田紅艷,李 笑,孫志亮,李洪利,劉雨清,尹崇高.濰坊醫(yī)學(xué)院病理學(xué)教研室,山東 濰坊 605;.濰坊醫(yī)學(xué)院生物科學(xué)與技術(shù)學(xué)院,山東 濰坊 605;.濰坊醫(yī)學(xué)院醫(yī)學(xué)研究實驗中心,山東 濰坊 605;.濰坊醫(yī)學(xué)院護理學(xué)院,山東 濰坊 605
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Gab2通過GSK-3β/Snail信號通路促進乳腺癌的上皮-間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化
田紅艷1,李 笑2,孫志亮2,李洪利3,劉雨清1,尹崇高4
1.濰坊醫(yī)學(xué)院病理學(xué)教研室,山東 濰坊 261053;
2.濰坊醫(yī)學(xué)院生物科學(xué)與技術(shù)學(xué)院,山東 濰坊 261053;
3.濰坊醫(yī)學(xué)院醫(yī)學(xué)研究實驗中心,山東 濰坊 261053;
4.濰坊醫(yī)學(xué)院護理學(xué)院,山東 濰坊 261053
[摘要]背景與目的:越來越多的證據(jù)顯示,Grb2協(xié)同結(jié)合蛋白2(Grb2 binding protein-2,Gab2)與腫瘤的侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān),但Gab2與乳腺癌上皮-間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT)的關(guān)系尚不清楚。本研究旨在探討Gab2對乳腺癌EMT標(biāo)志物的影響,明確Gab2在乳腺癌侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移中的作用機制。方法:采用免疫組織化學(xué)染色法檢測80例乳腺癌組織中Gab2及EMT標(biāo)記物上皮性鈣黏著蛋白(E-cadherin)、波形蛋白(vimentin)的表達情況并分析其相關(guān)性,用蛋白[質(zhì)]印跡法(Western blot)檢測乳腺組織Gab2的表達情況,采用小干擾RNA(siRNA)技術(shù)降低乳腺癌細胞系MDA-MB-231中Gab2的表達,采用劃痕實驗檢測表皮生長因子(epithelial growth factor,EGF)刺激后轉(zhuǎn)染細胞的侵襲能力變化,用Western blot檢測敲低Gab2后MDAMB-231細胞中E-cadherin及vimentin的表達情況,同時檢測p-GSK-3β的表達情況、轉(zhuǎn)錄因子Snail轉(zhuǎn)核情況。結(jié)果:Gab2在乳腺癌組織中的表達與E-cadherin的表達呈負相關(guān),而與vimentin的表達呈正相關(guān)(P<0.05);乳腺癌組織中Gab2的表達量明顯高于正常乳腺組織;siRNA質(zhì)粒轉(zhuǎn)染后,SiGab2/MDA-MB-231細胞組中Gab2蛋白的表達量明顯降低,結(jié)果顯示轉(zhuǎn)染成功,劃痕實驗顯示細胞的侵襲能力減弱,表明Gab2影響乳腺癌細胞系的侵襲能力;敲低Gab2后,MDA-MB-231細胞中的E-cadherin的表達明顯升高,而vimentin的表達明顯降低;GSK-3β的磷酸化受到抑制,而Snail在敲低Gab2的細胞核中的表達明顯下調(diào)。結(jié)論:Gab2可以通過GSK-3β/Snail信號通路促進乳腺癌的EMT,從而促進乳腺癌的侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移。
[關(guān)鍵詞]乳腺癌;侵襲;Grb2協(xié)同結(jié)合蛋白2;上皮-間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化;信號通路
山東省高等學(xué)??萍加媱潱↗12LK03,J13LK03);國家級大學(xué)生創(chuàng)新訓(xùn)練計劃項目(201410438003);濰坊醫(yī)學(xué)院大學(xué)生科技創(chuàng)新基金(KX2014033)。
Correspondence to: YIN Chonggao E-mail: lihongli1213@sina.com
上皮-間質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT)是上皮細胞通過骨架重排,降低細胞間黏附力,向侵襲、遷移能力增強的間質(zhì)細胞轉(zhuǎn)化的過程[1]。細胞極性消失,上皮細胞表型改變,如上皮性鈣黏著蛋白(E-cadherin)向神經(jīng)性鈣黏著蛋白(N-cadherin)轉(zhuǎn)化、波形蛋白(vimentin)增多是EMT過程中的重要變化[2]。腫瘤細胞借助EMT方式使其運動遷移能力增強,EMT是腫瘤發(fā)生浸潤及遠處轉(zhuǎn)移的基礎(chǔ)。
