閱讀理解題的訓(xùn)練和答題策略探究
——研考綱明悉答題思路 講策略巧解主旨細(xì)節(jié)題

甘肅 董耀忠

閱讀理解題的訓(xùn)練和答題策略探究
——研考綱明悉答題思路 講策略巧解主旨細(xì)節(jié)題

甘肅 董耀忠

一、《考綱》解讀

根據(jù)《考綱》，高考英語閱讀理解題強(qiáng)調(diào)運(yùn)用，注重實(shí)際，突出語篇，貼近生活，緊跟時代，要求考生能讀懂公告、說明、廣告以及書、報(bào)、雜志等中關(guān)于一般性話題的簡短文章，并能從中獲取相關(guān)信息。

1.設(shè)題特點(diǎn)

設(shè)題測試考生閱讀理解書面英語的能力，要求考生能夠做到：（1）理解主旨和要義；（2）理解文中具體信息；（3）根據(jù)上下文推斷單詞和短語的含義；（4）依據(jù)已知信息做出簡單的判斷和推理；（5）理解文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)并弄清短文中心大意和體裁出處；（6）理解作者的寫作意圖、觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度。

2.命題特點(diǎn)

命題特點(diǎn)可概括為：（1）詞匯量適中，但要求考生有一定的閱讀速度；（2）非大綱詞匯有所增加，通過上下文猜測詞義的要求有所提高；（3）題目設(shè)計(jì)有變化，打破了“先易后難”的命題模式；（4）語篇結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)一步復(fù)雜化，中長句、省略句、復(fù)雜句有所增多，且材料類型多變；（5）題材多樣化，除了簡短的記敘文、說明文和議論文之外，應(yīng)用文時常出現(xiàn)，如廣告、新聞簡報(bào)、書訊、影訊和時刻表等；（6）除常識外，跨文化方面的知識考查時有出現(xiàn)；（7）側(cè)重對科技動態(tài)和社會熱點(diǎn)等方面信息的考查；（8）測試難點(diǎn)重在邏輯推理、時代感悟和揣摩作者寫作意圖等方面的深層含義和間接推理題的考查上。

二、讀題思路

分析近幾年來各地高考閱讀理解題的命題特點(diǎn)，其題材和體裁均保持著多樣化的態(tài)勢，語言材料更新、來源更廣、更地道、更真實(shí)，更具新穎性、教育性、可靠性和可讀性。建議考生，在應(yīng)對該題的訓(xùn)練和答題思路上，應(yīng)做到以下幾點(diǎn)。

1.總體思路

采用“兩步走”解題法（應(yīng)用文廣告等除外）。

第一步：略讀或跳讀文章，“走馬觀花”把握文章脈絡(luò)，捕獲文章寫作線索，勾勒文章中心大意，揣摩作者的寫作意圖。

第二步：根據(jù)第一步所獲信息及文章體裁和文后設(shè)題的特點(diǎn)，讀題并敲定有關(guān)主旨推斷和寫作意圖題的答案，再有針對性地查讀以推敲其他有關(guān)細(xì)節(jié)確認(rèn)、快速信息組合、猜測詞義、數(shù)字運(yùn)算、讀圖釋表等題的最佳答案。

2.具體方法

（1）主旨捕獲法（直接捕獲主旨法）：適用于考查信息內(nèi)容相對簡單，體裁多以記敘為主，設(shè)題以細(xì)節(jié)和主旨確認(rèn)為主的文章。具體做法是：拿到文章后從頭至尾瀏覽并理解文意，不細(xì)究個別難詞難句，讀完后能知道該文說了什么，即為捕獲文章的中心大意服務(wù)。這種做法適合應(yīng)考，優(yōu)點(diǎn)是節(jié)約時間，針對性強(qiáng)。

通過瀏覽快速捕獲文章主旨大意，潛意識里也找到了文后所設(shè)細(xì)節(jié)題的答案出處和依據(jù)。捕獲文章主旨是做好任何一篇閱讀題的第一步，有些題雖然只考查細(xì)節(jié)問題，但做題前能把握好文章主旨大意并非是浪費(fèi)時間的無用功。

