通信作者:鄭潔,815308133@qq.com(ORCID:0009-0004-8964-0086)
摘要:目的分析構(gòu)建老年原發(fā)性肝癌患者術(shù)后譫妄發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)測(cè)模型,并驗(yàn)證其應(yīng)用價(jià)值。方法采用回顧性分析方式,選擇2020年3月—2023年1月武漢科技大學(xué)附屬天佑醫(yī)院收治的老年原發(fā)性肝癌患者175例,記錄患者術(shù)后譫妄發(fā)生率,并就可能影響譫妄發(fā)生的各因素進(jìn)行單因素及多因素回歸分析,構(gòu)建其預(yù)測(cè)模型,并對(duì)該預(yù)測(cè)模型的臨床應(yīng)用價(jià)值進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證分析。計(jì)量資料兩組間比較采用成組t檢驗(yàn),計(jì)數(shù)資料兩組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn),對(duì)可能影響老年原發(fā)性肝癌患者譫妄發(fā)生的各因素進(jìn)行單因素及多因素Logistic回歸分析,采用ROC曲線分析模型對(duì)患者譫妄發(fā)生的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值。結(jié)果175例老年原發(fā)性肝癌患者中,發(fā)生術(shù)后譫妄患者41例,發(fā)生率為23.43%。單因素分析結(jié)果顯示,年齡、合并兩種以上基礎(chǔ)疾病、肝功能Child-Pugh分級(jí)、術(shù)前血乳酸值、手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)前血紅蛋白以及術(shù)前血清白蛋白與患者術(shù)后譫妄發(fā)生有關(guān)(t=3.534,χ2=12.000,χ2=4.938,t=7.561,t=5.768,t=5.141,t=6.148,P值均lt;0.05)。對(duì)上述單因素分析具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義的各因素進(jìn)行多因素Logistic回歸分析結(jié)果顯示,手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)前血紅蛋白、術(shù)前血清白蛋白以及年齡進(jìn)入回歸模型(P值均lt;0.05),為影響老年原發(fā)性肝癌患者術(shù)后譫妄發(fā)生的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。根據(jù)多因素Logistic回歸分析結(jié)果,構(gòu)建老年原發(fā)性肝癌術(shù)后譫妄預(yù)測(cè)模型:?2.222+3.678×手術(shù)時(shí)間-2.441×術(shù)前血紅蛋白-3.904×術(shù)前血清白蛋白+1.807×年齡。對(duì)上述預(yù)測(cè)模型的預(yù)測(cè)效果進(jìn)行分析,該模型ROC曲線下面積為0.931(Plt;0.001,95%CI:0.890~0.971),最佳截?cái)嘀禐?1.604(敏感度為87.80%,特異度為87.30%)。前瞻性納入2023年2月—2023年6月在武漢科技大學(xué)附屬天佑醫(yī)院行根治性治療手術(shù)的老年原發(fā)性肝癌患者56例進(jìn)行模型驗(yàn)證,根據(jù)上述建立的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)測(cè)模型,其中高危組患者14例,低危組42例,高危組患者術(shù)后譫妄發(fā)生率顯著高于低危組(71.43%vs 11.90%,χ2=16.056,Plt;0.05)。結(jié)論年齡、手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)前血清白蛋白以及術(shù)前血紅蛋白是影響老年原發(fā)性肝癌患者術(shù)后譫妄發(fā)生的重要因素,根據(jù)上述因素?cái)M定相應(yīng)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)測(cè)模型,且該模型預(yù)測(cè)效果良好,值得進(jìn)一步深入分析。
關(guān)鍵詞:肝腫瘤;肝切除術(shù);譫妄;老年人;Logistic模型
基金項(xiàng)目:湖北省重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室開放課題(2022ESOF009)
Construction and validation of a risk prediction model for postoperative delirium in primary liver cancer patients aged 60 years or older
MA Yao,LI Ting,ZHANG Qiushi,HU Ling,ZHENG Jie.(Department of Anesthesiology,Tianyou Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology,Wuhan 430062,China)
Corresponding author:ZHENG Jie,815308133@qq.com(ORCID:0009-0004-8964-0086)
Abstract:Objective To construct a risk prediction model for postoperative delirium in elderly patients with primary liver cancer,and to validate its application value.Methods A retrospective analysis was performed for 175 elderly patients with primary liver cancer who were admitted to Tianyou Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology from March 2020 to January 2023.The incidence rate of postoperative delirium was recorded,and the univariate and multivariate regression analyses