寧廣輝
摘 要: 任務(wù)型讀寫(xiě)是發(fā)展學(xué)生綜合運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言能力的重要途徑,主要考查考生對(duì)閱讀文章中有效信息進(jìn)行篩選、整合和綜合概括的能力,要求考生在閱讀理解的基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)閱讀信息進(jìn)行二次加工,歸納要點(diǎn),整合零散信息,并根據(jù)表格的形式把加工后的信息準(zhǔn)確、有序地表達(dá)出來(lái)。
關(guān)鍵詞: 任務(wù)型讀寫(xiě) 篩選 整合 概括
在《普通高中英語(yǔ)新課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》(實(shí)驗(yàn))中,課程目標(biāo)中明確規(guī)定:根據(jù)高中學(xué)生認(rèn)知能力發(fā)展的特點(diǎn)和學(xué)業(yè)發(fā)展的需求,高中英語(yǔ)課程應(yīng)強(qiáng)調(diào)在進(jìn)一步發(fā)展學(xué)生綜合語(yǔ)言能力的基礎(chǔ)上,著重提高學(xué)生用英語(yǔ)獲取信息、處理信息、分析問(wèn)題和解決問(wèn)題的能力,特別注重提高學(xué)生用英語(yǔ)進(jìn)行思維和表達(dá)的能力……終結(jié)性評(píng)價(jià)中這樣規(guī)定:終結(jié)性評(píng)價(jià)應(yīng)以考查學(xué)生綜合語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用能力為目標(biāo)。在終結(jié)性評(píng)價(jià)中,通過(guò)理解與表達(dá)的任務(wù)來(lái)檢測(cè)學(xué)生運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言知識(shí)的能力,因?yàn)橛⒄Z(yǔ)教學(xué)中的任務(wù)指有利于學(xué)生用英語(yǔ)做事情的各種語(yǔ)言實(shí)踐活動(dòng),涉及信息的吸收、處理和傳遞等過(guò)程,英語(yǔ)課程改革的重點(diǎn)是將綜合語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用能力作為英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的終極目標(biāo)。正是基于任務(wù)型閱讀理念的支撐,在2009年普通高等學(xué)校招生考試安徽卷英語(yǔ)試題中,增加了任務(wù)型讀寫(xiě)這一新題型。
一、題型的命制特點(diǎn)
任務(wù)型讀寫(xiě)是發(fā)展學(xué)生綜合運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言能力的重要途徑,主要考查考生對(duì)閱讀的文章中的有效信息進(jìn)行篩選、整合和綜合概括的能力,要求考生在閱讀理解的基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)閱讀信息進(jìn)行二次加工,歸納要點(diǎn),整合零散信息,并根據(jù)表格的形式把加工后的信息準(zhǔn)確、有序地表達(dá)出來(lái)。題型結(jié)構(gòu)為短文和表格,要求考生根據(jù)短文(300詞左右)提供的信息,用恰當(dāng)?shù)脑~語(yǔ)完成與短文相關(guān)的表格。根據(jù)對(duì)2009年高考英語(yǔ)考試說(shuō)明中的樣題及09、10年高考英語(yǔ)安徽卷的真題研究,筆者發(fā)現(xiàn),在設(shè)置的十個(gè)空格中,均為對(duì)實(shí)詞的考查,尤其以名詞為主,樣題中7個(gè)是名詞,1個(gè)形容詞,1個(gè)動(dòng)詞,1個(gè)數(shù)詞;2009年真題中,10個(gè)設(shè)項(xiàng)中考6個(gè)名詞,3個(gè)形容詞和1個(gè)動(dòng)詞。2010年高考10個(gè)設(shè)項(xiàng)均是實(shí)詞,包括6個(gè)名詞,3個(gè)動(dòng)詞和1個(gè)形容詞。
二、解題的策略與方法
任務(wù)型讀寫(xiě)是安徽省2009年高考英語(yǔ)試題中新增的一種題型,取代了沿用了十幾年之久的短文改錯(cuò)題,在《2009年普通高等學(xué)校招生全國(guó)統(tǒng)一考試(安徽卷)英語(yǔ)說(shuō)明》中,關(guān)于任務(wù)型讀寫(xiě)是這樣敘述的:任務(wù)型讀寫(xiě)是發(fā)展學(xué)生綜合運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言能力的重要途徑??忌仨氃谡J(rèn)真閱讀所給短文的基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)短文中的有效信息進(jìn)行提煉、整合,最終根據(jù)表格的設(shè)計(jì)要求,在每個(gè)空格里填寫(xiě)一個(gè)恰當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~。2010年高考安徽卷英語(yǔ)考試說(shuō)明把“提煉、整合”四個(gè)字改成了“篩選、整合與概括”六個(gè)字,廣大高三教師和考生絕不能小看這三個(gè)詞組、六個(gè)字的改動(dòng),這里面蘊(yùn)含了任務(wù)型讀寫(xiě)這一題型考查的三種題目及解題方法。