看了就會，記住就對，“主謂一致”一遍過

新疆 梁雪蓉 常玉國（特級教師）

看了就會，記住就對，“主謂一致”一遍過

新疆 梁雪蓉 常玉國（特級教師）

主謂一致，就是句子中的謂語部分必須和主語在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致。這個知識點(diǎn)貫穿于英語學(xué)習(xí)的始終，特別是在語法填空、短文改錯和書面表達(dá)中更是屢屢出現(xiàn)。傳統(tǒng)的語法學(xué)習(xí)，總是按照“就近一致、意義一致、語法一致”三項原則來講授和學(xué)習(xí)這個知識點(diǎn)，但是，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)有時候很難界定是語法一致，還是意義一致。

下面給同學(xué)們介紹一種簡潔明了的表格式歸類學(xué)習(xí)方法，幫助大家比較好地掌握這個知識點(diǎn)，即“看了就會，記住就對”的“直接對應(yīng)法”。

一、只能跟單數(shù)作謂語的情形

序號____________________________ ______主語形式謂語形式___________ __備注1單數(shù)名詞、不可數(shù)名詞（含物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞）、單個動詞不定式短語、動名詞（短語）以及_____句子作主語時________________ ________ ____________單數(shù)2用and連接的兩個名詞表示同一人、同一物或同一概念（后一個_____名詞前無冠詞）作主語時_______ _________ ____________單數(shù)3 each作同位語時，謂語動詞與主語_________保持一致___ 4“more than one 或many a + 單數(shù)_____名詞”作主語時_______________ _________ ____________單數(shù)意義為復(fù)數(shù)5“the number of＋復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作“each/every/no+單數(shù)名詞”作主語，即使有and連接時如：every boy and (every) girl...單數(shù)_____主語時______________________ ________單數(shù)與“a number of ”對比___ 6表示距離、長度、價值、金額、重量等的復(fù)數(shù)名詞常作為一個整_____體用作主語時_________________ _________ ____________單數(shù)7有些以s結(jié)尾表示學(xué)科名稱的詞，如physics，mathematics，economics，politics等，以及用作書名、地名、國名、地區(qū)名的復(fù)數(shù)名詞_____ _____________________________ ________ ____________ __作主語時單數(shù)

【高考鏈接】（2016·四川卷，語法填空，61）The giant panda________（love） by people throughout the world.

【解析】is loved。主語為單數(shù)名詞“panda”且表被動。

【高考鏈接】（2016·上海卷，語法填空，33）In recent years，stress________（regard） as a cause of a whole range of medical problems，from high blood pressure to mental illness.

【解析】has been regarded。主語“stress”為不可數(shù)名詞，且“in recent years”通常和現(xiàn)在完成時連用。

【高考鏈接】（2015·湖南卷，單選改編，27）It is important to remember that success _______（be） a sum of small efforts made each day and often _______（take）years to achieve.

【解析】is；takes。主語“success”為抽象名詞，意為“成功”。

【高考鏈接】（2016·全國卷Ⅱ，語法填空，63）Leaving the less important things until tomorrow_______（be）often acceptable.

【解析】is。“Leaving the less important things until tomorrow”為動名詞短語作主語。

【高考鏈接】（2014·遼寧卷，單句改錯）The early morning barking have been disturbing us as we are often up all night with the baby.

【解析】have 應(yīng)改為has。主語為動名詞“barking”。

【經(jīng)典試題】（2014·江西省余江一中高三第四次?？?，單選改編）A teacher of English and class teacher_______（tell）us something about volunteer workers.

【解析】is telling。主語“A teacher of English and class teacher”表示的是一個人。

【經(jīng)典試題】（2015·安徽省合肥質(zhì)檢二）So far，almost every possible means ________（try）to provide accommodation and medical rescue for the people in the floodstricken area.

【解析】has been tried。every修飾單數(shù)名詞means，其后的謂語動詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)。

【經(jīng)典試題】（2014·陜西省寶雞質(zhì)量檢測二，單選改編）We each________（have）strong points，but each of us on the other hand_______（have）weak points.

【解析】have；has。第一空前的each作we的同位語，謂語動詞與we保持一致，應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式；第二空謂語動詞的形式應(yīng)與“each of us”保持一致，用單數(shù)形式。

【高考鏈接】（2010·陜西卷，單選改編，24）It is reported that many a new house _______（build） at present in the disaster area.

【解析】is being built。主語為“many a+單數(shù)名詞”，且此處表被動，其后謂語動詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)，at present體現(xiàn)正在進(jìn)行。

【經(jīng)典試題】（2013·安徽省蕪湖三校一模）A recent study has found that the number of smokers_______（increase）sharply over the past five years.

