河南 崔一冰
形容詞與副詞命題趨勢(shì)剖析與高分技巧
河南 崔一冰
形容詞與副詞名列考試大綱語(yǔ)法細(xì)目表之中,是每年高考的必考點(diǎn)之一,而且考查形式具有一定的規(guī)律性。
表一 全國(guó)卷形容詞和副詞三年考點(diǎn)分析表(語(yǔ)法填空)
表二 全國(guó)卷形容詞和副詞三年考點(diǎn)分析表(完形填空和短文改錯(cuò))
通過(guò)觀察和分析以上兩個(gè)表格,我們會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)其中的命題規(guī)律與趨勢(shì),形容詞和副詞是全國(guó)卷歷年高考的必考點(diǎn),涉及詞義辨析、比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)、分詞形容詞化、名詞的形容詞形式、形容詞的副詞形式等。在備考中,需要結(jié)合高考命題規(guī)律,有針對(duì)性地復(fù)習(xí)相關(guān)知識(shí)點(diǎn),努力夯實(shí)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí),并通過(guò)專(zhuān)題訓(xùn)練來(lái)培養(yǎng)和提高應(yīng)用能力。
(一)考查動(dòng)詞的形容詞形式
【考例1】(2014·全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷Ⅰ)While there are _68_(amaze) stories of instant transformation,for most of us the changes are gradual and require a lot of effort and work,like cleaning up a polluted river.
【解析】amazing??崭裉幾鞫ㄕZ(yǔ),用于修飾“stories”,故應(yīng)填amazing(現(xiàn)在分詞形容詞化)。
【考例2】(2014·全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷Ⅱ)There were many people waiting at the bus stop,and some of them looked very anxious and__63__(disappoint).
【解析】disappointed??崭裉幣c“anxious”是并列表語(yǔ),且用于描述人,故填disappointed(過(guò)去分詞形容詞化)。
【技巧點(diǎn)撥】當(dāng)提示詞是動(dòng)詞,且空格處在句中作表語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ)時(shí),該小題往往考查的是形容詞,而分詞形容詞是考查的重點(diǎn)。disappoint,puzzle,worry等使役性動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞可作為形容詞使用。由過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成的形容詞常用于人,而由現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成的形容詞常用于物。
(二)考查名詞的形容詞形式
【考例1】(2015·全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷Ⅱ)As_69_(nature)architects,the Pueblo Indians figured out exactly how thick the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days.
【解析】natural??崭裉幾鞫ㄕZ(yǔ),修飾名詞“architects”,結(jié)合語(yǔ)境可知,空格處應(yīng)填形容詞。
【考例2】(2014·全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷Ⅰ)Just be_70_(patience).
【解析】patient。空格處作表語(yǔ),結(jié)合語(yǔ)境可知,空格處應(yīng)填形容詞patient。
【技巧點(diǎn)撥】當(dāng)提示詞是名詞時(shí),空格處在句中作定語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)時(shí),題干側(cè)重考查的是名詞轉(zhuǎn)換為形容詞。
(三)考查動(dòng)詞的副詞形式
【考例1】(2014·廣東卷)When we were wondering what to do,the manager came out. She was_22_(surprise)helpful.
【解析】surprisingly???格處作狀語(yǔ),修飾形容詞“helpful”,故填surprisingly。
【考例2】(山西省山大附中2016屆高三診斷考試)“If only I could turn back time,I would scold him severely.”She said_50_(regret).
【解析】regretfully??崭裉幾鳡钫Z(yǔ),修飾謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞“said”,故填regretfully。
【技巧點(diǎn)撥】當(dāng)提示詞是動(dòng)詞,且空格處作狀語(yǔ),用于修飾形容詞、副詞、動(dòng)詞等時(shí),則往往先把該動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換為形容詞,然后再轉(zhuǎn)換為副詞。
(四)考查形容詞的副詞形式
【考例1】(2016·全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷Ⅱ)Recent studies show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks_67_(regular).
【解析】regularly。空格處作狀語(yǔ),應(yīng)填寫(xiě)提示詞的副詞形式。
【考例2】(2015·全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷Ⅱ)Walls made of adobe take in the heat from the sun on hot days and give out that hea_t_65_(slow) during cool nights,thus warming the house.
【解析】slowly??崭裉幱糜谛揎梽?dòng)詞短語(yǔ)“give out”,故副詞slowly符合題意。
【技巧點(diǎn)撥】當(dāng)提示詞是形容詞,且空格處在句中作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),空格處一般填寫(xiě)形容詞的副詞形式。
(五)考查形容詞詞義辨析
【考例】(2016·全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷Ⅰ,完形填空)They told her to stay_52_until the emergency personnel arrived,but she thought the car was going to explode.
