殷耀斌 童德迪 武竟衡 楊辰 田光磊
負(fù)壓封閉引流技術(shù)在四肢血管損傷患者中的應(yīng)用
殷耀斌 童德迪 武竟衡 楊辰 田光磊
目的探討負(fù)壓封閉引流技術(shù) ( vacuum sealing drainage,VSD ) 在血管損傷患者接受血管吻合后創(chuàng)面應(yīng)用的治療效果。方法2011 年 1 月至 2013 年 10 月,我院治療的 61 例四肢血管損傷患者,通過(guò)直接吻合或血管移植進(jìn)行治療,其中 33 例血管吻合口周圍創(chuàng)面無(wú)法一期關(guān)閉,以周圍組織覆蓋血管吻合口后將VSD 應(yīng)用于血管吻合口周圍創(chuàng)面及遠(yuǎn)端減張創(chuàng)面,而另外 28 例血管吻合口創(chuàng)面可直接關(guān)閉,遠(yuǎn)端減張創(chuàng)面應(yīng)用 VSD 覆蓋。結(jié)果本組 61 例中,6 例因各種原因而保肢失敗,最終截肢治療,其余 55 例創(chuàng)面通過(guò)游離植皮或者皮瓣而得到關(guān)閉,在應(yīng)用 VSD 治療過(guò)程中未出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重不良事件。結(jié)論負(fù)壓封閉引流技術(shù)在血管損傷患者中應(yīng)用可獲得良好治療效果,對(duì)血管吻合口以周圍組織覆蓋后應(yīng)用持續(xù)負(fù)壓吸引未引發(fā)吻合口痙攣或者堵塞。
血管系統(tǒng)損傷;負(fù)壓封閉引流技術(shù);創(chuàng)傷和損傷
負(fù)壓封閉引流技術(shù) ( vacuum sealing drainage,VSD ) 已應(yīng)用于臨床十多年,在各種創(chuàng)面的治療取得了良好的效果,被越來(lái)越多的醫(yī)生所認(rèn)可。但對(duì)于合并血管損傷的創(chuàng)面應(yīng)用 VSD 治療應(yīng)格外謹(jǐn)慎,因?yàn)樨?fù)壓系統(tǒng)對(duì)吻合口的影響尚無(wú)一致性意見(jiàn)。查閱國(guó)內(nèi)外文獻(xiàn),尚無(wú)血管損傷創(chuàng)面應(yīng)用 VSD 的大宗報(bào)道。2011 年 1 月至 2013 年 10 月,我院對(duì) 61 例患者血管損傷修復(fù)后創(chuàng)面無(wú)法一期關(guān)閉者,應(yīng)用 VSD 臨時(shí)關(guān)閉創(chuàng)面,二期植皮或者皮瓣修復(fù)創(chuàng)面,獲得良好效果,現(xiàn)匯報(bào)如下。
一、一般資料
本組 61 例,男 56 例,女 5 例,年齡 16~70歲,平均 40 歲。腋動(dòng)脈 4 例,肱動(dòng)脈損傷 21 例,橈尺動(dòng)脈損傷 17 例,動(dòng)脈 8 例,脛后動(dòng)脈 5 例,脛前及脛后動(dòng)脈 4 例,足背動(dòng)脈 2 例,傷因包括壓砸傷、高處墜落上、切割傷、機(jī)器絞傷等。
二、手術(shù)材料
封閉創(chuàng)傷負(fù)壓引流套裝 ( 山東威高集團(tuán)醫(yī)用高分子制品有限公司 ) 和單向透明粘貼膜 ( 英國(guó) Smith & Nephew 公司生產(chǎn) )。
三、手術(shù)方式
本組 61 例,損傷血管均為四肢主干動(dòng)脈,遠(yuǎn)端肢體完全無(wú)血運(yùn)或者血運(yùn)極差,均合并有骨折或者脫位及嚴(yán)重的軟組織損傷,其中有 7 例完全離斷。經(jīng)過(guò)清創(chuàng)后對(duì)骨折進(jìn)行復(fù)位,采用鋼板螺釘或者外固定架對(duì)骨折固定。修復(fù)損傷的肌腱、神經(jīng)組織,對(duì)血管損傷采取直接吻合、取靜脈移植或者人工血管移植修復(fù)。為了預(yù)防接通血管后遠(yuǎn)端肢體發(fā)生骨筋膜室綜合征,對(duì)遠(yuǎn)端肢體常規(guī)切開(kāi)減張,創(chuàng)面以 VSD 材料封閉。對(duì)于血管吻合口處創(chuàng)面無(wú)法一期關(guān)閉的病例,利用周圍軟組織對(duì)血管吻合口進(jìn)行覆蓋,避免吻合口直接與 VSD 泡沫材料直接接觸,之后對(duì)此創(chuàng)面使用 VSD 覆蓋。
