基于新媒介的大學(xué)英語多元識讀能力培養(yǎng)

【摘要】電子媒體的迅猛發(fā)展，文字、圖像、動畫、音頻等組成的媒介的廣泛運用，多元識讀也越來越被讀者青睞。本文主要探討基于新媒介的大學(xué)英語多元識讀能力培養(yǎng)。

【關(guān)鍵詞】新媒介 多元識讀 大學(xué)英語

前言

IT和WEB的普及，電腦與智能手機等數(shù)字化產(chǎn)品的使用，我們已從紙質(zhì)讀寫時代進(jìn)入超文本時代?！岸嘣R讀”正是在這種社會、經(jīng)濟、文化和技術(shù)變化下應(yīng)運而生?！岸嘣R讀”這一新概念最早是由包括Norman Fairclough，James Gee以及 Gunther Kress在內(nèi)的一些有名的西方學(xué)者組成的“新倫敦小組”首次提出，它的誕生引起了人們對如何培養(yǎng)學(xué)生多元識讀意識和提高學(xué)生多元識讀能力的高度關(guān)注。本文主要從大學(xué)英語“多元識讀”的能力培養(yǎng)來進(jìn)行探討。

一、多元讀寫

Williamson （2005） 認(rèn)為多元讀寫能力是指閱讀各種媒體和模態(tài)提供的信息的能力。Spiliotopoulos（2005）認(rèn)為多元識讀指的是人們可以通過信息傳輸和信息網(wǎng)絡(luò)理解各種模式的話語，培養(yǎng)批判性思維能力，以及與他人合作，幫助他們發(fā)展跨文化意識。而Gentle，Knight & Corrigan（2006），認(rèn)為多元識讀能力主要由以下5種成分構(gòu)成：1）語言（linguistic）成分，如詞匯、隱喻、結(jié)構(gòu)、情態(tài)等；2）視覺（visual）成分，如顏色、視角、矢量、前景、背景等；3）聽覺（audio）成分，如嗓音、音樂、音響效果等；4）姿態(tài)（gestural）成分，如行為、感受、身體控制、情感、動作等；5）空間（spatial）成分，如生態(tài)空間、幾何空間、建筑空間等。傳統(tǒng)的識讀只涉及讀寫的個人認(rèn)知行為，注重語言閱讀和寫作，主要教學(xué)方法是教師灌輸學(xué)生知識，學(xué)生成為了學(xué)習(xí)的被動者。由此可見，傳統(tǒng)的讀寫識讀忽視了培養(yǎng)其他的一些技能。多元識讀強調(diào)能夠閱讀和處理各種媒體和各種模態(tài)提供的信息的能力，并且通過利用計算機多媒體技術(shù)創(chuàng)造性地，主動地學(xué)習(xí)和做事，獨立地、批判性地思考問題，其中也包括學(xué)生能否積極主動地創(chuàng)造性地學(xué)習(xí)。Williams（2004）認(rèn)為關(guān)于識讀能力的理解有狹義和廣義之分。狹義的識讀能力就是指個人的閱讀和書寫能力，它關(guān)注的是個人讀寫的心理過程，其理論基礎(chǔ)是心理學(xué)，代表人物是Jack Goody和Ian Watt。而廣義的識讀能力關(guān)注的是識讀的社會實踐，它強調(diào)讀寫的社會應(yīng)用能力，更注重社會情境下的識讀行為的意義和價值，其理論基礎(chǔ)是社會學(xué)和人類學(xué)，代表人物是Sylvia Scribner、Michael Cole、Brian Street和James Paul Gee。

二、大學(xué)英語多元識讀能力的培養(yǎng)

筆者在桂林理工大學(xué)2016級新生，筆者所任教的四個班的學(xué)生進(jìn)行了多元識讀能力培養(yǎng)進(jìn)行了實踐。采用新目標(biāo)大學(xué)英語第一冊為教學(xué)材料。以第一單元 Life at Harvard University為例，在沒有講解課文前要求學(xué)生預(yù)習(xí)并自學(xué)課文，完成課后作業(yè)的閱讀練習(xí)，頭腦風(fēng)暴法使用更多的詞匯去描寫作者在哈佛大學(xué)的生活，如：amazing，fantastic， unimaginable 等詞。觀看留學(xué)生在哈佛大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)的訪談視頻，然后在課堂上進(jìn)行以Life at Guilin University of Technology進(jìn)行口頭作文練習(xí)。由于學(xué)生剛進(jìn)校一個月，大多數(shù)學(xué)生口頭作文中描述的是進(jìn)校第一天的感受，能使用amazing，fantastic等詞匯。學(xué)習(xí)完第一單元Life at Harvard University之后，要求學(xué)生聽課文錄音，再讀課文，半小時內(nèi)完成一篇以Life at Guilin University of Technology為題的作文。

作文要求：

1. Descirble the first day of College

2. What did you see and how did you feel on that special day？

3. You view on GLUT.

從提交的176份作文來看，字?jǐn)?shù)超400的有2人，超300字的有3人，字?jǐn)?shù)超200的有31人。字?jǐn)?shù)超150的有93人，字?jǐn)?shù)超120的有45人，120字以下的為2人。

學(xué)生作文范例1：

As everybody knows， the life of university is of great difference from high school. Therefore， when I walked into GLUT， I felt extremely excited and pleased. GLUT was decorated with beautiful and colorful balloons in that special day which made the campus's scenery more than attractive.