A. quiet B. still
C. away D. calm
【解析】B。根據(jù)空前的“They told her to stay”,并結(jié)合上句話內(nèi)容可知,他們告訴她別動(dòng)。still強(qiáng)調(diào)的是靜止不動(dòng),符合文意。A項(xiàng)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是安靜,D項(xiàng)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是鎮(zhèn)靜,與文意不符。故選B項(xiàng)。
【技巧點(diǎn)撥】對(duì)于考查形容詞詞義辨析的試題,把握好題干的具體語(yǔ)境,并結(jié)合好形容詞的詞義,即可確定答案。
(六)考查副詞詞義辨析
【考例】(2016·全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷Ⅰ,完形填空)The man who had his bright lights on came over and told Larry he had made an emergency call. They_50_heard a woman’s voice coming from the wrecked (毀壞的) vehicle.
A. then B. again
C. finally D. even
【解析】A。根據(jù)上句話內(nèi)容,并結(jié)合空后的“heard a woman’s voice coming from...”可知,然后他們聽(tīng)到受損車(chē)輛里傳出一位女士的聲音。故選A項(xiàng)。
【技巧點(diǎn)撥】題干考查的是副詞詞義辨析,一方面需要對(duì)涉及的副詞詞義了如指掌,另一方面還需要準(zhǔn)確理解題干的語(yǔ)境,這樣才能敲定答案。
(七)考查形容詞或副詞的比較級(jí)
【考例1】(2016·全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷Ⅱ)If you feel stressed by responsibilities at work,you should take a step back and identify (識(shí)別) those of__61__(great) and less importance.
【解析】greater??崭裉幣c“l(fā)ess”是并列關(guān)系,由此和語(yǔ)境可知,空格處應(yīng)填比較級(jí)。
【考例2】(2014·遼寧卷)The_68_(hard) you try to beat him,the more likely you will get hit. He controls you!
【解析】harder。根據(jù)句式“the+比較級(jí)+其他,the+比較級(jí)+其他”可知,空格處填harder。
【技巧點(diǎn)撥】對(duì)于考查比較級(jí)的小題,在確定答案時(shí)需要結(jié)合語(yǔ)境或一些常用句式。注意靈活掌握以下常用句式:
1. 形容詞或副詞的比較級(jí)+ than+其他,意為“比……更……”
2. less+原級(jí)+than...,意為“比……更不……,不如……”
3. ①比較級(jí)+than+any other+單數(shù)名詞+其他
②比較級(jí)+than+(all)the other+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+其他
③比較級(jí)+than+anyone else+其他
④比較級(jí)+than+the rest of the other+復(fù)數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞+其他
⑤比較級(jí)+than+any of the other+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+其他(備注:①至⑤用于同一范圍內(nèi)比較)
⑥比較級(jí)+than+any+單數(shù)名詞+其他(不在同一范圍內(nèi)比較)
4. the +比較級(jí)(+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)),the +比較級(jí)(+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)),意為“越……就越……”
5. 比較級(jí)+and+比較級(jí),意為“越來(lái)越……”
6. the+形容詞比較級(jí)(+其他)+of the two +名詞,意為“兩者中較……的一個(gè)”
(八)考查形容詞或副詞的最高級(jí)
【考例1】(湖北省洗馬高中2016屆高三調(diào)考)Among the few scientists who have had a great effect on science and history,Albert Einstein is perhaps the_61_(great).
【解析】greatest。根據(jù)空格前的“Among the few scientists”和語(yǔ)境可知,空格處填最高級(jí)。
【考例2】(東北育才學(xué)校2016屆高三模擬)Brighton is the__61_(health) city in Britain with the highest level of personal trainers,yoga clubs and health food stores,according to a survey released on Friday.
【解析】healthiest。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境“Brighton是英國(guó)最健康的城市”可知,healthiest符合題意。
【技巧點(diǎn)撥】當(dāng)題干涉及三者或三者以上的人或事物進(jìn)行比較時(shí),則考查的是最高級(jí)。
(九)考查名詞與形容詞之間的誤用
【考例1】(2013·四川卷,短文改錯(cuò))I found the test difficulty,but I tried hard to do it.
【解析】difficulty→difficult。test之后需要接形容詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。
【考例2】(2013·遼寧卷,短文改錯(cuò))He has ruined his healthy. We are worried about him.