四、術(shù)后處理
術(shù)后密切觀察患者肢端血運(yùn)及 VSD 密閉情況及引流量。如果患肢血運(yùn)好,無(wú)明顯感染等并發(fā)癥,則一般間隔 1 周打開(kāi)創(chuàng)面,根據(jù)創(chuàng)面情況決定關(guān)閉創(chuàng)面、植皮或者皮瓣覆蓋或者擴(kuò)創(chuàng),再次 VSD覆蓋。如果出現(xiàn)血管危象或者感染,則立即打開(kāi)創(chuàng)面,進(jìn)行血管探查及擴(kuò)創(chuàng),根據(jù)具體情況決定 VSD覆蓋或者開(kāi)放換藥。
61 例中,33 例吻合口處的創(chuàng)面無(wú)法一期關(guān)閉,利用周圍軟組織對(duì)吻合口進(jìn)行覆蓋后創(chuàng)面以 VSD 覆蓋;另外 28 例吻合口創(chuàng)面可一期關(guān)閉,減張創(chuàng)面以 VSD 覆蓋。創(chuàng)面平均關(guān)閉時(shí)間為受傷后 21 天。13 例創(chuàng)面關(guān)閉時(shí)間超過(guò) 1 個(gè)月,均因術(shù)后出現(xiàn)了不同程度的肌肉壞死及感染,經(jīng)過(guò)反復(fù)擴(kuò)創(chuàng)治療后感染控制,最終關(guān)閉了創(chuàng)面。33 例吻合口處創(chuàng)面無(wú)法一期關(guān)閉者,后期 4 例創(chuàng)面直接縫合,6 例通過(guò)皮瓣手術(shù)修復(fù)創(chuàng)面,1 例截肢,22 例通過(guò)中厚皮片移植關(guān)閉創(chuàng)面 ( 圖1 )。28 例吻合口創(chuàng)面一期關(guān)閉者,減張創(chuàng)面 3 例直接縫合,2 例皮瓣修復(fù)創(chuàng)面,5 例截肢,18 例行中厚皮片移植。本組 6 例因各種原因保肢失敗,最終截肢,其中 5 例吻合口創(chuàng)面一期關(guān)閉,而 VSD 是應(yīng)用于減張創(chuàng)面。另外 1 例截肢病例吻合口創(chuàng)面應(yīng)用的 VSD 覆蓋,未出現(xiàn)血管危象,因術(shù)后創(chuàng)面反復(fù)感染,患者放棄保肢治療,術(shù)后 36 天行截肢治療。
一、VSD 對(duì)于開(kāi)放創(chuàng)面的優(yōu)勢(shì)
VSD 在開(kāi)放創(chuàng)面領(lǐng)域已獲得廣泛應(yīng)用,有上千篇文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道。臨床上有許多情況下不允許一期關(guān)閉創(chuàng)面,包括患者一般狀況極差、創(chuàng)面污染嚴(yán)重、需要進(jìn)一步清創(chuàng)、需要消減水腫等。在此時(shí)期,VSD 可用來(lái)臨時(shí)關(guān)閉創(chuàng)面。其應(yīng)用于開(kāi)放創(chuàng)面的優(yōu)勢(shì)在于:( 1 ) VSD 使得創(chuàng)面與外界外界隔絕,可有效地防止污染與交叉感染[1-2];( 2 ) VSD 可以維持吸引創(chuàng)面的滲出物、壞死組織、細(xì)菌,使創(chuàng)面引流通暢[3];( 3 ) 增加毛細(xì)血管流量,促進(jìn)毛細(xì)血管新生,加速創(chuàng)面肉芽組織生長(zhǎng)和修復(fù)細(xì)胞增值,縮小創(chuàng)面,相應(yīng)減小切取組織瓣的面積[4-5];( 4 ) 能提高創(chuàng)面血流量,降低開(kāi)放創(chuàng)面的感染率。Stannard等[6]的隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究中,在系列清創(chuàng)過(guò)程中使用負(fù)壓封閉引流技術(shù),創(chuàng)面平均關(guān)閉時(shí)間為 3.7 天,接受 VSD 治療組的感染率為傳統(tǒng)治療組的 1 / 5,提示 VSD 對(duì)于開(kāi)放骨折創(chuàng)面有著明確的優(yōu)勢(shì)。本組患者均屬于嚴(yán)重外傷,大部分為完全或者不全離斷患者,創(chuàng)面由于軟組織缺損而無(wú)法一期關(guān)閉,VSD 提供了創(chuàng)面的臨時(shí)覆蓋,避免一期重建手術(shù)帶來(lái)的高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)及開(kāi)放換藥帶給患者的巨大痛苦,減低了開(kāi)放換藥過(guò)程中引發(fā)的血管痙攣、栓塞的可能性。
