定語(yǔ)從句常見錯(cuò)誤例析

安徽 王永輝

定語(yǔ)從句常見錯(cuò)誤例析

安徽 王永輝

定語(yǔ)從句作為英語(yǔ)三大從句之一，無(wú)論是在語(yǔ)法填空還是短文改錯(cuò)中，都時(shí)有考查。對(duì)定語(yǔ)從句的熟練掌握有助于對(duì)閱讀理解及完形填空中長(zhǎng)難句的理解，另外，如果能在書面表達(dá)中寫出一兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，也必將是一大亮點(diǎn)。但遺憾的是，學(xué)生在定語(yǔ)從句方面總是出現(xiàn)這樣或那樣的錯(cuò)誤。本文筆者以正誤例析的方式來(lái)談?wù)剬W(xué)生在定語(yǔ)從句方面常見的錯(cuò)誤及改正方法。

一、錯(cuò)誤判斷先行詞

1.先行詞的錯(cuò)誤判斷導(dǎo)致定語(yǔ)從句中的主謂不一致

誤：He is the only one of the students who are from Beijing.

解析：本句的錯(cuò)誤在于把“the students”當(dāng)成了先行詞，事實(shí)上先行詞應(yīng)該是“the only one”，所以，定語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該為單數(shù)。

正：He is the only one of the students who is from Beijing.

或：He is one of the students who are from Beijing.

2.先行詞的錯(cuò)誤判斷導(dǎo)致關(guān)系詞的錯(cuò)誤使用

誤：The girl arranged to have piano lessons at the training center with her sister whom she would stay for an hour.（改編自2010江西卷）

解析：一般來(lái)說(shuō)，先行詞后面緊跟著關(guān)系詞，其次再跟定語(yǔ)從句。但有時(shí)出于意義的表達(dá)而在先行詞和關(guān)系詞之間插入了其他成分，這類定語(yǔ)從句被稱為“分隔性定語(yǔ)從句”。在這種情況下確定哪一個(gè)是先行詞，便是正確理解句子的關(guān)鍵。此句中先行詞應(yīng)當(dāng)是“the training center”，且引導(dǎo)詞代替先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ)，所以定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞應(yīng)為“where”。

正：The girl arranged to have piano lessons at the training center with her sister where she would stay for an hour.

二、從句中成分的重復(fù)

1.賓語(yǔ)的重復(fù)

誤：The exact year Angela and her family spent it together in China was 2008.（改編自2014安徽卷，22）

解析：定語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)詞的句法功能不僅是指代先行詞，還在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)一定的成分。此句中“The exact year”為先行詞，引導(dǎo)詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作spent的賓語(yǔ)，故可省略，因此spent后的it 就多余了。

正：The exact year Angela and her family spent together in China was 2008.

2.狀語(yǔ)的重復(fù)

誤：Many countries are now setting up national parks where animals and plants can be protected there.（改編自2013北京卷，27）

解析：引導(dǎo)詞where在定語(yǔ)從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，故there 多余。

正：Many countries are now setting up national parks where animals and plants can be protected.

3.限定成分的重復(fù)

誤：The books on the desk，whose the covers are shiny，are prizes for us.（改編自2015四川卷，3）

解析：逗號(hào)后的句子為whose引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，whose在定語(yǔ)從句中起對(duì)“covers”修飾限定的作用，故whose后的the多余。

正：The books on the desk，whose covers are shiny，are prizes for us.

三、從句中主謂的不一致

誤：It is a truly delightful place，which look the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages.（改編自2015湖南卷，29）

解析：定語(yǔ)從句中引導(dǎo)詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在人稱和數(shù)的方面應(yīng)該與先行詞一致。該句先行詞是“a truly delightful place”，故定語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該用單數(shù)形式。

正：It is a truly delightful place，which looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages.

四、關(guān)系詞方面的錯(cuò)誤

1.that和what

誤：we’ll reach the sales targets in a month what we set at the beginning of the year.（改編自2014重慶卷，9）

解析：定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞中是沒(méi)有what的，what在名詞性從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，而在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞可用that或which。比較下面兩個(gè)例子：

①He told me all that he knows.（that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞all）

②He told me what he knows.（what引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句）

正：we’ll reach the sales targets in a month（that）we set at the beginning of the year.

2.that和which

①誤：Please send us all the information which you have about the candidate for the position.（改編自2014陜西卷，13）

解析：當(dāng)先行詞被不定代詞、形容詞最高級(jí)或序數(shù)詞等修飾且引導(dǎo)詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，只能用that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。

正：Please send us all the information（that）you have about the candidate for the position.

②誤：Care of the soul is a gradual process in that even the small details of life should be considered.（改編自2012湖南卷，34）

解析：分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，a gradual process后為“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，當(dāng)先行詞為物時(shí)，此時(shí)的引導(dǎo)詞只能是which。

正：Care of the soul is a gradual process in which even the small details of life should be considered.

③誤：China Today attracts a worldwide readership，that shows that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China.（改編自2015福建卷，34）

解析：逗號(hào)后的句子是一個(gè)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句且引導(dǎo)詞在該定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)，故應(yīng)該用which引導(dǎo)。

正：China Today attracts a worldwide readership，which shows that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China.