通過(guò)對(duì)2009年高考安徽卷英語(yǔ)真題的研究,筆者發(fā)現(xiàn),該試卷的第80題及83題考查考生對(duì)文中信息進(jìn)行篩選的能力;第77題、78題、79題及85題考查考生對(duì)所提取信息進(jìn)行整合轉(zhuǎn)換的能力;第76題、81題、82題和84題考查考生的綜合概括能力。因此,與2009年的考試說(shuō)明相比,2010年的考試說(shuō)明在任務(wù)型讀寫(xiě)這一項(xiàng)的變化就是:換成六個(gè)字,體現(xiàn)三種題,成就十個(gè)空。對(duì)于“篩選、整合、概括”這六個(gè)字折射出的命題及答題策略,筆者以為最通俗的詮釋是“找詞、變?cè)~、概括詞”。所謂“找詞”,多指從所讀的文章中找出單詞直接填入;“變?cè)~”則是對(duì)文中單詞的二度加工,改編后填入或整合轉(zhuǎn)換后填入,而轉(zhuǎn)換的題目多為詞性轉(zhuǎn)化;主/被動(dòng)的轉(zhuǎn)換;及物與不及物動(dòng)詞的轉(zhuǎn)換;加前后綴的轉(zhuǎn)換,等等;“概括詞”即略讀文章,領(lǐng)會(huì)文章大意,提取文中信息,總結(jié)概括歸納一個(gè)詞填入,因?yàn)槲恼轮姓也坏皆~,所以這種題目的難度最大。在平時(shí)的英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)及高考的沖刺中,加強(qiáng)對(duì)英語(yǔ)單詞詞性轉(zhuǎn)換及替換詞的研究與操練大有好處,例如:be of great benefit-be beneficial;be of no use-be useless;able-ability;go to foreign countries-go abroad;speed up-accelerate;I don’t know-I have no knowledge -I have no idea ;while I’m away-during my absence;in all-altogether;apply-application;arrange-arrangement;assume-assumption;Come whenever it’s convenient to you-Come at your earliest convenience;All things taken into consideration-All things considered;describe-description;development-develop;differ-different-difference;decide-decision;be full of energy-be energetic;explain-explanation;face-facial;exist-come into existence;expect-expectation;evident-evidence;fail-failure;fluent-fluency;hard-hardship;guide-guidance;intend-intention;kind-kindness;mix-mixture;prefer-preference;sign-signature;success-succeed-successful-successfully;worth-worthwhile,confused-confusing;puzzled-puzzling;invent-invention-inventor;be on time-be punctual;a wide variety of uses-varieties of uses;It was surprising that-It came as a surprise that-Surprisingly;It was hoped that-Hopefully;take the place of-replace;be well prepared for-make preparations for,等等。
三、高頻詞匯
當(dāng)下任務(wù)型閱讀這一題型是高考考生做英語(yǔ)題時(shí)感到最頭疼的,因?yàn)殚喿x的文章比較長(zhǎng)(300詞左右),而且對(duì)考生的能力要求比較高,考生必須在認(rèn)真閱讀所給短文的基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)短文中的有效信息進(jìn)行篩選、整合、概括,最終根據(jù)表格設(shè)計(jì)的要求,在每個(gè)空格里填寫(xiě)一個(gè)恰當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~。做題的方式有多種,通常情況是先讀短文,再看表格,然后定位細(xì)讀,尋找所考查的信息點(diǎn)。這樣做通常耗時(shí)多,也可以先看表格,大致了解一下表格分哪幾塊,做到心中有數(shù),然后有針對(duì)性地閱讀短文,邊閱讀邊鎖定考查的信息點(diǎn)。根據(jù)該題型的命題規(guī)律,經(jīng)過(guò)大量研究,筆者發(fā)現(xiàn)有些單詞在做任務(wù)型閱讀題時(shí)的確出現(xiàn)的頻率很高(尤其是打√的詞)?,F(xiàn)將它們歸納如下,熟練掌握,定會(huì)對(duì)做題有所裨益。
1.title 標(biāo)題 √ 66.type類(lèi)型、型號(hào)
2.topic(文章、演講、討論等的)話題 67.kind種類(lèi)