二、VSD 在血管損傷患者中應(yīng)用的安全性
雖然 VSD 已經(jīng)廣泛應(yīng)用于開(kāi)放創(chuàng)面的治療,但臨床上將 VSD 應(yīng)用于有吻合血管的創(chuàng)面的報(bào)道少之又少[7-9]。主要的擔(dān)心在于持續(xù)或間斷的負(fù)壓吸引可能會(huì)對(duì)吻合的血管產(chǎn)生不利的影響而導(dǎo)致吻合口痙攣或者堵塞而導(dǎo)致手術(shù)失敗。Eisenhardt 等[10]報(bào)道了對(duì) 26 例下肢軟組織缺損創(chuàng)面采用吻合血管的游離組織瓣合并中厚皮片移植修復(fù)創(chuàng)面,采用 VSD 固定游離皮片,證實(shí) VSD 對(duì)游離組織移植是安全而有效的。Domingos 等[11]對(duì) 11 例血管移植術(shù)后腹股溝區(qū)域嚴(yán)重感染患者清創(chuàng)后,使用股薄肌轉(zhuǎn)位后 VSD 覆蓋,獲得好的效果。本組患者中有 33 例吻合口創(chuàng)面無(wú)法一期關(guān)閉,通過(guò)周圍軟組織覆蓋后以 VSD 臨時(shí)覆蓋創(chuàng)面,未出現(xiàn)吻合口的不良事件,所以以軟組織保護(hù)吻合口后應(yīng)用 VSD 覆蓋創(chuàng)面是安全的。
三、VSD 在血管損傷患者中應(yīng)用的優(yōu)勢(shì)
首先,四肢血管損傷患者往往是由高能量損傷而引發(fā),往往合并了嚴(yán)重的骨折及軟組織損傷,全身多器官損傷者也并不少見(jiàn)。由于嚴(yán)重的軟組織損傷,創(chuàng)面往往無(wú)法一期關(guān)閉,而 VSD 為臨時(shí)關(guān)閉創(chuàng)面提供了便利。其次,對(duì)于離斷傷的患者,吻合血管使遠(yuǎn)端肢體通血后,往往需要預(yù)防性的對(duì)遠(yuǎn)端肢體切開(kāi)減張,而對(duì)減張創(chuàng)面應(yīng)用 VSD 已在許多文獻(xiàn)中均有報(bào)道,且 VSD 能對(duì)減張切口較開(kāi)放換藥有著明顯的優(yōu)勢(shì),可以使引流通暢,減少醫(yī)務(wù)人員反復(fù)換藥的勞動(dòng)量,避免患者在換藥過(guò)中的痛苦。文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道對(duì)于筋膜切開(kāi)減張創(chuàng)面應(yīng)用 VSD 與傳統(tǒng)的換藥相比極大提高了延遲一期縫合傷口的概率 ( 79% vs 50% )[12];應(yīng)用 VSD 達(dá)到創(chuàng)面關(guān)閉 ( 縫合或植皮 ) 的時(shí)間明顯短于傳統(tǒng)換藥組[12-13]。另外,VSD 的應(yīng)用使得二期關(guān)閉創(chuàng)面的手術(shù)難度大大降低,即將一個(gè)可能需要顯微外科行游離皮瓣移植的創(chuàng)面轉(zhuǎn)換為一個(gè)小而簡(jiǎn)單處理的創(chuàng)面,可通過(guò)刃厚皮片移植而解決。這一過(guò)程可極大的降低對(duì)患者的損害程度及醫(yī)療費(fèi)用[14]。Parrett 等[15]報(bào)道,與使用 VSD 前同樣數(shù)目的患者相比,使用 VSD 導(dǎo)致游離皮瓣手術(shù)明顯下降,由 20% 降低至 5%,而同期游離植皮占的比例由 28% 升至 38%。在此研究中,感染率、截肢率、不愈合及再次手術(shù)率組間沒(méi)有明顯差異,提示 VSD 對(duì)治療結(jié)果并沒(méi)有不利影響。Bollero 等[16]在其回顧性對(duì)比研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),自從使用 VSD 治療開(kāi)發(fā)骨折以來(lái),通過(guò)游離植皮來(lái)關(guān)閉創(chuàng)面的比率由40% 升至 65%,而皮瓣手術(shù)由 46% 降低至 13.5%。