【解析】has been increasing。“the number of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語時，其后謂語動詞用單數(shù)。由句意和時間狀語“over the past five years”可知，應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時。

【經(jīng)典試題】（2015·成都質(zhì)檢，改錯）Ten kilometers are a long distance.

【解析】are改為 is。主語“Ten kilometers”表示一個整體概念。

【高考鏈接】（2015·全國卷Ⅰ，語法填空，67）Yangshuo________（be） really beautiful.

【解析】is。地名Yangshuo作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)，且時態(tài)應(yīng)為一般現(xiàn)在時。

二、只能跟復(fù)數(shù)作謂語的情形

序號__________________________ _____主語形式謂語形式______________ ___備注1復(fù)數(shù)名詞，以及由連接詞and ____或both...and連接的名詞_____ _________ ______________復(fù)數(shù)2有些名詞，如people，cattle，police等沒有單數(shù)形式的詞作____主語時，謂語動詞只能用復(fù)數(shù)_________ ______________復(fù)數(shù)形式上是單數(shù)3“a number of＋復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作____主語時____________________ _________ ______________復(fù)數(shù)

【高考鏈接】（2016·北京卷，單選改編，23）—Excuse me，which movie are you waiting for?

—The new Star Wars. We________（wait）here for more than two hours.

【解析】have been waiting。復(fù)數(shù)名詞“we”作主語時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)，且時態(tài)應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時。

【高考鏈接】（2014·陜西卷，單句改錯）Suddenly the arrows was flying down at us from the sky.

【解析】was改為were。復(fù)數(shù)名詞“arrows”作主語時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。

【經(jīng)典試題】At present cattle________（be） allowed to graze in this area.

【解析】are?？疾橹髦^一致，cattle作主語，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。

【經(jīng)典試題】（2015·江西省贛州一中月考，單選改編）A great number of visitors _______（be）attracted to my hometown，and the number of foreigners there________（be） quite large.

【解析】are，is。a number of+復(fù)數(shù)謂語動詞，the number of+單數(shù)謂語動詞。

三、既能跟單數(shù)又能跟復(fù)數(shù)的情形

1.需要排除附加成分的情形

序號_________主語形式謂語形式____備注1“名詞/代詞+as well as，rather than，like，but，expect，besides，with，together with，along with，including，in addi-____ tion to+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)作主語時__ _________ _____________取決于其前面的名詞/代詞常被稱為“就遠(yuǎn)/前一致”2由“a lot of，lots of，plenty of，the rest of，the majority of+名詞/代詞”構(gòu)成的短語以及由“分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)+名詞”構(gòu)____成的短語作主語時___________ _________ _____________取決于of后的名詞3在there be 結(jié)構(gòu)、here 以及表示地點(diǎn)的介詞詞組位于句首時取決于其后最近主____________________________語的形式_ _____________“就近一致”4“one of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+who/which/ that”引導(dǎo)的定語從句中，____ who/which/that作主語時______ _________復(fù)數(shù)one前有the only，very修飾時用單數(shù)__ 5當(dāng)either...or...，neither...nor...，not only...but also...，not...but...，or，nor等并列連詞連接兩個_____主語時_____________________ __________ _____________取決于其前最近主語的形式

【高考鏈接】（2013·福建卷，單選改編，23）The famous musician，as well as his students，_______（invite）to perform at the opening ceremony of the 2012 Taipei Flower Expo.

【解析】was invited?！癮s well as”前的主語為單數(shù)名詞“The famous musician”；2012表示時態(tài)為過去時。

【經(jīng)典試題】（2015·大連模擬） The factory used 65 percent of the raw materials，the rest of which___ ____（save）for other purposes.

【解析】were saved?！皌he rest of which”指代復(fù)數(shù)名詞materials，且時態(tài)為過去式并為被動。

【高考鏈接】（2016·上海卷，翻譯改編）_______（be）there any point in lining up for the whole night just to buy a pair of sports shoes?

【解析】Is。there后面最近為單數(shù)主語“any point”。

【經(jīng)典試題】（2015·江蘇二模，改錯）She was one of the girls who was late for the meeting yesterday.

【解析】第二個was 改為“were”?！皁ne of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+who”引導(dǎo)定語從句，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。

【經(jīng)典試題】（2015·西安質(zhì)檢，改錯）Either his friends or his brother are wrong.