3.subject 主題;課題 68.height高度
4.outline 提綱 69.weight重量;體重
5.main idea主題思想 70.shape形狀
6.supporting details支持性的細(xì)節(jié)71.color顏色
7.introduction介紹;導(dǎo)入;入門(mén)√ 72.speed速度
8.development發(fā)展 73.rate速度、比率
9.paragraph段落 74.temperature溫度
10.conclusion結(jié)論;結(jié)束√ 75.distance距離√
11.summary總結(jié) 76.style風(fēng)格、方式
12.evidence證據(jù) √ 77.material材料√
13.proof 證據(jù) 78.price價(jià)格
14.opinion看法;觀點(diǎn) 79.health健康狀況
15.views/viewpoint/point of view觀點(diǎn)√
80.experiences經(jīng)歷;閱歷
16.cause of ...的原因 √81.result/outcome/consequence結(jié)果
17.reason for ...的理由 √
82.effects on/influence on對(duì)……的影響√
18.question/problem/issue問(wèn)題 83.analysis分析√
19.answer to回答;答案 84.population人口;人口數(shù)字
20.key to答案 85.area面積
21.solution to ...解決辦法√ 86.history歷史
22.ways of doing/to do ...的方法√ 87.geography地理
23.means of doing ...的方法√88.situation局勢(shì);現(xiàn)狀;情形√
24.approach to do ...的方法/途徑√ 89.background背景
25.measures/steps措施、步驟√ 90.religion宗教
26.time時(shí)間 91.attitude toward ...對(duì)……的態(tài)度√
27.place/location地點(diǎn) 92.contents內(nèi)容
28.date日期 93.event事件
29.arrival到達(dá) 94.activities活動(dòng)√
30.departure出發(fā) 95.order順序
31.destination目的地√ 96.direction方向
32.name姓名 97.pattern圖案;模式;花紋
33.age年齡 98.assessment評(píng)估
34.sex性別 99.differences不同之處√
35.marriage婚姻狀況 100.similarities相似之處√
36.number數(shù)字 101.characteristics特色;特點(diǎn)√
37.figure數(shù)字;插圖;人物;雕像
102.character性格;角色(小說(shuō)、戲?。┤宋?/p>
38.amount數(shù)量 103.features特點(diǎn)
39.quality質(zhì)量;品質(zhì);素質(zhì);特性
104.appearance外貌;外表
40.quantity數(shù)量 105.personality個(gè)性
41.length長(zhǎng)度 106.occasion場(chǎng)合
42.width寬度 107.tips建議;小貼士
43.size尺寸;規(guī)格;大小 108.advice建議,咨詢(xún)
44.suggestion建議 109.reaction反應(yīng);回應(yīng)√
45.requirements/demands要求√ 110.aspects方面√
46.condition條件√ 111.function/use功能;用途
47.food食物 112.previous/former先前的
48.clothes衣服 113.following/next接下來(lái)的;隨后的
49.defination定義 √ 114.relationship關(guān)系
50.rules規(guī)則;制度 115.factors因素√
51.interview采訪;面試 116.importance/significance重要性
52.comment on對(duì)……的評(píng)論117.value價(jià)值
53.plan計(jì)劃 118.behaviors行為
54.examples例子 119.concerned關(guān)注;關(guān)心
55.advantages有利因素;優(yōu)勢(shì) √ 120.information信息√
56.disadvantages不利因素;弊端 √ 121.instructions說(shuō)明√
57.benefits益處;好處 √ 122.arrangements安排√
58.weak points弱點(diǎn) 123.on a daily/weekly basis按天/周√
59.strong points優(yōu)點(diǎn);強(qiáng)項(xiàng) 124.cases/circumstances情況√
60.course過(guò)程;課程;一道菜;河道
125.education受教育情況
61.purpose目的√ 126.hobby愛(ài)好
62.occupation職業(yè) 127.procedure程序√