本組病例中通過(guò)系列使用 VSD 治療,大多數(shù)患者通過(guò)直接縫合或者簡(jiǎn)單的游離植皮關(guān)閉了創(chuàng)面,而使得皮瓣修復(fù)創(chuàng)面的需要大大降低了。最后,VSD可對(duì)游離植皮提供良好的加壓固定,大量證據(jù)證實(shí)VSD 擁有所有傳統(tǒng)打包方法的優(yōu)點(diǎn),并且有其獨(dú)特優(yōu)勢(shì),例如可充分引流,進(jìn)一步降低血腫形成的可能[17],允許患者早期活動(dòng)及早期出院[18]。對(duì)于網(wǎng)孔植皮者 VSD 有著最大的優(yōu)勢(shì),可充分引流并且避免血腫[19]。
圖 1 患者,男,40 歲,車禍致傷 a:開(kāi)放創(chuàng)面情況;b:X 線片顯示肱骨干骨折,橈尺骨遠(yuǎn)端骨折;c:術(shù)中造影提示肱動(dòng)脈損傷;d:以外固定架固定肱骨干骨折及橈骨遠(yuǎn)端骨折,鋼板螺釘固定尺骨骨折;e:術(shù)中探查肱動(dòng)脈斷裂,取大隱靜脈移植修復(fù);f:上臂及前臂減張創(chuàng)面以 VSD 臨時(shí)覆蓋;g:通過(guò)兩次擴(kuò)床后創(chuàng)面清潔,有新鮮肉芽組織生長(zhǎng);h:創(chuàng)面予以植皮;i:植皮完全成活Fig.1 A 40-year-old male patient was injuried in a car accident a: Appearance of the open wound; b: The X-ray showed humeral shaft fractures associated with fractures of the distal radius and ulna; c: Intraoperative angiography showed brachial artery injuries; d: Humeral shaft fractures and diatal radius fractures were fxed by external fxtor, and ulnar fractures were fxed by plates and screws; e: Brachial artery rupture was found during the operation and great saphenous vein graft was performed; f: The decompression wounds of the arm and forearm were temporarily covered by the VSD technique; g: Debridement was performed twice. Afer that, the wounds were clean and fresh granulation tissues began to grow; h: Skin graft was peformed; i: Skin graft survived completely
四、VSD 在血管損傷患者中應(yīng)用的注意事項(xiàng)
( 1 ) 吻合口需要確保質(zhì)量,避免大出血的發(fā)生;( 2 ) 放置 VSD 前創(chuàng)面應(yīng)認(rèn)真止血;( 3 ) 對(duì)于深部創(chuàng)面 VSD 的作用有限,可能會(huì)引流不暢;( 4 ) 需要嚴(yán)密觀察指端血運(yùn),避免延誤病情;( 5 ) 由于吻合血管后往往應(yīng)用擴(kuò)血管及抗凝藥物,故創(chuàng)面引流量往往較一般情況多,故需要認(rèn)真觀察。
五、有待進(jìn)一步研究的問(wèn)題
( 1 ) 吻合口可否直接暴露于 VSD 下?需要?jiǎng)游飳?shí)驗(yàn)進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證;( 2 ) 與較單純開(kāi)放創(chuàng)面比,創(chuàng)面引流量究竟多多少?需要進(jìn)一步研究;( 3 ) 本組病例不多,需要更多的病例來(lái)證實(shí) VSD 對(duì)血管損傷創(chuàng)面的安全性及有效性。