【解析】healthy→health。形容詞性物主代詞“his”之后應(yīng)用名詞形式。
【技巧點(diǎn)撥】名詞一般作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)等,而形容詞常作定語(yǔ)、賓補(bǔ)或表語(yǔ)等,答題時(shí)可依據(jù)這一知識(shí)來(lái)辨別名詞和形容詞之間的誤用。
(十)考查形容詞與副詞之間的誤用
【考例1】(2015·浙江卷,短文改錯(cuò))On the lefthand side of the class,I could easy see the football field.
【解析】easy→easily。修飾動(dòng)詞“see”應(yīng)用副詞。
【考例2】(2016·全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷Ⅲ,短文改錯(cuò))At one time,I ever felt my parents couldn’t understand me so I hoped I could be freely from them.
【解析】freely→free。系動(dòng)詞be之后應(yīng)用形容詞free作表語(yǔ)。
【技巧點(diǎn)撥】副詞常修飾形容詞、副詞或動(dòng)詞等,常在句中作狀語(yǔ),而形容詞常修飾名詞,常在句中作定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓補(bǔ)等,答題時(shí)需要結(jié)合二者之間的區(qū)別來(lái)糾正題干中的錯(cuò)誤。
(十一)考查形容詞的相關(guān)短語(yǔ)
【考例】(2015·全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷Ⅱ,完形填空)The lessons they learned may not be __60__what they would have gotten in school,but are certainly more personal and meaningful,because they had to work them out on their own.
A. harmful to B. mixed with
C. different from D. applied to
【解析】C。結(jié)合空格前面的“The lessons they learned...”和空格后面的“what they would have gotten in school”可知,她們學(xué)到的經(jīng)驗(yàn)與她們?cè)趯W(xué)校中學(xué)到的東西沒(méi)有什么不同。
【技巧點(diǎn)撥】備考時(shí),對(duì)于常用的形容詞相關(guān)短語(yǔ)需要熟練掌握,在答題時(shí)需要把短語(yǔ)的含義與題干的語(yǔ)境緊密結(jié)合起來(lái)。
(十二)利用純空格題考查副詞
【考例1】(2015·全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷Ⅰ)A few hours _62_,I’d been at home in Hong Kong,with its choking smog. Here,the air was clean and fresh,even with the rain.
【解析】before/earlier。根據(jù)空后的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)境“早在幾小時(shí)前”可知,空格處填before/earlier。
【考例2】(湖南省衡陽(yáng)縣一中2016屆高三期中)So countries have spent billions of dollars on science to develop new ways of making things and doing work._63_,this new technique is the main cause of the world’s problems.
【解析】However??崭裉幈硎巨D(zhuǎn)折,結(jié)合逗號(hào)和語(yǔ)境可知,However符合題意。
【技巧點(diǎn)撥】在語(yǔ)法填空題中,利用純空格題考查副詞時(shí),一方面需要確定空格處在句中作狀語(yǔ),另一方面還需要結(jié)合好題干的具體語(yǔ)境。
【小試牛刀】
1. When he was 25 years old,he met my grandmother at a dance and a year________they got married.
2. The________(cheer) and optimistic rabbit threw himself into looking for the carrot,digging here and there,totally convinced that he would find it.
3. It is important for students to use the Internet________(proper).
4. 38% of students often use the Internet. Most of them get________(use) information on the Internet and use the Internet to help their studies.
5. Have a look at this salmon. You won’t find a________(fresh) piece of fish in town!
6. We think it is________(reason) to assume they lived in these caves,regardless of the cold.
7. Then he ran back to the station________(hurry)only to find that the old man was gone.
8. As high school students of the Information Age,we should learn to use this________(value) tool to communicate and display ourselves.
9. I still feel that all children are the________(great)joy I could ever have.
10. When he was five years old,he lived in a________(distance)village.
11. As we all know,baked or fried foods may be tasty,but eating too much of them will________(probable)result in some illnesses.
12. Finally,the result was announced. It was________(amaze)that our class won the second place.
13. That greatly affects their health and makes their parents and teachers________(concern).
14. Five years later,the man is one of the________(big)food retailers(零售商) in the US.
15. Tom’s teachers thought that he worked________(hard) at my study than most of my classmates.
【參考答案】1. later 2. cheerful 3. properly 4. useful 5. fresher 6. reasonable 7. hurriedly 8. valuable 9. greatest 10. distant 11. probably 12. amazing 13. concerned 14. biggest 15. harder