was performed for factors that may affect the onset of delirium.A prediction model was constructed,and the clinical application value of the prediction model was analyzed and validated.The independent-samples t test was used for comparison of continuous data between two groups,and the chi-square test was used for comparison of categorical data between two groups.The univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed for factors that may affect the onset of delirium in elderly patients withprimary liver cancer,and the receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve was used to investigate the value of the model in predicting the onset of delirium.Results Among the 175 elderly patients with primary liver cancer,41 experienced postoperative delirium,with an incidence rate of 23.43%.The univariate analysis showed that age,presence of more than two underlying diseases,Child-Pugh class of liver function,preoperative blood lactate,time of operation,preoperative hemoglobin,and preoperative serum albumin were associated with the onset of postoperative delirium(t=3.534,χ2=12.000,χ2=4.938,t=7.561,t=5.768,t=5.141,t=6.148,Plt;0.05).The multivariate logistic regression analysis of the factors with statistical significance in the univariate analysis showed that time of operation,preoperative hemoglobin,preoperative serum albumin,and age were included in the regression model(Plt;0.05),and they were independent risk factors for the onset of postoperative delirium in elderly patients with primary liver cancer.According to the results of the multivariate logistic regression analysis,a prediction model for postoperative delirium in elderly patients with primary liver cancer was constructed as follows:?2.222+3.678×time of operation-2.441×preoperative hemoglobin-3.904×preoperative serum albumin+1.807×age.The prediction performance of this model was analyzed,with an area under the ROC curve of 0.931(95%confidence interval:0.890—0.971,Plt;0.001)and an optimal cut-off value of?1.604(with a sensitivity of 87.80%and a specificity of 87.30%).A total of 56 elderly patients with primary liver cancer who underwent radical surgery in Tianyou Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology from February 2023 to June 2023 were enrolled in a prospective study for model validation.According to the above risk prediction model,there were 14 patients in the high-risk group and 42 patients in the low-risk group,and the high-risk group had a significantly higher incidence rate of postoperative delirium than the low-risk group(71.43%vs 11.90%,χ2=16.056,Plt;0.05).Conclusion Age,time of operation,preoperative serum albumin,and preoperative hemoglobin are important influencing factors for the onset of postoperative delirium in elderly patients with primary liver cancer.The risk prediction model based on these factors has a good prediction performance,which holds promise for further in-depth research.
Key words:Liver Neoplasms;Hepatectomy;Delirious Speech;Aged;Logistic Models
