喻愛和+邱仁華+許新華
摘要:在催化劑氫氧化銫存在下,DMF做溶劑,室溫、空氣氛圍中亞磷酸二乙酯與炔硒醚不是發(fā)生預期的加成反應,而是還原斷裂SeCsP鍵,得到相應的端炔和磷酸硒酯,收率89%~95%.考察了與炔及硒相連的取代基對反應的影響,結果表明,取代基的電性對反應沒有明顯的影響.反應機理為氫氧化銫與亞磷酸二乙酯反應生成的(EtO)2P-(O)Cs+親核進攻炔硒醚中的Se生成磷酸硒酯和RC≡C-Cs+,RC≡C-Cs+隨后水解得到RC≡CH,同時形成催化劑氫氧化銫.本方法為斷裂SeCsP提供了一條新的簡便且有效的路徑.
關鍵詞:氫氧化銫;炔硒醚;亞磷酸二乙酯;磷酸硒酯;合成
中圖分類號:O621.3 文獻標識碼:A
硒原子具有空的4d軌道,對碳負離子有很好的穩(wěn)定作用,芳硒基基團在有機合成中常作為保護基團.例如,用witting反應制備炔烴是一種重要的合成方法(Scheme 1) \[1\].然而為了形成穩(wěn)定的磷葉立德中間體, R1必須是吸電子基如酯基,氰基等.而且這種方法具有局限性,不能制備端炔.
關于炔硒醚脫保護,已經(jīng)有一些文獻報道,如使用正丁基鋰或者間氯過氧苯甲酸脫保護\[2\];使用Cp2TiCl2/itBuMgBr體系脫保護\[3\];使用三丁基錫烷與偶氮二異丁氰使炔硒醚脫保護等\[4\].這些方法使用的正丁基鋰及格式試劑對水十分敏感,需要嚴格的無水操作;間氯過氧苯甲酸及偶氮二異丁氰是易爆的危險物質.因此,發(fā)展簡便的去硒化方法,對于端炔的制備具有很大意義.
炔硒醚是合成轉化的重要中間體\[5-17\].通過與親電試劑或親核試劑加成,可以得到雙官能團烯烴.氫氧化銫是無機超強堿,它能與弱酸性物質反應形成強親核性的陰離子\[18-19\].P-H鍵是極性鍵,氫表現(xiàn)出一定酸性,它應能與氫氧化銫反應形成親核性磷負離子.因此,設想氫氧化銫催化O,O二烷基亞膦酸酯與炔硒醚進行加成,以期制備含磷和硒的新型的雙官能團烯烴.但是,實驗表明,氫氧化銫催化下,亞磷酸酯并不能對炔硒醚進行加成,而是發(fā)生炔硒醚的去硒化反應.本文報道這一研究結果.
1實驗部分
1.1儀器與試劑
31P NMR (TMS為內(nèi)標),1H NMR (TMS為內(nèi)標),13C NMR(以TMS 為內(nèi)標)用 INOVA400 型儀測定,質譜由HP5989A 測定.溶劑 DMF未經(jīng)除水處理,硅膠為青島海洋化工廠產(chǎn)品,氫氧化銫從 Aldrich 公司購買.
1.2實驗方法
在室溫及氮氣下,將1.0 mmol的亞磷酸二乙酯與0.2 mmol 氫氧化銫加入到5.0 mL DMF中攪拌0.5 h,然后加入1.0 mmol 炔硒醚繼續(xù)攪拌,TLC追蹤反應進程,待炔硒醚消耗完,停止反應,加入20 mL水,用乙酸乙酯(15 mL×3)萃取,合并有機相,有機相用水洗 (20 mL×2),無水硫酸鈉干燥.柱層析純化,先用純石油醚做洗脫機將端炔沖下來,再用石油醚/乙酸乙酯(V∶V=1∶1)做洗脫機將磷酸硒酯分離出來,即得產(chǎn)物2a~2f及3a~3d.