Grb2協(xié)同結(jié)合蛋白2(Grb2 binding protein-2,Gab2)是Gabs家族的重要成員,被酪氨酸磷酸化激活后接受細胞外多種因子刺激,介導(dǎo)細胞內(nèi)多條信號通路,在細胞增殖、分化中起重要作用[3-4]。越來越多的研究表明,Gab2與多種腫瘤的侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān)[5],但Gab2與乳腺癌EMT的研究尚未見報道。本實驗通過探討Gab2對乳腺癌EMT標(biāo)志物的影響,明確Gab2在乳腺癌侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移中的作用機制。
1.1 材料
1.1.1 臨床資料
收集2013年11月—2014年11月濰坊醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院手術(shù)切除的80例乳腺浸潤性導(dǎo)管癌組織,并另取對應(yīng)的癌旁(大于5 cm)正常乳腺組織作為對照,其中部分存于-80 ℃冰箱保存留用,剩余做石蠟切片。所有患者的臨床資料完整,術(shù)前均未做過化療及放療,并經(jīng)病理確診。患者年齡在27~74歲之間,平均51歲。
1.1.2 主要試劑
兔抗人Gab2、Snail購自美國Santa Cruz公司,p-GSK3β抗體購自美國Cell Signaling Technology公司,鼠抗人vimentin、鼠抗人E-cadherin、PV-9000通用型二步法檢測試劑購自北京中杉金橋生物技術(shù)有限公司,BCA蛋白濃度試劑盒、核蛋白抽提試劑盒購自北京碧云天生物技術(shù)有限公司,轉(zhuǎn)染試劑LipofectamineTM2000購自美國Invitrogen公司,RPMI 1640培養(yǎng)液和胎牛血清購自美國Hyclone公司。MDA-MB-231細胞由濰坊醫(yī)學(xué)院醫(yī)學(xué)研究實驗中心提供。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 免疫組織化學(xué)染色
連續(xù)組織切片3張,分別滴加Gab2(1︰100)、vimentin(工作液)和E-cadherin(1︰400)抗體,并做陰性對照,其余按試劑盒說明操作。結(jié)果判定參照參考文獻[6]。
1.2.2 細胞培養(yǎng)與轉(zhuǎn)染
G a b 2干擾質(zhì)粒由上海吉凱基因化學(xué)技術(shù)有限公司合成。MDA-MB-231細胞常規(guī)培養(yǎng),選取三代以后對數(shù)生長期的細胞進行轉(zhuǎn)染,轉(zhuǎn)染后細胞命名:Si Gab2/ MDA-MB-231細胞組插入Gab2目標(biāo)片段5’-GTGAGAACGATGAGAAATA-3’;Scr/MDAMB-231細胞組插入無效序列的小RNA片段。轉(zhuǎn)染步驟按LipofectamineTM2000說明書操作。
1.2.3 蛋白[質(zhì)]印跡法(Western blot)
提取組織及轉(zhuǎn)染前后細胞總蛋白,用BCA法測定蛋白濃度,根據(jù)蛋白濃度調(diào)整每孔蛋白上樣量,電泳,轉(zhuǎn)膜,脫脂奶粉封閉,滴加Gab2(1︰500)、E-cadherin(1︰1 000)、vimentin(1︰1 000)、p-GSK-3β(1︰1 000)、Snail(1︰500)和β-actin(1︰1 000)抗體,4 ℃過夜,二抗溫育1 h,滴加化學(xué)發(fā)光劑,曝光。結(jié)果使用Image J軟件進行灰度分析。實驗重復(fù)3次。
1.2.4 劃痕實驗
MDA-MB-231細胞接種6孔板,生長到90%左右時轉(zhuǎn)染,4 h換液并用10 μL槍頭劃痕,培養(yǎng)于含有0.1%血清的1640培養(yǎng)基中,并用10 ng/mL的表皮生長因子(epithelial growth factor,EGF)刺激,取不同時間點,置于顯微鏡下拍照,應(yīng)用Image J軟件測量劃痕距離,取3次實驗平均值。
1.2.5 核質(zhì)分離
MDA-MB-231細胞接種6孔板,實驗組轉(zhuǎn)染干擾質(zhì)粒,對照組轉(zhuǎn)染空載質(zhì)粒,置于37 ℃培養(yǎng)箱培養(yǎng)24 h后,按核質(zhì)分離試劑盒說明書操作。抽提得到的細胞核蛋白,通過Western blot檢測各組細胞核內(nèi)Snail蛋白表達。實驗重復(fù)3次。
1.3 統(tǒng)計學(xué)處理
實驗數(shù)據(jù)采用SPSS 17.0軟件處理。計數(shù)資料比較采用χ2檢驗,計量資料比較采用t檢驗及兩變量的相關(guān)性分析。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2.1 乳腺癌組織中Gab2表達與E-cadherin、vimentin表達的相關(guān)性