（2）漢意串聯(lián)法（層意歸納法）：適用于考查信息內(nèi)容較為復(fù)雜，體裁多以說明或議論為主，設(shè)題多為推斷、猜意和主旨理解等混合型的文章。文章生詞量較大，語句結(jié)構(gòu)較為復(fù)雜，通讀明意相對較難。具體做法是：拿到文章后逐段研讀，用各段（幾段）中的簡單詞、句捕獲有效信息，即可總結(jié)出段落層意（有時，兩三段說了一個事），然后依據(jù)文章的大概框架結(jié)構(gòu)和各段（層）意，勾勒出邏輯較為通暢合理的文章中心。這種做法的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是：通過串聯(lián)能“自圓其說”的文意內(nèi)容，用已知段落層意可推理難以理解或無法認(rèn)定的某些段落或重點(diǎn)語句的有效信息，在完全讀不懂文章局部內(nèi)容的情況下卻能達(dá)到真正的“自圓其說”之功效。這種做法能在很大程度上幫助基礎(chǔ)較弱的考生群體。

漢意串聯(lián)法是捕獲文章主旨大意最常用、最奏效的方法，可幫助基礎(chǔ)差的考生有效閱讀每一篇文章，更能提高優(yōu)秀生的閱讀速度和答題質(zhì)量，應(yīng)是解答閱讀理解題的首選、公用的方法。

（3）直接切題法（逆向答題法/切入點(diǎn)法）：適用于考查信息內(nèi)容較為復(fù)雜，設(shè)題重在捕獲細(xì)節(jié)信息的應(yīng)用文類，如廣告、書訊等。文章生詞量極大，語句結(jié)構(gòu)較為復(fù)雜，省略現(xiàn)象嚴(yán)重，無法做到通讀明意。具體做法是：拿到文章后用極短的時間，掃視文章，盡可能弄清文章所屬的類型，即弄清是廣告還是新聞簡訊或其他等。之后直接讀題，盡可能在題干中找出答案的“切入點(diǎn)”，然后順藤摸瓜“直擊”要害，在原文中找到“模樣”或“長相”相似或一致的詞或句，此即最佳答案。這種做法雖不能弄懂文章大意，但在應(yīng)試中可實(shí)現(xiàn)快捷、準(zhǔn)確和高效。

逆向答題法對部分基礎(chǔ)相當(dāng)好的優(yōu)秀學(xué)生而言，也可用于其他體裁文章的閱讀作答，但須慎重使用，以避免不必要的失分。

三、解題策略

在考生熟練掌握了有效的解題思路、具備了較為扎實(shí)的語法功底和詞匯基礎(chǔ)之后，就高考閱讀題中有關(guān)主旨、細(xì)節(jié)、猜義和推斷等題而言，講求訓(xùn)練和答題的方法策略更是提高答題效率和質(zhì)量的關(guān)鍵。以下著重例舉闡釋閱讀理解中主旨題和細(xì)節(jié)理解題的答題方法和策略。

（一）主旨題的三大解題策略

主旨理解題可以是對文章或段落中心的概括，也可以是對文章標(biāo)題的選擇。要求考生能夠?qū)θ恼w或某段的內(nèi)容加以合理的歸納，旨在考查考生的理解概括能力和捕獲中心的能力。解答主旨題應(yīng)注重以下策略。

策略一：根據(jù)文體敲定主旨。說明文和議論文往往由主題句表明中心思想，有時是開門見山，有時隱藏在段落中間，有時卻概括總結(jié)于文末。故可用：

1.篇首法：即利用語篇首句信息來確定主旨的辦法。

【典例】Finding the right spot to camp in woodland is the first step to guaranteeing a good night’s sleep. Choose a camp site with privacy and minimum influence on others and the environment. Try to use an area where people have obviously camped before rather than creating a new spot.（來源：http：//www.1010jiajiao.com/gzyy/shiti_id_10a27e32e248d80 8147e0dc64af007ae）

【問題】The passage mainly deals with________.

A. protecting animals

B. building a campfire

C. camping in woodland

D. a campsite with privacy

【分析】C。文章開門見山，指出在叢林中選擇一個理想的宿營地點(diǎn)是保證夜晚可以美美睡一覺的第一步，而下文則從幾個具體的方面較詳細(xì)地說明如何選擇及需要注意的問題。

2.篇末法：即利用語篇末句信息來確定主旨的辦法。

【典例】Do you love someone? Then tell them! Has someone been an influence in your life? Then give them a call! ...

Life is too short to leave kind words unsaid. The words you say，or the letter you write，might just make all the difference in the world.（來源：http：//www.wyrj.com/english/ study/wenzai/5286.html）

【問題】What’s the author’s main idea discussed in the passage?