On that special day， to help freshmen enroll and find their dormitories quickly， many volunteers were arranged to help freshmen. On the one hand， as a freshman， I was really curious about college life， because there are many interesting things which I can experience. On the other hand， when I entered GLUT for the first time， I also feel depressed and homesick. More importantly， what makes me worry is that I don't know whether I can get along well with my roommates.

As far as I am concerned， GLUT is not only a place where you can learn something useful from textbooks， but also a place where you can improve your ability to communicate with others. Don't be shy and nervous.

文中銜接詞和過渡詞使用的很棒；詞匯基本功不錯；在句法層面做的很棒。

學(xué)生作文范例2：

It is universally acknowledged that that the university means a new beginning for us freshmen. Before I came to GLUT， I was keen and full of fantasy. I was anxious about whether I have the independence to engage in my personal things. Meanwhile I feel nervous that if gain both the intellectual and emotional skills out of university life.

However， the first time I met the grateful seniors that my anxiety suddenly faded away. They told me that I need to make plans or design a schedule according to my daily life. And they also helped me lift my luggage when I was hopeless. How considerable they were！

They exhorted me to get rid of computer games for a brighter future. I was really appreciated for all the things they did for me which made me feel the sense of home. I thought I would raise my awareness of improving and challenging myself， not for others， but for my own competence increasing.

The first time I came to our school I also appreciate for the wonderful Campus greening we have. The splendid library also caught my eyes and relighted my passion towards reading. And I saw different skins of people from southeast of Asia made me have an outlook of campus diversity. With the best environment and relatively harmonious atmosphere I couldnt find any place I would rather settle in. The electric devices in library mostly available also make me feel more confident. And I also saw lots of advanced equipment in our laboratory for us to make further research. I felt very satisfied about out school.

As the saying goes “where there is a will， there is a way”. I hope I can enrich my life experience in university. And I consider that it's necessary for me to talk with others by discussing to gain oral language skills. I think I need to gain a capability in coordinating a busy schedule of collegiate studies， part-time jobs， and extracurricular activities so as to be a remarkable man. And the most significant thing for me is to tightly manage myself. I firmly believed that I will be my own hero who accepts the delight of the triumph.

該文章詞匯基本功很好，高級詞匯表達(dá)也比較恰當(dāng)；能使用經(jīng)典句型It is universally acknowledged that。句法層面也很棒；不足之處：上下文銜接不流暢，結(jié)構(gòu)不嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)。

學(xué)生作文范例3：

This day is the first day I went to college. The university life that made me excited has finally arrived. This will be another peak in my life. I can't wait to meet my classmates and my friends in the future. The campus is very beautiful， all kinds of flowers and trees， fresh air， when the handsome guy is also essential. I took the suitcase， carrying a bag， and parents together into the campus of Guilin University of Technology. In the crowded road， there are a few small tents， which have our college， in which the students are all the people. They work tirelessly to lead the students to do school procedures； I hope one day can also work like this. I'm after their own things went into the tent， and put forward to help， then their sister school seniors also agreed， and then I got a job card， became a staff. Seniors led freshmen to their dorm， I gave them the luggage. So until the afternoon， I'm leaving. At work， I and everybody laughing and talking， said senior university life is how， I seriously and listening curiously， it makes me more eager to. This day， I know a lot of people， but also to understand a lot about the school， which is full of laughter of the day.

該文章句法知識扎實，但從句稍微偏少；詞匯基礎(chǔ)很好，也能較靈活使用高級詞匯；文章采用了適當(dāng)?shù)倪^渡詞和銜接詞，結(jié)構(gòu)比較嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)。

三、結(jié)語

為了倡導(dǎo)學(xué)生多使用以現(xiàn)代信息技術(shù)為支持的網(wǎng)絡(luò)學(xué)習(xí)中心，鼓勵學(xué)生運用網(wǎng)絡(luò)多媒體技術(shù)工具，進(jìn)行多元識讀，獨立地思考、解決問題，為學(xué)生提供更多的提高自身多元識讀能力的機會，使用了iitest和 iwrite等新媒介系統(tǒng)。學(xué)生可以用登錄系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行聽、說、讀、寫、譯。通過多元識讀的培養(yǎng)，學(xué)生的閱讀和寫作能力得到了很大地提高。

參考文獻(xiàn)：

[1]陶金姬.論英語教學(xué)中大學(xué)生多元識讀能力的培養(yǎng)[J].英語廣場（學(xué)術(shù)研究），2014（11）.

[2]莊蓓.新媒介時代英語閱讀教學(xué)中多元識讀能力的培養(yǎng)研究[J].西南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)報（社會科學(xué)版），2012（09）.

*本文為2015年度廣西高等教育本科教學(xué)改革工程項目“2015JGB238地方高校大學(xué)英語多元識讀能力培養(yǎng)模式研究與實踐”和“KY2015YB132基于學(xué)習(xí)風(fēng)格的大學(xué)英語多元識讀能力培養(yǎng)研究”項目的階段成果之一。

作者簡介：張艷瓊，桂林理工大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院副教授，碩士，研究方向：英語教學(xué)論。