63.bloodtype血型 128.process過(guò)程;進(jìn)程;步驟;程序√
64.address地址 129.website網(wǎng)址
65.telephone電話 130.fax傳真
四、實(shí)例分析:
以下是2010年高考英語(yǔ)安徽卷的任務(wù)型讀寫(xiě)部分:
When difficult people express themselves orally,they generally want at least two things: they’ve been heard and they’ve been understood.As a good communicator should be a good listener,five steps are advocated toward good listening.
The first step is cooperating(合作).How does a difficult person know that you’re listening and understanding?In fact,it’s through the way you look and sound while he is talking.You may help him to fully express his thoughts and feelings.You do this by nodding your head in agreement,making certain sounds of understanding.
When the person begins to repeat what’s been said,it’s a signal of step two: turning back.It means that you repeat back some words he is using,sending a clear signal that you’re listening carefully and that you think what he is saying is important.
Having heard what he has to say,the next step is clarifying.At this point,you start to gather information about what is being communicated.Ask some open-ended questions,which will allow you to figure out what intention he is hoping to satisfy.
The fourth step is to summarize(概括) what you’ve heard.This allows you to make sure that both you and the difficult person are on the same page.When you do this,two things happen.First,if you’ve missed something,he can fill in the details(細(xì)節(jié)).Second,you’ve shown that you’re making an effort to understand completely.This increases the possibility of gaining cooperation from him.
Having listened carefully,you’ve now arrived at the point of confirming with the person that he feels satisfied that his thoughts have been fully voiced.Ask if he feels understood.
When enough sincere listening,questioning,and remembering are brought together,understanding is usually achieved and a difficult person becomes less difficult and more cooperative.
本篇文章介紹的是如何同有困難、需要求助且可能不善言辭的人溝通、交流的五步法:合作、回應(yīng)、闡述、概括和確認(rèn)。通過(guò)足夠真誠(chéng)的聆聽(tīng)、詢(xún)問(wèn)、記憶別人的傾訴,便可以達(dá)到理解對(duì)方、幫助對(duì)方排憂解難的目的。表格概括了短文的重要信息,與2009年相同,10個(gè)設(shè)項(xiàng)均是實(shí)詞,包括6個(gè)名詞,3個(gè)動(dòng)詞和1個(gè)形容詞。雖然其中兩個(gè)名詞和一個(gè)動(dòng)詞可以直接從原文中找到,但需要考生對(duì)原文充分理解與歸納,其他7個(gè)考點(diǎn)均需進(jìn)行不同層次的信息轉(zhuǎn)換和提煉。