A. Value your friends more than anything else.

B. Say your kind words to those who are important to you without delay.

C. Treasure your family members not only with words but also by actions.

D. Tell all the people you know that you are proud of them.

【分析】B。文章最后一段中的“Life is too short to leave kind words unsaid”概括了作者的觀點(diǎn)，即對那些對你重要的人應(yīng)該毫不拖延的表達(dá)你的善意。

3.篇中法：利用語篇中間的關(guān)鍵句信息來確定主旨的辦法。

【典例】One after another，the church members shared their wishes，large or small. Margie...she spoke confidently，“I would like for my grandma to have church....So that is what I wish for. And please don’t tell them，for it needs to be a surprise.”（來源：http：//www.bigear.cn/news-87-60491. html）

【問題】What’s the best title of this passage?

A. My Sick Grandma

B. Just One Wish

C. My Church Life

D. Encouragement from Church

【分析】B。中心思想出現(xiàn)在段中，小姑娘唯一的愿望是能讓自己生病的奶奶和留在家中照料她的爺爺參加禮拜。

策略二：提綱挈領(lǐng)，概括主旨。抒情、記敘類的文章往往沒有明顯的主旨句，需要考生在認(rèn)真體會、歸納文意、明確作者意圖的基礎(chǔ)上概括文章的中心。故可用：

1.線索法：即串聯(lián)上下文語意線索確定主旨的辦法。

【典例】In 1865，Edourd de Laboulaye of France developed the idea of creating a giant statue to honor the friendship and the commitment to liberty between France and the United States. He formed the French-American Union to raise money for the project. Joseph Pulitzer used the editorial pages of his newspaper to raise support in the United States for the fund. French sculptor Auguste Bartholdi and structural engineer Gustave Eiffel finished the project in Paris，and the French people presented it to the people of America on July 4，1884. The statue was then shipped across the Atlantic in 214 boxes broken into 350 individual separate pieces. The statue of Liberty was dedicated （舉行落成典禮） on October 28，1886，and President Grover Cleveland accepted the Statue on behalf of the American people.（來源：http：//www.shulihua.net/ Html/gzyyu/533607.html）

【問題】The best title for this passage is________.

A. The Statue of Liberty

B. A Great Project

C. Great Relationship

D. Peace Negotiations

【分析】A。利用文章的寫作線索詞“statue”可歸納標(biāo)題，即本文講述的是自由女神像的由來以及其意義。

2.提煉法：即緊緊圍繞關(guān)鍵詞來確定語篇主旨的辦法。

【典例】Researchers first studied zinc as a way to speed recovery. Dr.Waltor Powys，formerly with the United States Air Force，noted that the laboratory animals recovered faster when some substances were added to their food. One of these substances was zinc. Dr.Powys later tested the zinc treatment on an American airman recovering from medical operations. The airman who received zinc sulfate（硫酸鹽） recovered in one half the usual time. Other doctors studied persons who had a number of strange disorders. The doctors learned that all of these problems were caused by a lack of zinc in the body. They treated these disorders successfully by giving the patients zinc sulfate. （來源：http：//www.1010jiajiao.com/gzyy/shiti_id_ 07252931fbf9d98207639f3a6b0f7ca7/）

【問題】The topic of this passage is________.

A. the role of zinc sulfate

B. the relationship between zinc and people’s health

C. the amount of zinc that the body needs

D. the food that contains zinc

【分析】B。根據(jù)文章關(guān)鍵詞“zinc”，提煉文中與其相關(guān)的信息可知，作者通過揭示研究結(jié)果，反映鋅的重要性以及鋅與健康的關(guān)系。

3.歸納法：即根據(jù)文章整體信息并結(jié)合被選項(xiàng)來歸納語篇主旨的辦法。

【典例】Never before in history have people been so aware of what is going on in the world. Television，newspapers，radio keep us continually informed and stimulated our interest. The sociologist’s interest in the world around him is intense，for society is his field of study. As an analyst，he must be well acquainted with a broad range of happenings and must understand basic social processes. He wants to know what makes the social what it is，how it is organized，why it changes in the way that it does. Such knowledge is valuable not only for those who make great decisions，but also for you，since this is the world in which you live and make your way.（來源http：//wenku.baidu.com/link?url=4JQjyJB ge74qSxbKotJcyUIhaQqV7PR7y4kNfIcZyjBNz-jMIH52T_ XbtZNZLX7DLVSZKJuVKng-Zyf1d4gnMZiH4sQEdNcmAom5L6jQCKW）

【問題】The passage chiefly concerns_______.

