龍海林 李康強 許文東 傅玉萍
[摘要] 綜合運用各種色譜分離技術對海綿共生真菌Emericella variecolor的固體大米培養(yǎng)基發(fā)酵產物進行化學成分研究,利用各種波譜技術進行化學結構鑒定。結果從該真菌的發(fā)酵產物中分離得到6個單體化合物,分別鑒定為 (+)2acetyldihydroterrein (1),(+)3acetyldihydroterrein(2),anditomin(3),andilesin A(4),andilesin C(5),andilesin B(6)。其中化合物1和2為新化合物。
[關鍵詞] 海綿共生真菌; Emericella variecolor; 化學成分
Study on metabolites from a spongederived fungus
LONG Hailin, LI Kangqiang, XU Wendong, FU Yuping*
(National Engineer Research Center for the Modernization of Extraction and Separation of Traditional Chinese Medicine,
Guangzhou Hanfang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510240, China)
[Abstract] We have carried out the investigation on a spongederived fungus,which was identified as Emericella variecolor from the south sea of China. Two new chemical constituents,(+)2acetyldihydroterrein (1) and (+)3acetyldihydroterrein (2),with four known compounds,anditomin (3),andilesin A (4),andilesin C (5) and andilesin B (6),were isolated from this fungus by column chromatography over silica gel, Sephadex LH20, and ODS. The structures of 1 and 2 were elucidated by spectroscopic methods including NMR,HRESIMS,and CD.
[Key words] spongederived fungus; Emericella variecolor; chemical constituents
海洋真菌兼具種屬多樣、分布廣、代謝途經復雜的特性。據(jù)統(tǒng)計,已知約71.2萬種海洋真菌可棲身諸如水體、底泥、砂石等無機質生境,也可共附生于如藻類、無脊椎動物、魚類等活體[1]。海綿共生真菌所處的生態(tài)環(huán)境兼具陸地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)無法比擬的高壓、高鹽、低光照和寡營養(yǎng)的物理脅迫,也存在與其宿主長期協(xié)同進化過程中生物選擇脅迫,這種脅迫使兩者之間發(fā)生很多次基因重組或改變[2],其互擾性和易擾性直接影響它們的次生代謝[34]。迄今為止,國內外學者已從海洋動植物共生真菌中發(fā)現(xiàn)一些活性分子,有些具有罕見的結構,如從海綿共附生真菌Penicillium terrestre中發(fā)現(xiàn)的膽堿酯酶抑制劑sorbiterrin A[5],以及從海綿共附生細菌Ruegeria sp.中發(fā)現(xiàn)的新穎抗菌環(huán)肽類成分[6]等。國內外學者早在二十世紀六七十年代就已經開始對真菌Emericella variecolor進行化學成分研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)了多種類型的化合物,如酮類[7]、萜類[89]、多烯吡喃酮類[10]、苯甲醇類[11]等。為了獲得更多的活性化合物,本實驗采用大米固體培養(yǎng)基進行微生物發(fā)酵,在正常室溫條件下培養(yǎng)海綿共生真菌Emericella variecolor 30 d,再用乙酸乙酯萃取大米培養(yǎng)基,之后對提取物進行化學成分分離。在提取物中分離得到6個單體化合物,其中化合物1和2為新化合物,其他4個為已知化合物(圖1)。