總之,負(fù)壓封閉引流技術(shù)在血管損傷患者中應(yīng)用可獲得良好治療效果,對(duì)血管吻合口以周圍組織覆蓋后應(yīng)用持續(xù)負(fù)壓吸引未引發(fā)吻合口痙攣或者堵塞。
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( 本文編輯:李貴存 )
Application of vacuum sealing drainage in the patients with vascular injuries in extremities
YIN Yao-bin, TONG De-di, WU Jing-heng, YANG Chen, TIAN Guang-lei. Department of Hand Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, 100035, PRC
ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of vacuum sealing drainage ( VSD ) technique to repair the wounds of the patients with vascular injuries in extremities who were treated with vascular anastomosis.MethodsFrom January 2011 to October 2013, 61 patients with vascular injuries in extremities were treated in our hospital, all of whom underwent direct vascular anastomosis or vascular graft. The wounds around vascular anastomosis could not be closed by frst intention in 33 patients. Vascular anastomosis was covered by surrounding tissues and the VSD technique was used in the wounds around vascular anastomosis and in the distal wounds of decompression. In the other 28 patients the wounds around vascular anastomosis were closed directly, and the VSD technique was used in the distal wounds of decompression.ResultsLimb salvage treatment failed in 6 cases due to various reasons, and amputation was performed fnally. The wounds in the other 55 cases were closed by free skin graft or the fap. In the process of VSD treatment, serious adverse events were not found.ConclusionsThe VSD technique is a good choice in the treatment of the patients with vascular injuries in extremities, with excellent therapeutic effects. Anastomotic spasm or vascular embolization will not be caused by continuous negative pressure attraction, after the vascular anastomosis was covered by surrounding tissues.
Vascular system injury; Vacuum sealing drainage ( VSD ); Wound and injury
10.3969/j.issn.2095-252X.2014.04.013
R685
100035 北京積水潭醫(yī)院手外科
田光磊,Email: tiangl57@163.com
2014-01-16 )