2結果與討論
以3苯氧丙炔基苯硒醚與亞磷酸二乙酯的反應為模型 (Scheme 3).在室溫及氮氣下,將1.0 mmol亞磷酸二乙酯與0.2 mmol 氫氧化銫加入到5.0 mL DMF中攪拌0.5 h,然后加入1.0 mmol的3苯氧丙炔基苯基硒醚繼續(xù)攪拌,TLC追蹤反應進程,發(fā)現(xiàn)兩個新點,分離并對反產(chǎn)物進行表征,產(chǎn)物為3苯氧丙炔和O,O二乙基Se苯基磷酸酯.這一結果表明,氫氧化銫催化下,亞磷酸二乙酯并不能對炔硒醚進行加成,而是發(fā)生炔硒醚的去硒化反應.
采用上述投料比,空氣氛圍中,室溫下,以3苯氧丙炔基苯基硒醚與亞磷酸二乙酯的反應為模型,考察溶劑與時間對反應的影響.結果見表1.
96 反應條件: 反應物均為1.0 mmol, CsOH 0.2 mmol, 在室溫下反應.
從表1知,用二氯甲烷、甲苯作溶劑,在室溫幾乎不反應,延長反應時間,產(chǎn)率有所提高,但不顯著.以乙醇或THF作溶劑,在室溫反應效果比二氯甲烷、甲苯好,但不及DMF與DMSO.由于DMSO毒性大,所以用DMF作溶劑是一種較佳選擇.
氫氧化銫在DMF與DMSO中活性大,是因為DMF與DMSO是偶極非質子溶劑,偶極的負端對銫離子有強的靜電力,導致與之鍵合的陰離子(EtO)2P- (O)之間距離增大,使(EtO)2P(O)表現(xiàn)出強的親核性.
隨后以DMF做溶劑,采用上述投料比,空氣氛圍中,室溫下反應6 h,以3苯氧丙炔基苯基硒醚與亞磷酸二乙酯為模型,考察催化劑用量對反應的影響.結果見表2.
95 反應條件:反應物均為1.0mmol, 堿用量0.2mmol, DMF做溶劑,在室溫下反應6 h.
由表3可知,在相同條件下,CsOH表現(xiàn)出最好的催化效果.
CsOH的堿性比表3中其他堿金屬氫氧化物強,是因為銫離子體積最大,與陰離子OH-之間靜電力小,使OH-表現(xiàn)出更大活性;同樣與Cs+鍵合的磷負離子 (EtO)2P-(O)也表現(xiàn)出強的親核性.
在上述實驗基礎上,系統(tǒng)考察不同的炔硒醚與亞磷酸二乙酯的反應(Scheme 4), 結果見表
89反應條件:反應物均為1.0mmol, CsOH用量0.2mmol, DMF做溶劑,在室溫下反應.
表4表明,以DMF作溶劑,在20 mol% CsOH存在下,不同的炔硒醚與亞磷酸二乙酯均能反應,炔硒醚中芳基電負性上取代基對收率影響不大.
氫氧化銫催化炔硒醚與亞磷酸二乙酯反應可能機理表示如下(Scheme 5):
在上述催化循環(huán)中,氫氧化銫與亞磷酸二乙酯反應生成的(EtO)2P-(O)Cs+親核進攻炔硒醚中的Se生成磷酸硒酯和RC≡C-Cs+,RC≡C-Cs+隨后水解得到RC≡CH,同時形成催化劑氫氧化銫.
以無水DMF和含水量0.5%的DMF作溶劑,結果表明,在含水溶劑中,反應速度較快.
3結論
氫氧化銫催化下,亞磷酸二乙酯并不能對炔硒醚進行加成,而是親核進攻炔硒醚中的硒,生成端炔和磷酸硒酯.本研究的這種意外發(fā)現(xiàn),為硒醚的脫保護提供了一條簡便有效的新途徑.與文獻報道的炔硒醚脫保護方法相比,本方法不使用活潑、不便于操作的試劑,不需要使用易爆的過氧化物,溶劑也無需進行除水處理,僅使用催化劑氫氧化銫,且具有反應條件溫和,收率高等優(yōu)點.
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[20]LI G, ZHAO G. Efficient acetylation of alcohols and phenols catalyzed by recyclable lithium bis(perfluoroalkylsulfonyl)imide[J]. Synthetic Communications, 2013, 43(1):34-43.