1 材料
UV譜用JASCO V550 紫外可見分光光度儀測定;旋光值用Autopol Ⅲ automatic polarimeter型旋光儀測定;HRESIMS用Agilent 1100 series LC/MSD Trap SL型質譜儀測定;NMR用Bruker AvanceⅢ 400 MHz核磁共振儀測定;分析型HPLC用Shimadzu LC20AD 液相色譜儀測定,檢測器為SPDM20A;半制備使用Alltech LabAlliance Series Ⅲ儀器,配備UV檢測器。
硅膠薄層分析使用青島海洋化工廠的GF254薄層預制板;柱色譜硅膠(200~300目)為青島海洋化工廠產品;常壓反相ODS柱色譜使用的C18填料為日本YMC公司產品;凝膠柱色譜Sephadex LH20使用的是Pharmacia公司產品;分析用HPLC色譜柱為Thermo Scientific BDS Hypersil的C18柱(4.6 mm×150 mm,5 μm);半制備柱為Waters SunfireTM C18柱(10 mm×250 mm,5 μm);所有試劑為分析純或色譜純。
實驗用菌種E. variecolor分離自中國南海采集到的海綿,菌種保藏于北京大學天然藥物及仿生藥物國家重點實驗室。
2 提取與分離
菌株E. variecolor在經過30 d大米培養(yǎng)基發(fā)酵后,將大米發(fā)酵物充分破碎,用乙酸乙酯萃取3次,減壓濃縮后得到粗提物20 g,粗提物用80%甲醇混懸后用石油醚萃取3次,減壓回收甲醇水部位得到粗浸膏約10 g。粗浸膏首先用常壓ODS柱色譜分離,洗脫劑為30%,40%,50%,60%,70%甲醇梯度洗脫,得到5個流分(Fr.1~Fr.5)。Fr.3(5.2 g)再次進行硅膠 (200~300目,300 g) 柱色譜,以CH2Cl2CH3OH(100∶1,50∶1,30∶1,15∶1,10∶1)梯度洗脫,相同組分合并,得到6個流分(Fr.3.1~Fr.3.6),其中Fr.3.3為化合物3(1.8 g),F(xiàn)r.3.5為化合物4(1.6 g),F(xiàn)r.3.1(0.5 g)再經半制備液相 [CH3CNH2O(70∶30)] 色譜分離,得到化合物1(8 mg)和2(10 mg),F(xiàn)r.3.4(180 mg)和Fr.3.6(160 mg)分別用半制備液相 [CH3CNH2O(70∶30)] 色譜純化,分別得到化合物5(52 mg)和化合物6(48 mg)。endprint
3 結構鑒定
化合物1 為白色粉末;[α]20D+ 40.1(c 1.15,MeOH);高分辨電噴霧質譜(HRESIMS)顯示其準分子離子峰為m/z 221.079 5 [M+Na]+(計算值 C10H14O4Na,221.079 0),說明其相對分子質量為198,分子式為C10H14O4,不飽和度為4;首先,分析1HNMR圖譜,該化合物的氫譜與化合物dihydroterrein[12]非常相似,只多了1個甲基信號δH 2.11(3H,s,H10),可能為乙?;募谆?,根據(jù)13CNMR和HMBC圖譜發(fā)現(xiàn),H10與羰基碳(C9)有相關信號,可確定化合物中含有1個乙?;琀MBC圖譜中,H2[δH 5.00(d,J=3.0 Hz)]與C9有相關信號,可確定乙酰基通過氧原子與C2相連(表1);化合物1的相對構型可根據(jù)H2與H3的偶合常數(shù)J=3.0 Hz來確定,可知H2與H3處于反式,絕對構型通過比較計算ECD與實測ECD來確定,C2與C3分別為R和S構型,命名為(+)2acetyldihydroterrein(圖2)。
4 討論
21世紀前,海綿一直是發(fā)現(xiàn)海洋天然產物的最主要生物來源[1620],發(fā)現(xiàn)了許多化學結構新穎,生物活性顯著、作用機制獨特的功能小分子,其中的一些已經作為新藥候選先導化合物,處于臨床前或臨床研究階段;海綿共生真菌作為海綿宿主的重要組成部分,兩者互相協(xié)作,共同適應海洋復雜的生存環(huán)境,海綿為真菌提供營養(yǎng)物質和寄生產所,共生真菌為海綿抵御外來環(huán)境的威脅而釋放一些化學物質;海綿共生真菌體內蘊藏著巨大的生物合成基因簇,大力挖掘海綿共生真菌的天然產物合成潛力,是獲得活性化學成分的又一寶貴途徑,總之,海綿及其共生微生物是開發(fā)先導化合物的重要資源。
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