Gab2陽性顯色位于細胞質(zhì),E-cadherin陽性顯色位于細胞膜,vimentin陽性顯色位于組織、細胞間質(zhì)(圖1)。乳腺癌組織中Gab2表達與E-cadherin表達呈負相關(guān),與vimentin表達呈正相關(guān)(P<0.05,表1)。
圖1 Gab2、E-cadherin和vimentin在乳腺癌組織中的表達Fig.1 Expressions of Gab2, E-cadherin and vimentin in breast invasive ductal carcinoma tissues by immunohistochemical staining
表1 乳腺癌組織中Gab2表達與E-cadherin、vimentin表達的相關(guān)性Tab.1 Correlations of Gab2 with E-cadherin and vimentin in breast invasive ductal carcinoma tissues (n)
2.2 Gab2在正常乳腺組織及乳腺癌組織中的表達
Western blot檢測顯示,乳腺浸潤性導(dǎo)管癌組織中Gab2的表達量高于癌旁正常組織(圖2)。
圖2 Gab2在正常乳腺組織和乳腺癌組織中的表達Fig.2 The expressions of Gab2 in normal breast tissues and breast invasive ductal carcinoma tissues
2.3 SiGab2/MDA-MB-231細胞中Gab2、E-cadherin及vimentin表達
Western blot檢測顯示,Gab2在SiGab2/ MDA-MB-231細胞中表達比在Scr/MDA-MB-231細胞中低,提示轉(zhuǎn)染成功。Gab2表達降低后,SiGab2/MDA-MB-231細胞較Scr/MDA-MB-231細胞,E-cadherin表達量升高,而vimentin表達量降低(圖3)。
2.4 Gab2對MDA-MB-231細胞侵襲性的影響
EGF刺激后SiGab2/MDA-MB-231細胞組相對遷移距離明顯比Scr/MDA-MB-231細胞組遷移距離小,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05),結(jié)果提示Gab2降低后MDA-MB-231細胞的定向遷移能力降低(圖4)。
2.5 Gab2對p-GSK-3β、Snail的影響
為了研究Gab2促進乳腺癌EMT發(fā)生可能的分子機制,用10 ng/mL EGF無血清培養(yǎng)基刺激各組轉(zhuǎn)染細胞。Western blot檢測顯示,EGF刺激后SiGab2/MDA-MB-231細胞中GSK-3β的磷酸化降低,鋅指轉(zhuǎn)錄因子Snail在細胞核中的表達減少。結(jié)果表明Gab2表達減少后,GSK-3β失活減少且Snail轉(zhuǎn)核減少(圖5、6)。
圖3 Gab2、E-cadherin和vimentin在SiGab2/MDA-MB-231細胞和Scr/MDA-MB-231細胞中的表達Fig.3 The expressions of Gab2, E-cadherin and vimentin in SiGab2/MDA-MB-231 and ScrGab2/MDA-MB-231 cells
圖4 Gab2對EGF刺激后MDA-MB-231細胞侵襲性的影響Fig.4 Influence of Gab2 on invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells induced by EGF
圖5 GSK-3β在SiGab2/MDA-MB-231細胞和ScrGab2/ MDAMB-231細胞中的磷酸化情況Fig.5 The phosphorylation of GSK-3β in SiGab2/MDA-MB-231 and ScrGab2/ MDA-MB-231cells
圖6 Snail在SiGab2/MDA-MB-231細胞和ScrGab2/ MDAMB-231細胞核中的表達Fig.6 The expression of Snail in SiGab2/MDA-MB-231 and ScrGab2/ MDA-MB-231 cell nuclei
近年來乳腺癌的發(fā)病率升高,并且發(fā)病年齡年輕化。隨著診斷水平的提高,乳腺癌的檢出率提高,但是許多患者確診時已發(fā)展為浸潤癌或已有淋巴結(jié)及遠處轉(zhuǎn)移。乳腺癌的浸潤與轉(zhuǎn)移是患者復(fù)發(fā)、死亡的主要原因。