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[25]NELSON D J, BLUE C D, BROWN H C. Hydroboration kinetics. 5. Kinetics of the reaction of 9borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane with representative haloalkynes in carbon tetrachloride. The effect of halogen substitution upon the stoichiometry and rate of hydroboration[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1982, 104(18):4913-4917.
[26]XU Q, LIANG C G, HUANG X. Free radical reaction of dialkyl phosphites and organic dichalcogenides: A new facile and convenient preparation of arylselenophosphates[J]. Synthetic Communications, 2003, 33(16):2777-2785.
[27]GAO Y X, TANG G, ZHAO Y F. A novel and general method for the formation of Saryl, Searyl, and Tearyl phosphorochalcogenoates[J]. Synthesis, 2009, 7:1081-1086.
[13]LARA R G, BORGES E L, LENARDO E J. Addition of thiols to phenylselenoalkynes using KF/alumina under solventfree conditions[J]. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, 2010, 21(11):2125-2129.
[14]OHTA K, OKETSU E K, AGASE Y N, et al. Lewis acidcatalyzed propargylic etherification and sulfanylation from alcohols in MeNO2H2O[J]. Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 2011, 59(9):1133-1140.
[15]AVERSA M C, BARATTUCCI A, BONACCORSI P. Regio and stereocontrolled synthesis of (Z)α(Phenylseleno)sulfinyl and sulfonyl alkenes via sulfenic acids, and a study of their reactivity[J]. European Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2011(28):5668-5673.
[16]PERIN G, BORGES E L, ALVES D. Highly stereoselective method to prepare bisphenylchalcogen alkenes via addition of chalcogenolate to phenylseleno alkynes[J]. Tetrahedron Letters, 2012, 53(16):2066-2069.
[17]TAKAHASHI N, NAGASE Y, TANABE G, et al. Synthesis of 3methyl and 3,4dimethylfurans using alkoxide, thiolate, and phenoxidemediated cyclization of 4oxahepta1,6diynes bearing sulfur and selenium functional groups[J]. Tetrahedron, 2012, 68(5):1566-1580.
[18]夏湘,鄒康兵,許新華,等.氫氧化銫催化二硫醚、二碲醚與端炔反應研究[J].化學學報, 2008, 66(14):1749-1752.
XIA Xiang, ZOU Kangbing, XU Xinhua, et al. Study of cesium hydroxidecatalyzed reactions of diaryl disulfides and ditellurides with terminal acetylenes[J]. Acta Chimica Sinicn, 2008, 66(14):1749-1752. (In Chinese)
[19]王小勇,李治章,許新華,等.氫氧化銫催化端炔氫硒化: 高立體區(qū)域選擇性合成(E)1芳硒基烯烴[J].有機化學, 2013, 33(3):558-561.
WANG Xiaoyong, LI Zhizhang, XU Xinhua, et al. Hydroselenation of terminal alkynes catalyzed by cesium hydroxide: highly stereo and regioselective synthesis of (E)1arylselenoalkenes[J]. Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2013, 33(3)558-561.(In Chinese)
[20]LI G, ZHAO G. Efficient acetylation of alcohols and phenols catalyzed by recyclable lithium bis(perfluoroalkylsulfonyl)imide[J]. Synthetic Communications, 2013, 43(1):34-43.
[21]QIU W W, SURENDRA K, YIN L, et al. Selective formation of sixmembered oxa and carbocycles by the In(III)activated ring closure of acetylenic substrates[J]. Organic Letters, 2011, 13(21):5893-5895.
[22]FENG Y S, XIE C Q, QIAO W L, et al. Palladiumcatalyzed trifluoroethylation of terminal alkynes with 1,1,1trifluoro2iodoethane[J]. Organic Letters, 2013, 15, 936-939.
[23]FUJII A, MILLER S I. Nucleophilic substitution at acetylenic carbon. Kinetics and mechanism of the Arbuzov reaction of substituted phenylbromoand phenylchloroacetylenes with triethyl phosphite[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1971, 93(15):3694-3700.