A. the work of a sociologist

B. the new media

C. modern society

D. decision-makers

【分析】A。通讀全文，歸納文意，結(jié)合備選項(xiàng)，可見文中主要針對的是the work of a sociologist。

策略三：排除干擾，避免陷阱。做好主旨理解題是閱讀獲取文章相關(guān)正確信息的第一步，要慎之又慎，以防誤入命題者所設(shè)陷阱。

1. 以偏概全。干擾項(xiàng)只闡述了文章的一部分內(nèi)容，也就是文章的局部信息。

2. 斷章取義。干擾項(xiàng)常常以文章中的個別信息或個別字眼作為選項(xiàng)的設(shè)置內(nèi)容，或者以次要的事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)冒充全文的主要觀點(diǎn)。

3. 主題擴(kuò)大。干擾項(xiàng)所歸納、概括的范圍過大，超過文章實(shí)際所討論的內(nèi)容。

4. 張冠李戴。命題者有意地把屬于A的特征放在B的身上，構(gòu)成一個干擾項(xiàng)。

5. 無中生有或似是而非。有的干擾項(xiàng)中的關(guān)鍵詞語好像在文章中談到了，但認(rèn)真分析之后你會發(fā)現(xiàn)，這類干擾項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容與文章的內(nèi)容毫無聯(lián)系。

（二）細(xì)節(jié)題的七種解題方法

細(xì)節(jié)理解是提高閱讀質(zhì)量的重點(diǎn)。閱讀時，考生應(yīng)學(xué)會如何恰當(dāng)選擇解題方法，以捕獲最準(zhǔn)確的細(xì)節(jié)信息。解答細(xì)節(jié)題應(yīng)用好以下七法。

方法一：定位排除法。定位排除法適用于排序題，是指在閱讀中通過確定細(xì)節(jié)信息在文中的所在位置來敲定細(xì)節(jié)信息先后順序的方法。

【典例】In the 19th century England people liked to go to the seaside. In those days，ladies wore long bathing dresses，and men wore bathing suits. Women did not walk about on the beach（沙灘）in their bathing dresses. They hired a bathing machine. A bathing machine was used for changing in，and for taking the bather down to the sea. It cost 2 pence（便士） to hire a machine and an attendant（侍者）. When she had paid，the bather climbed up the back steps and got into the bathing machine . Then she changed into her bathing dress. When she had changed，the machine was pulled down to the sea. The bathing machine stopped in the water and the bather went down the front steps into the water. If she did not want to get into the sea，the attendant pulled her in.

（來源：http：//www.mofangge.com/html/qDetail/03/g0/ 201408/7wxbg003339273.html ）

【問題】In 19th century people who used the bathing machine usually did the following things. Which is the right order for doing them?

a. Changing into bathing clothes

b. Getting out of the bathing machine

c. Paying 2 pence

d. Getting into the bathing machine

e. Being taken down the beach

f. Getting into the water

A. e，d，a，b，f，c

B. c，d，a，e，b，f

C. c，d，e，a，b，f

D. d，a，e，b，f，c

【分析】B。題目要求找出利用bathing machine游泳的程序，顯然，通過定位，租用一個bathing machine是要先付錢的，所以 c就是第一個動作，下水 f 應(yīng)該是最后一個動作了。這樣用排除法就可以排除 A項(xiàng)和 D 項(xiàng)。再看B項(xiàng)和C項(xiàng)，從第一段倒數(shù)第三句可知先a后e。

方法二：題干切入法。題干切入法也可叫切入點(diǎn)法，適合做簡單的信息題，是指在閱讀過程中通過利用問題題干中的關(guān)鍵詞來尋找并確定答案的方法。

【典例】HOW TO BOOK

Booking opens for Beckett Shorts on 8 September.

BY TELEPHONE

For credit card（信用卡） bookings. Calls are answered.

BOX OFFICE

01789 295623 9 a.m.—8 p.m.（Mon.—Sat.）

0541 541051（24hours，7days，no booking charge）.

BY FAX

For credit card bookings. Please allow at least 48 hours for reply，if required.

BOX OFFICE

01789 261974 or 01862 387765

BY POST

Please enclose（附上） a cheque or credit card details together with an SAE or add 50p to the total mount（總額）to cover postage.

（來源：http：//www.mofangge.com/html/qDetail/03/g1/ 201408/tjdig103427913.html

【問題】One has to wait for 2 days or longer for a reply if he/she pays________.

A. how to Book B. by telephone

C. by fax D. by post

【分析】C。通過題干中的關(guān)鍵詞“wait for 2 days or longer”，可在原文中找到答案的出處，即：BY FAX項(xiàng)下的“Please allow at least 48 hours for reply，if required”。

方法三：理解計(jì)算法。理解計(jì)算法適合做計(jì)算題，是指在閱讀中通過理解文中相關(guān)信息并通過簡單數(shù)學(xué)知識而計(jì)算獲取答案的方法。

【典例】Balancing Work & Life

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The book focuses on the key challenge of our generation.