多項研究證明,Gab2是潛在的癌基因,在卵巢癌中存在擴增。Gavin P老鼠在體研究發(fā)現(xiàn),Gab2是卵巢癌的一個癌基因[7-8]。Gab2與膠質(zhì)瘤WHO分級相關(guān),Gab2表達增多,患者生存期明顯縮短,Gab2表達降低后通過調(diào)節(jié)細胞骨架重排及基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶的表達降低膠質(zhì)瘤細胞侵襲[5-9]。Matsumura等[10]發(fā)現(xiàn),Gab2在結(jié)腸癌組織中表達增多,并與淋巴結(jié)、靜脈轉(zhuǎn)移及肝轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān)。沉默Gab2基因后,乳腺癌細胞周期增殖明顯降低,凋亡增加,細胞的侵襲性減弱[11]。本實驗免疫組化及Western blot檢測結(jié)果顯示,乳腺浸潤性導(dǎo)管癌癌組織中Gab2表達高于癌旁正常組織,結(jié)果表明Gab2的表達與乳腺癌的侵襲相關(guān)。
EMT可發(fā)生在胚胎發(fā)育及組織損傷修復(fù)過程中,但其在腫瘤形成及促進腫瘤細胞侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移中起重要作用[12]。發(fā)生EMT改變的腫瘤細胞極性消失,細胞上皮表型改變,上皮表型分子E-cadherin表達降低,間質(zhì)分子vimentin表達增多,是EMT的特征性改變[13-14]。EMT改變使腫瘤侵襲、轉(zhuǎn)移能力增強。Wang等[3]證明,Gab2通過PI3K途徑促進卵巢癌細胞侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移,并且抑制E-cadherin表達促進EMT發(fā)生。本實驗結(jié)果顯示,在乳腺浸潤性導(dǎo)管癌組織中Gab2表達與E-cadherin表達呈負相關(guān),與vimentin表達呈正相關(guān)。降低MDA-MB-231細胞中Gab2表達后,E-cadherin表達量升高,vimentin表達量降低,并且MDA-MB-231細胞侵襲性降低。此結(jié)果說明,Gab2陽性表達的乳腺浸潤性導(dǎo)管癌組織中存在EMT的發(fā)生,同時也說明降低Gab2的表達可以減少或逆轉(zhuǎn)乳腺癌MDA-MB-231細胞中EMT的發(fā)生,進而減弱細胞的侵襲能力。
GSK-3β是一種絲氨酸/蘇氨酸蛋白激酶,在細胞中以活性狀態(tài)存在,在細胞增殖、遷移中發(fā)揮重要作用。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),p-GSK-3β在乳腺癌中表達增多,GSK-3β失活可誘導(dǎo)乳腺癌EMT發(fā)生[15]。腫瘤微環(huán)境、轉(zhuǎn)錄因子等都可以誘導(dǎo)EMT的發(fā)生。鋅指轉(zhuǎn)錄因子Snail是E-cadherin的轉(zhuǎn)錄抑制因子[16]。Liu等[17]發(fā)現(xiàn),EGF通過抑制GSK-3β的活性,使Snail轉(zhuǎn)錄增加,促進肺癌A549細胞EMT的發(fā)生。本實驗結(jié)果顯示,Gab2表達減少,使GSK-3β磷酸化降低,GSK-3β抑制了Snail轉(zhuǎn)核,并促進E-cadherin表達,減少vimentin表達,從而逆轉(zhuǎn)EMT發(fā)生。
綜上所述,本實驗證明了Gab2可以通過GSK-3β/Snail信號通路促進乳腺癌EMT發(fā)生,進而促進乳腺癌細胞的侵襲、轉(zhuǎn)移,這將為研究控制乳腺癌的侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移提供新靶點。
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Gab2 promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition in breast cancer through GSK-3β/Snail signaling pathway
TIAN Hongyan1, LI Xiao2, SUN Zhiliang2, LI Hongli3, LIU Yuqing1, YIN Chonggao4(1.Department of Pathology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, Shandong Province, China;2.College of Biological Science and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, Shandong Province, China; 3.Medicine Research Center, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, Shandong Province, China; 4.College of Nursing, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, Shandong Province,China)