[24]LAMBERT J B, LARSON E G, BOSCH R J. Stereomutation in the Seyferth reaction[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1985, 107(19):5443-5447.
[25]NELSON D J, BLUE C D, BROWN H C. Hydroboration kinetics. 5. Kinetics of the reaction of 9borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane with representative haloalkynes in carbon tetrachloride. The effect of halogen substitution upon the stoichiometry and rate of hydroboration[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1982, 104(18):4913-4917.
[26]XU Q, LIANG C G, HUANG X. Free radical reaction of dialkyl phosphites and organic dichalcogenides: A new facile and convenient preparation of arylselenophosphates[J]. Synthetic Communications, 2003, 33(16):2777-2785.
[27]GAO Y X, TANG G, ZHAO Y F. A novel and general method for the formation of Saryl, Searyl, and Tearyl phosphorochalcogenoates[J]. Synthesis, 2009, 7:1081-1086.
[13]LARA R G, BORGES E L, LENARDO E J. Addition of thiols to phenylselenoalkynes using KF/alumina under solventfree conditions[J]. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, 2010, 21(11):2125-2129.
[14]OHTA K, OKETSU E K, AGASE Y N, et al. Lewis acidcatalyzed propargylic etherification and sulfanylation from alcohols in MeNO2H2O[J]. Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 2011, 59(9):1133-1140.
[15]AVERSA M C, BARATTUCCI A, BONACCORSI P. Regio and stereocontrolled synthesis of (Z)α(Phenylseleno)sulfinyl and sulfonyl alkenes via sulfenic acids, and a study of their reactivity[J]. European Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2011(28):5668-5673.
[16]PERIN G, BORGES E L, ALVES D. Highly stereoselective method to prepare bisphenylchalcogen alkenes via addition of chalcogenolate to phenylseleno alkynes[J]. Tetrahedron Letters, 2012, 53(16):2066-2069.
[17]TAKAHASHI N, NAGASE Y, TANABE G, et al. Synthesis of 3methyl and 3,4dimethylfurans using alkoxide, thiolate, and phenoxidemediated cyclization of 4oxahepta1,6diynes bearing sulfur and selenium functional groups[J]. Tetrahedron, 2012, 68(5):1566-1580.
[18]夏湘,鄒康兵,許新華,等.氫氧化銫催化二硫醚、二碲醚與端炔反應研究[J].化學學報, 2008, 66(14):1749-1752.
XIA Xiang, ZOU Kangbing, XU Xinhua, et al. Study of cesium hydroxidecatalyzed reactions of diaryl disulfides and ditellurides with terminal acetylenes[J]. Acta Chimica Sinicn, 2008, 66(14):1749-1752. (In Chinese)
[19]王小勇,李治章,許新華,等.氫氧化銫催化端炔氫硒化: 高立體區(qū)域選擇性合成(E)1芳硒基烯烴[J].有機化學, 2013, 33(3):558-561.
WANG Xiaoyong, LI Zhizhang, XU Xinhua, et al. Hydroselenation of terminal alkynes catalyzed by cesium hydroxide: highly stereo and regioselective synthesis of (E)1arylselenoalkenes[J]. Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2013, 33(3)558-561.(In Chinese)
[20]LI G, ZHAO G. Efficient acetylation of alcohols and phenols catalyzed by recyclable lithium bis(perfluoroalkylsulfonyl)imide[J]. Synthetic Communications, 2013, 43(1):34-43.
[21]QIU W W, SURENDRA K, YIN L, et al. Selective formation of sixmembered oxa and carbocycles by the In(III)activated ring closure of acetylenic substrates[J]. Organic Letters, 2011, 13(21):5893-5895.
[22]FENG Y S, XIE C Q, QIAO W L, et al. Palladiumcatalyzed trifluoroethylation of terminal alkynes with 1,1,1trifluoro2iodoethane[J]. Organic Letters, 2013, 15, 936-939.
[23]FUJII A, MILLER S I. Nucleophilic substitution at acetylenic carbon. Kinetics and mechanism of the Arbuzov reaction of substituted phenylbromoand phenylchloroacetylenes with triethyl phosphite[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1971, 93(15):3694-3700.
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