Research funding:Hubei Key Laboratory Open Project(2022ESOF009)
譫妄是一種急性腦功能障礙性綜合征,患者主要表現(xiàn)為急性的、波動(dòng)性的精神狀態(tài)變化,同時(shí)伴有注意力渙散、思維紊亂等[1]。相關(guān)調(diào)查研究[2-3]顯示,住院患者術(shù)后譫妄的發(fā)生率可高達(dá)10%~50%。術(shù)后譫妄的發(fā)生不僅導(dǎo)致患者康復(fù)延遲,延長(zhǎng)了患者住院時(shí)間同時(shí)增加了治療費(fèi)用,而且術(shù)后譫妄是其他術(shù)后嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥的早期癥狀;除此之外,術(shù)后譫妄的癥狀可長(zhǎng)期伴隨患者,給患者家庭以及社會(huì)帶來了嚴(yán)重的負(fù)擔(dān)[4]。個(gè)體進(jìn)入老年階段后機(jī)體組織器官功能逐漸發(fā)生退化,老年人群發(fā)生術(shù)后譫妄的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)明顯升高[5-6]。本研究針對(duì)老年肝癌手術(shù)患者,分析構(gòu)建老年肝癌患者術(shù)后譫妄發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)測(cè)模型,并驗(yàn)證其應(yīng)用價(jià)值,從而為老年肝癌患者術(shù)后譫妄發(fā)生的早期預(yù)防提供相關(guān)依據(jù)。
1資料與方法
1.1臨床資料回顧性選擇2020年3月—2023年1月本院收治的老年原發(fā)性肝癌患者作為研究對(duì)象。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)患者均符合《原發(fā)性肝癌診療規(guī)范(2017年版)》[7]中原發(fā)性肝癌診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),且經(jīng)臨床病理確診;(2)年齡≥60歲;(3)術(shù)前神志清楚;(4)均行全身麻醉下肝癌根治性切除術(shù);(5)均未見肝外轉(zhuǎn)移;(6)肝功能Child-Pugh分級(jí)為A級(jí)或B級(jí);(7)臨床病理資料完整。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)術(shù)前出現(xiàn)譫妄患者;(2)合并神經(jīng)病變性疾病患者;(3)合并精神疾病無法正常溝通患者;(4)長(zhǎng)期服用精神疾病藥物患者;(5)合并嚴(yán)重基礎(chǔ)性疾病,無法耐受手術(shù)患者;(6)合并肝性腦病患者。
1.2譫妄的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和評(píng)估方法譫妄的診斷參照美國(guó)精神障礙診斷和統(tǒng)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(DSM-IV)中相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[8]:(1)意識(shí)障礙(即為患者對(duì)環(huán)境認(rèn)識(shí)的清晰度有所降低),同時(shí)伴有集中能力、注意能力或轉(zhuǎn)換注意能力的降低,以及認(rèn)知的改變(包括定向障礙、記憶缺陷以及言語障礙等);(2)出現(xiàn)不能用目前現(xiàn)有的癡呆來解釋的知覺障礙;(3)一般數(shù)小時(shí)或數(shù)天,短時(shí)間內(nèi)發(fā)生,并具有一定的波動(dòng)性;(4)通過病史、實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查或體檢發(fā)現(xiàn)是由于軀體情況直接導(dǎo)致的生理性結(jié)果。
1.3研究方法
1.3.1研究工具在文獻(xiàn)回顧法、專家咨詢的基礎(chǔ)上由研究小組成員自行編制“老年原發(fā)性肝癌患者術(shù)后譫妄危險(xiǎn)因素調(diào)查表”。調(diào)查內(nèi)容主要包括以下幾個(gè)方面:(1)患者基本資料調(diào)查:姓名、住院編號(hào)、性別、年齡、BMI、基礎(chǔ)性疾?。ǜ哐獕?、冠心病、糖尿?。?、腫瘤大小、腫瘤位置、腫瘤個(gè)數(shù)、肝功能Child-Pugh分級(jí)、肝硬化、血管侵犯;(2)術(shù)前實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查資料調(diào)查:術(shù)前甲胎蛋白(AFP)、術(shù)前血乳酸值、術(shù)前血紅蛋白、術(shù)前血清白蛋白;(3)術(shù)中及術(shù)后相關(guān)資料調(diào)查:術(shù)后病理分型、手術(shù)時(shí)間、手術(shù)切除方式。
1.3.2資料收集由本研究小組成員根據(jù)上述設(shè)計(jì)的危險(xiǎn)因素調(diào)查量表,對(duì)患者臨床資料進(jìn)行調(diào)查分析,利用本院電子病歷系統(tǒng)完成數(shù)據(jù)收集工作。為了保證本研究數(shù)據(jù)資料收集以及研究方法的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化,避免由于人為因素導(dǎo)致的數(shù)據(jù)誤差,研究開始前,對(duì)本研究小組成員進(jìn)行相應(yīng)的規(guī)范化培訓(xùn)以及考核工作,考核合格后即可參與本研究工作。同時(shí),為了保證錄入數(shù)據(jù)的準(zhǔn)確性、真實(shí)性以及完整性,研究采取雙人獨(dú)立錄入的方式,錄入后進(jìn)行核對(duì),若發(fā)現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤或差異及時(shí)進(jìn)行更正。
1.4統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法采用SPSS 26.0進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計(jì)量資料采用±s表示,兩組間比較采用成組t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料兩組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn)。對(duì)可能影響老年原發(fā)性肝癌患者譫妄發(fā)生的各因素進(jìn)行單因素及多因素Logistic回歸分析,采用ROC曲線分析模型對(duì)患者譫妄發(fā)生的預(yù)測(cè)價(jià)值。Plt;0.05為差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2結(jié)果