[Key words]Breast cancer; Invasion; Grb2 binding protein-2; Epithelial-mesenchymal transition; Signaling pathway
[Abstract]Background and purpose: More and more evidence has showed that Grb2 binding protein-2 (Gab2) is associated with tumor invasion and metastasis.However, the relationship between Gab2 and epithelialmesenchymal transition (EMT) in breast cancer is not clear.The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of Gab2 on EMT markers and the mechanism of Gab2 on breast cancer invasion and metastasis.Methods: Immunohistochemicalmethods were used to detect the expressions of Gab2, E-cadherin and vimentin in 80 cases of breast cancer tissues, and the correlations between them were analyzed.Western blot was used to detect the expression of Gab2 in breast tissues.After MDA-MB-231 cells were transfected with siRNA plasmid, wound healing assay was used to detect the invasive ability of transfected cells induced by epithelial growth factor (EGF) in vitro.Then Western blot was used to analyze the protein expressions of E-cadherin, vimentin, phosphorylated GSK-3β (p-GSK-3β) and nuclear Snail.Results: Gab2 was negatively correlated with the expression of E-cadherin and positively correlated with the expression of vimentin in breast cancer tissues (P<0.05).The expression of Gab2 in breast cancer tissues was higher than that in normal breast tissues adjacent to breast cancer.In vitro, Gab2 expression was significantly knocked down in MDA-MB-231 cells transfected with Gab2 siRNA plasmid (SiGab2/MDA-MB-231cells).Meanwhile, the invasive ability of SiGab2/MDAMB-231cells was decreased with EGF stimulation.The expression of E-cadherin was increased in SiGab2/MDA-MB-231cells.However, the expressions of vimentin, p-GSK-3β and nuclear Snail were decreased in SiGab2/MDA-MB-231cells.Conclusion: Gab2 can promote the invasion and metastasis of breast cancer by EMT through GSK-3β/Snail signaling pathway.
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1007-3969.2016.02.003
中圖分類號:R737.9
文獻標(biāo)志碼:A
文章編號:1007-3639(2016)2-0134-06
基金項目:國家自然科學(xué)基金青年基金項目(81402389);山東省自然科學(xué)基金(ZR2014HL077);
通信作者:尹崇高 E-mail:lihongli1213@sina.com
收稿日期:(2015-04-29 修回日期:2015-06-08)