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（來源：http：//www.mofangge.com/html/qDetail/03/ g2/201205/uy0zg203198249.html）

【問題】If you want to buy two copies of Balancing Work & Life and one copy of Happiness Now online，how much should you pay?

A. $22.4 B. $23.2

C. $26.5 D. $29

【分析】B。通過題干中的“two copies of Balancing Work & Life and one copy of Happiness Now online”，可切入文章關(guān)鍵信息位置，再恰當(dāng)運(yùn)用折扣的計(jì)算方法，可得：（10.5×2+8）×80%=23.2。

方法四：對比歸納法。對比歸納法適合做局部邏輯推理題，是指在閱讀中通過在局部上下句之間進(jìn)行合理的邏輯對比，以歸納答案的方法。

【典例】We say this to one another as if our tireless efforts were a talent by nature and an ability to successfully deal with stress. The busier we are，the more important we seem to ourselves and，we imagine，to others. To be unavailable to our friends and family，and to be unable to find time to relax—this has become the model of a successful life.（來源：http：//blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_e112a10d0101fr02.html）

【問題】According to the passage，a successful person is one who is believed to________.

A. to be able to work without stress

B. be more talented than other people

C. be busy working without time to rest

D. Be more important than anyone else

【分析】C。根據(jù)最后一句破折號前后句意之間的語意邏輯，即：成功者的人生典范為沒有時間陪伴家人、朋友，乃至沒有時間休息，可歸納出正確答案。

方法五：常識理解法。常識理解法最適合做細(xì)節(jié)類應(yīng)用題，是指在閱讀中通過把原文理解與客觀常識有機(jī)結(jié)合起來選擇答案的方法。

【典例】On Easter Sunday，1772，however，settlers from Holland moved in and gave the island its name. Today，2 000 people live on the Chilean territory （智利領(lǐng)土）. They share on street，a small airport，and a few hours of television per day.（來源：http：//z.30edu.com/C3/B48B9C0E-6335-47E7-99B2-DCD9A59C2A8E.shtml）

【問題】Which country does Easter Island belong to?

A. Britain. B. Holland.

C. Portugal. D. Chile.

【分析】D。本題考查復(fù)活島今日的歸屬問題，題干中使用的現(xiàn)在時態(tài)也是不容忽視的，即問的是“現(xiàn)在”的情況，而不是過去。故利用文中的“Today，...Chilean territory”可得答案，當(dāng)然此信息更是一種常識。

方法六：按圖索驥法。按圖索驥法適合做圖形題，是指在閱讀中通過分析圖形中各路信息以判定相關(guān)細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容準(zhǔn)確性的方法。

【典例】

（來源：http：//www.zybang.com/question/9791d07807 79668e0c7a611c4e3ad1a0.html）

【問題】The chart shows that from 2005 to 2008_______.

A. the percentage of the Spanish families with a computer rose 35 points

B. the percentage of the White families with a computer remained unchanged

C. the number of the Black families with a computer was on the decrease

D. the number of the Asian families with a computer showed the sharpest increase

【分析】D。根據(jù)圖表所示的兩個年度和縱、橫坐標(biāo)所代表的各自的數(shù)值信息即可確定答案。

方法七：句意推敲法。句意推敲法適合做釋句題，是指在閱讀中通過上下文句意的合理理解和推敲來揣測畫線部分句意的方法。

【典例】Parents in low-income countries fail to invest in their daughters because they do not expect them to make an economic contribution to the family： girls grow up only to marry into somebody else’s family and bear children. Girls are thus seen as less valuable than boys and are kept at home to do housework while their brothers are sent to school—the prophecy（預(yù)言） becomes self-fulfilling，trapping women in a bad circle of neglect.

（來源：http：//bnjxw.zx98.com/englishreading/ gkyd/201501/18293.html）

【問題】By saying “the prophecy becomes selffulfilling...”in the paragraph，the author means tha____t____.

A. girls will be increasingly discontented with their life at home

B. girls will be capable of realizing their own dreams

C. girls will eventually find their goals in life beyond reach

D. girls will turn out to be less valuable than boys

【分析】D。根據(jù)上文，尤其是通過推敲破折號前的內(nèi)容“Girls are thus seen as less valuable than boys and are kept at home to do housework while their brothers are sent to school（女孩不太有價值，被大人留在家里做家務(wù)，而男孩被送去上學(xué)）”的意思可得答案。

（作者單位：甘肅省漳縣第一中學(xué)）