【解析】are 改為is。主語由“either...or...”連接，離謂語動詞最近的主語為“his brother”，表單數(shù)。

2.需要根據(jù)所代表名詞或代詞決定單復(fù)數(shù)的情形

序號_________主語形式_____謂語形式_備注1 all，what，such等充當(dāng)主語時取決于所指代之詞2在定語從句中，關(guān)系代詞____ that，who，which等作主語時 __________________ ______取決于先行詞

【高考鏈接】（2014·湖南卷，單選改編，32）All we need_______（be）a small piece of land where we can plant various kinds of fruit trees throughout the growing seasons of the year.

【解析】is。all 指代單數(shù)主語“a piece of land”。

【高考鏈接】（2016·江蘇卷，單選改編，29）Dashan，who________（learn）crosstalk，the Chinese comedic tradition，for decades，wants to mix it up with the Western stand-up tradition.

【解析】has been learning。who指代人名“Dashan”，且時態(tài)應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時。

【高考鏈接】（2016·全國卷Ⅱ，書面表達(dá)范文改編）Any student who _______（be）interested is welcome to participate.

【解析】is。who指代單數(shù)名詞“student”。

四、取決于其前“量詞”的情形

序號___________主語形式___謂語形式_備注1由“kind/form/type/sort/species / series +of + 名詞”作主語時；“復(fù)數(shù)名詞+of this kind/form/type/sort/ ____ species/series”作主語時_________ _____________ ______取決于of前的“量詞”2“a quantity/large amount of+名詞”作主語時；“quantities of/amounts ____ of+名詞”作主語時_____________ ______________ ______取決于quantity和 amount

【經(jīng)典試題】All kinds of difficulties_______（have）to be overcome. This kind/sort of questions________（be）very difficult.

【解析】have；is。第一空所在句子的主語中kind為復(fù)數(shù)，所以謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。第二空所在句子的主語中kind為單數(shù)，所以謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。（注意：Questions of this kind / sort are very difficult.謂語動詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式）

【經(jīng)典試題】（2005·山東卷，單選改編，25）With more forests being destroyed，huge quantities of good earth _______（wash） away each year.

【解析】are being washed。quantities為復(fù)數(shù)，而且此處土壤是被沖走。

五、集合名詞作主語的情形

【經(jīng)典試題】The family________（be）a big one. The family________（be）all music lovers.

【解析】is；are。第一空前的“family”指代整體，第二空前面的“family”指代家庭成員。

六、單復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞作主語的情形

序號______________________ _ ___主語形式___________________ ______ ________________________________謂語形式備注/單復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞sheep，deer，fish，means，species，Chinese，Japanese，_____ series作主語時_________ ____________ ________________取決于其前面的修飾詞every+單數(shù)名詞；all+復(fù)數(shù)名詞

【經(jīng)典試題】（2014屆河南省鄭州市第四中學(xué)高三上學(xué)期第三次調(diào)考，單選改編，33）Every possible means _______（use） to prevent the air pollution，but the sky is still not clear.

【解析】has been used。every后跟單數(shù)名詞，所以主語“means”為單數(shù)，且根據(jù)句意判斷應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時。

七、the+形容詞作主語的情形

_序___ __________________________ ______號主語形式_____________________ ____________謂語形______________式備注1“the+形容詞或過去分詞”表______示一類人時________________ ____________ __________復(fù)數(shù)2“the + 形容詞”指一個人或表______示一種抽象概念或品質(zhì)時___ ____________ ___________單數(shù)

【經(jīng)典試題】（2015牡丹江期末，改錯） The young was very hungry and ate up almost everything.

【解析】was 改為were。“the young”表一類人，謂語動詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。

【試一試】

1. All the scientific evidence________（show）that increasing use of chemicals in farming ________（be）damaging our health.

2. When and where this took place________（be）still unknown.

3. As a result of destroying the forest，a large quantity of the desert________（cover） the land in the past decade.

4. An increasing number of students，year by year，across China________（try）hard to realize their dream of studying abroad.

5. Generally，students’ inner motivation with high expectations from others________（be）essential to their development.

6. I think the boss，rather than the workers， ______（be）to blame for the fire that caused so many deaths last week.

7. Neither the old lady nor her cats_______（step）out of the house since her husband passed away last month.

8. As is known to us all，English books of this kind_______（sell）well in middle schools.

9. I have finished a large part of the novel written by Dickens，the rest of which_______（be）very difficult.

10. Two fifths of the land in that district________（be）covered with trees and grass decades ago.

【參考答案】1. shows，is 2. is 3. has covered 4. are trying 5. is 6. was 7. have stepped 8. sell 9. is 10. was

（作者單位：梁雪蓉 新疆哈密石油高級中學(xué)；常玉國 新疆哈密地區(qū)第二中學(xué)）