3.that/which和who

誤：Happiness and success often come to those that are good at recognizing their own strengths.（改編自2013湖南卷，21）

解析：當(dāng)those代指人作先行詞時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞用who。類似的詞還有one（s），he，不能用that，更不能用which（指物）。另外如果在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，即使代指人時(shí)也不能用that。

正：Happiness and success often come to those who are good at recognizing their own strengths.

4.as和which/that

①誤：The number of smokers，which is reported，has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.（改編自2015江蘇卷，21）

解析：as和which均可引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，位置非常靈活，可位于主句前、主句后，也可位于主句中間。which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)位于主句之后。且as意為“正如或正像……”，which無(wú)實(shí)際意義。故根據(jù)句意及結(jié)構(gòu)可知，要用as引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。

正：The number of smokers，as is reported，has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.

②誤：He is such a lazy man that nobody wants to work with.

解析：分析本句句子結(jié)構(gòu)可以看出，如果把該從句當(dāng)做狀語(yǔ)從句（such...that...結(jié)構(gòu)），從句缺少賓語(yǔ)；如果把該從句當(dāng)做定語(yǔ)從句，引導(dǎo)詞錯(cuò)誤，因?yàn)樵谙拗菩远ㄕZ(yǔ)從句中，先行詞被such修飾時(shí)，要用as引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。

正：He is such a lazy man that nobody wants to work with him.

或He is such a lazy man as nobody wants to work with.

5.關(guān)系代詞與人稱代詞的誤用

誤：He wrote many children’s books，nearly half of them were published in the 1990s.（改編自2015重慶卷，14）

解析：逗號(hào)后無(wú)連詞，如果前后分句是并列句，應(yīng)該加并列連詞；如果前后分句是主從復(fù)合句，根據(jù)句意及結(jié)構(gòu)可判斷應(yīng)該為非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，關(guān)系詞代指“children’s books”，位于介詞of之后，故應(yīng)該用which。

正：He wrote many children’s books，and nearly half of them were published in the 1990s.

或He wrote many children’s books，nearly half of which were published in the 1990s.

6.關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞的誤用

①誤：Students should involve themselves in community activities which they can gain experience for growth.（改編自2014福建卷，31）

解析：定語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)詞的判斷不能簡(jiǎn)單地只看先行詞類型，還要關(guān)注其在定語(yǔ)從句中所作的成分。該句中盡管先行詞為“community activities（物）”，但從定語(yǔ)從句的結(jié)構(gòu)分析可知，引導(dǎo)詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，故要用where引導(dǎo)該定語(yǔ)從句。

正：Students should involve themselves in community activities where they can gain experience for growth.

②誤：That evening，when I will tell you more about later，I ended up working very late.（改編自2012全國(guó)卷Ⅱ，8）

解析：此句中盡管先行詞為指時(shí)間的“That evening”，但不能用when引導(dǎo)后面的定語(yǔ)從句，原因是在這個(gè)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中缺少的是介詞about的賓語(yǔ)。故應(yīng)用which引導(dǎo)該非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。

正：That evening，which I will tell you more about later，I ended up working very late.

7.關(guān)系詞的漏用

誤：The student is standing there is our monitor.

解析：在定語(yǔ)從句中，當(dāng)先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞不能省略。

正：The student who/that is standing there is our monitor.

五、使用“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，介詞的誤用

誤：I am looking forward to the day in which my daughter can read this book and know my feelings for her.（改編自2014湖南卷，31）

解析：使用“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，介詞的選擇常有兩種方法：一是與定語(yǔ)從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的搭配，二是結(jié)合先行詞和句子的意思選擇。此句中“in which my daughter can read this book and know my feelings for her”為定語(yǔ)從句，修飾“the day”，在具體的某一天應(yīng)該使用介詞on。

正：I am looking forward to the day on which my daughter can read this book and know my feelings for her.

六、定語(yǔ)從句與其他句型混淆

誤：It was this small village that we lived 10 years ago.

解析：本句的錯(cuò)誤在于把它看成了強(qiáng)調(diào)句式。強(qiáng)調(diào)句式的特點(diǎn)是把強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)去掉，剩余的成分仍然能構(gòu)成完整的句子，但本句顯然不能滿足此條件。事實(shí)上后半句為定語(yǔ)從句，應(yīng)該使用where引導(dǎo)。另外，大家還要注意定語(yǔ)從句與名詞性從句及狀語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別。

正：It was this small village where we lived 10 years ago.（定語(yǔ)從句）

或It was in this small village that we lived 10 years ago.（強(qiáng)調(diào)句）

【實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練】改錯(cuò)。

1. My mother was so proud of all what I had done that she rewarded me with a trip to Beijing.

2. I refuse to accept the blame for something which was someone else’s fault.

3. The old temple whose the roof was damaged in storm is now under repair.

4. The newly built café，the walls of it are painted light green，is really a peaceful place for us，specially after hard work.

5. The message you intend to convey through words may be the exact opposite of which others actually understand.

6. When I arrived，Bryan took me to see the house which I would be staying.

7. We have launched another man-made satellite，that is announced in today’s newspaper.

8. We live in an age that more information is available with greater ease than ever before.

9. A lot of language learning，as have been discovered，is happening in the first year of life，so parents should talk much to their children during that period.

10. Sales director is a position for which communication ability is just as important as sales.

【參考答案】1.what→that或刪除what 2.which→that 3. 刪除第二個(gè)the 4.it→which 5.which→what 6.which→where 7.that→which 8. that→when 9. have→has 10. for→in

（作者單位：安徽省太和縣太和中學(xué)）