性標志物有助于VCI的早期識別。目前,對炎癥相關(guān)的VCI的生物標志物研究主要集中于C-反應蛋白(C-reactive protein, CRP)和白介素-6上。CRP是臨床上最為常用的炎癥標志物,外周血CRP水平升高已被證實可增加VCI風險[33-35]?!疤聪闵?亞洲老齡化研究(Honolulu-Asia Aging Study)”為了研究炎癥與認知功能損害之間的關(guān)聯(lián),對入組人群進行了長達25年的隨訪,發(fā)現(xiàn)基線血清CRP水平高(≥0.34 mg/L)的男性個體出現(xiàn)血管性癡呆的風險較高,且血管性癡呆發(fā)生風險與CRP水平呈正相關(guān)性[35],提示CRP水平的變化早于癡呆相關(guān)臨床癥狀的出現(xiàn)。與此研究結(jié)果一致,Ravaglia等[34]和Engelhart等[33]進行的前瞻性研究也均發(fā)現(xiàn),基線血清CRP水平高的個體更易出現(xiàn)血管性癡呆。白介素-6是一種炎癥因子,其也被認為與VCI相關(guān)。Ravaglia等[34]對804例中年受試者進行了長達4年的觀察,發(fā)現(xiàn)基線血清白介素-6水平升高聯(lián)合血清CRP水平升高可以預測血管性癡呆的發(fā)生。盡管如此,但因血清CRP和白介素-6的水平受到多種因素的影響,它們聯(lián)合用于VCI預測的敏感性和特異性仍有待進一步研究的揭示。

      3 AD相關(guān)的生物標志物

      已有研究提示,腦血管疾病與AD密切相關(guān)[36-38],這主要表現(xiàn)在以下幾個方面:①有關(guān)AD的流行病學研究提示,AD與腦血管疾病有著共同的危險因素[39];②腦卒中后AD的發(fā)生風險顯著增加,且腦卒中可引起AD患者的認知功能進一步下降[40-42];③尸檢結(jié)果顯示,AD患者腦內(nèi)存在著一系列的腦血管病變,包括腦淀粉樣變、腦室周圍白質(zhì)病變和腦梗死[43]?;谝陨涎芯拷Y(jié)果,有研究者認為AD的本質(zhì)是血管性疾病而非神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)變性疾病[44],提示AD相關(guān)的生物標志物可能可用于VCI預測。

      3.1 β-淀粉樣蛋白(amyloid β-protein, Aβ)水平

      Aβ42是AD患者老年斑的主要成分。AD患者腦脊液中的Aβ42水平與腦內(nèi)淀粉樣蛋白的沉積量呈負相關(guān)性。一項長達9年的前瞻性研究發(fā)現(xiàn),腦脊液中Aβ42水平下降可預測AD的發(fā)生[45]。Kapaki等[46]的研究顯示,與健康對照者相比,AD患者腦脊液中的Aβ42水平下降,使用腦脊液中Aβ42水平下降診斷AD的敏感性和特異性均>80%。以上研究結(jié)果提示,腦脊液中Aβ42水平下降既可用于AD預測,又可用于AD診斷。然而,有關(guān)VCI患者腦脊液中Aβ42水平的變化目前尚無定論:一部分研究認為,VCI患者腦脊液中的Aβ42水平下降,且下降至與AD患者的水平相當或介于健康對照者和AD患者的水平之間[38, 47-49];另一部分研究則認為,VCI患者腦脊液中的Aβ42水平與健康對照者的水平相當[46, 50-53]。鑒于研究結(jié)果的不一致性,腦脊液中Aβ42水平下降可否用于VCI預測仍需進一步研究的確認。

      3.2 tau蛋白水平

      tau蛋白是神經(jīng)原纖維纏結(jié)的主要成分,腦內(nèi)總tau蛋白水平升高被認為是神經(jīng)元和(或)軸突變性的標志,而磷酸化的tau蛋白(phosphory tau protein, P-tau)水平升高是AD中神經(jīng)原纖維纏結(jié)形成的標志[54]。目前,大部分研究均顯示,VCI患者腦脊液中的總tau蛋白和P-tau水平較健康對照者高,介于AD患者和健康對照者的水平之間,與AD患者的水平有部分重疊[50-52, 55-56]。然而,VCI患者腦脊液中的總tau蛋白和P-tau水平與認知功能量表評分之間并沒有顯著的相關(guān)性[56]。因此,腦脊液中總tau蛋白和P-tau水平用于VCI預測的可行性仍待考量。

      4 結(jié)語

      腦卒中后的認知功能障礙發(fā)生率很高,其中部分患者在腦卒中后迅即出現(xiàn)癡呆癥狀,另有部分患者出現(xiàn)認知功能障礙,盡管未達到癡呆的程度,但日后罹患癡呆的風險仍很高。VCI已受到臨床的高度重視,但在對VCI的早期甄別方面仍需進行大量的研究,其中VCI生物標志物是研究熱點之一,其可能為VCI的早期診斷提供科學的依據(jù)。然而,迄今發(fā)現(xiàn)的VCI生物標志物均不具有特異性,且其中不少還存爭議。尋找到切實有效的VCI生物標志物將是未來數(shù)十年內(nèi)VCI相關(guān)研究領(lǐng)域最重要的任務(wù)之一。

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