76.根據(jù)文章開(kāi)頭一句:How does a difficult person know that you’re listening and understanding? When difficult people express themselves orally,they generally want at least two things: they’ve been heard and they’ve been understood.根據(jù)第二段第一句: How does a difficult person know that you’re listening and understanding?從這兩句話可以歸納出這題的正確答案應(yīng)該是Listen或Listening,因?yàn)槭俏恼掠懻摰脑掝},所以?xún)蓚€(gè)答案均可,均要大寫(xiě)。題干意為:傾聽(tīng)以便于理解別人。此題考查考生的綜合概括能力。
77.根據(jù)文章第一段第二句:“ When difficult people express themselves orally,they generally want at least two things: they’ve been heard and they’ve been understood.”可以看出此題的正確答案是understood。 此題考查考生對(duì)文章中信息進(jìn)行篩選的能力。
78.根據(jù)文章第一段:“As a good communicator should be a good listener,five steps are advocated toward good listening.”作者在為如何聆聽(tīng)有困難的人支招,根據(jù)表中的信息,可以概括出這一題的正確答案是Suggestions或Tips或Advice。此題考查考生的綜合概括能力。
79.從文章第二段第五句“You do this by nodding your head in agreement,making certain sounds of understanding.”提取有效信息“通過(guò)會(huì)意的點(diǎn)頭,發(fā)出某些理解性的聲音便可以做到這一點(diǎn)”,將動(dòng)名詞轉(zhuǎn)換為表中需要的祈使句動(dòng)詞,故這一題應(yīng)該填Nod。此題考查考生對(duì)所提取信息進(jìn)行整合轉(zhuǎn)換的能力。
80.從文章第三段第二句:“It means that you repeat some words he is using …”可以看出這一題的正確答案是words。此題考查考生對(duì)文中信息進(jìn)行篩選的能力。
81.從文章第四段:“Ask some open-ended questions,which will allow you to figure out what intention he is hoping to satisfy.”可以看出這一題的正確答案是intention。此題考查考生對(duì)文中信息進(jìn)行篩選的能力。
82.根據(jù)文章第五段開(kāi)頭:“The fourth step is to summarize what you’ve heard.”可以看出表中需要的信息是名詞,故正確答案是summary。此題考查考生對(duì)所提取信息進(jìn)行整合轉(zhuǎn)換的能力。
83.根據(jù)文章第六段開(kāi)頭“Having listened carefully,you’ve now arrived at the point of confirming with the person that he feels satisfied that his thoughts have been fully voiced.”提取有效信息“確認(rèn)傾訴衷腸后,有困難的人獲得了某種滿(mǎn)足感”。根據(jù)表格的需要,把文中的過(guò)去分詞轉(zhuǎn)換成表格中需要的名詞,故填satisfaction。此題考查考生對(duì)所提取信息進(jìn)行整合轉(zhuǎn)換的能力。
84.根據(jù)文章最后一段“When enough sincere listening,questioning,and remembering are brought together,understanding is usually achieved and a difficult person becomes less difficult and more cooperative.”提取有效信息,把less difficult轉(zhuǎn)換成相同意思的另一種說(shuō)法,當(dāng)然應(yīng)該是easier。此題考查考生對(duì)所提取信息進(jìn)行整合轉(zhuǎn)換的能力。
85.根據(jù)文章的開(kāi)頭和結(jié)尾,可以歸納出本題答案應(yīng)該是hearts或minds。題干意為:傾聽(tīng)并理解了有困難的人便可以開(kāi)啟其心扉之門(mén)。此題考查考生的綜合概括能力。
總之,只要了解了任務(wù)型讀寫(xiě)的命題規(guī)律與特點(diǎn),掌握了一定的技巧與方法,通過(guò)仔細(xì)閱讀原文,深刻領(lǐng)會(huì)文章的主旨大意,再根據(jù)表格中設(shè)項(xiàng)的需要,對(duì)從文章中所提取的有用信息進(jìn)行篩選、整合轉(zhuǎn)換與綜合概括,做任務(wù)型讀寫(xiě)題就一定會(huì)得心應(yīng)手,順風(fēng)順?biāo)?,游刃有余?/p>
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1]普通高中英語(yǔ)新課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(實(shí)驗(yàn)).人民教育出版社,2003.
[2]2010年普通高等學(xué)校招生全國(guó)統(tǒng)一考試安徽卷英語(yǔ)科考試說(shuō)明.