2.1譫妄發(fā)生率共收集老年原發(fā)性肝癌患者175例,男105例,女70例,年齡60~83歲,平均年齡(67.94±3.42)歲。其中發(fā)生術(shù)后譫妄患者41例,術(shù)后譫妄發(fā)生率為23.43%。
2.2老年原發(fā)性肝癌患者譫妄發(fā)生單因素分析對(duì)可能影響老年原發(fā)性肝癌患者術(shù)后譫妄發(fā)生的各因素進(jìn)行單因素分析,結(jié)果顯示,年齡、合并2種以上基礎(chǔ)疾病、肝功能Child-Pugh分級(jí)、術(shù)前血乳酸值、手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)前血紅蛋白以及術(shù)前血清白蛋白與患者術(shù)后譫妄發(fā)生有關(guān)(P值均lt;0.05)(表1)。
2.3連續(xù)變量最佳界值的確定對(duì)上述單因素分析具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義的連續(xù)變量進(jìn)行ROC曲線分析,確定各連續(xù)變量最佳截?cái)嘀担▓D1,表2)。
2.4老年原發(fā)性肝癌患者術(shù)后譫妄多因素分析及風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)測(cè)模型的構(gòu)建對(duì)上述單因素分析具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義的各因素進(jìn)行多因素Logistic回歸分析,賦值情況見表3,結(jié)果顯示,手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)前血紅蛋白、術(shù)前血清白蛋白以及年齡進(jìn)入回歸模型(P值均lt;0.05),為影響老年原發(fā)性肝癌患者術(shù)后譫妄發(fā)生的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素(表4)。
根據(jù)多因素Logistic回歸分析結(jié)果,構(gòu)建老年原發(fā)性肝癌術(shù)后譫妄預(yù)測(cè)模型:?2.222+3.678×手術(shù)時(shí)間-2.441×術(shù)前血紅蛋白-3.904×術(shù)前血清白蛋白+1.807×年齡。
2.5老年原發(fā)性肝癌患者術(shù)后譫妄風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)測(cè)模型的效果分析對(duì)上述預(yù)測(cè)模型的預(yù)測(cè)效果進(jìn)行分析,該模型的AUC為0.931(Plt;0.001,95%CI:0.890~0.971),最佳截?cái)嘀禐?1.604(敏感度為87.80%,特異度為87.30%)(圖2)。根據(jù)上述P值最佳截?cái)嘀?,將P≥?1.604作為術(shù)后譫妄高危患者,將Plt;?1.604作為術(shù)后譫妄低危患者。2.6老年原發(fā)性肝癌患者術(shù)后譫妄風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)測(cè)評(píng)分模型的臨床應(yīng)用前瞻性納入2023年2月—2023年6月在本院行根治性治療手術(shù)的老年原發(fā)性肝癌患者56例進(jìn)行模型驗(yàn)證,譫妄診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、納入及排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)均同上。56例原發(fā)性肝癌患者中,男35例,女21例,年齡60~84歲,平均年齡(68.29±7.33)歲。術(shù)后發(fā)生譫妄15例,術(shù)后譫妄發(fā)生率為26.79%。根據(jù)上述建立的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)測(cè)模型,其中高危組患者14例,低危組42例,高危組患者發(fā)生譫妄10例,譫妄發(fā)生率為71.43%,低危組患者發(fā)生譫妄5例,譫妄發(fā)生率為11.90%,高危組患者術(shù)后譫妄發(fā)生率顯著高于低危組(χ2=16.056,Plt;0.05)。
3討論
現(xiàn)階段,雖然臨床提倡對(duì)原發(fā)性肝癌患者采取多學(xué)科綜合治療對(duì)策,但手術(shù)治療仍然是原發(fā)性肝癌治療的首選方案,也是具有根治可行性的唯一手段[9]。隨著我國(guó)平均壽命的延長(zhǎng),以及外科手術(shù)技術(shù)的進(jìn)步,接受根治性肝癌切除術(shù)的老年患者越來越多,而老年患者是術(shù)后譫妄的高發(fā)人群[10]。
術(shù)后譫妄作為一個(gè)診斷名稱,是一種大腦的急性病態(tài),譫妄患者可出現(xiàn)意識(shí)以及認(rèn)知方面的障礙,同時(shí)也是一種潛在且可逆的神經(jīng)元功能失調(diào),由于譫妄所引起的氧化應(yīng)激狀況可對(duì)腦組織造成損傷[11-12]。而術(shù)后譫妄發(fā)生的病理機(jī)制尚未完全闡明,近年來有學(xué)者提出神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)假說以及應(yīng)激假說等[13]。老年原發(fā)性肝癌患者術(shù)后譫妄的發(fā)生率較高,術(shù)后譫妄可引發(fā)患者術(shù)后相關(guān)并發(fā)癥的出現(xiàn),對(duì)患者生活質(zhì)量及生命安全均造成影響,是影響患者治療預(yù)后的負(fù)面因素[14-15]。因此,早期及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)譫妄以及早期預(yù)測(cè)譫妄的發(fā)生,對(duì)于及時(shí)采取措施預(yù)防和治療譫妄具有重要意義。本研究分析構(gòu)建老年肝癌患者術(shù)后譫妄發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)測(cè)模型,并驗(yàn)證其應(yīng)用價(jià)值,從而為老年原發(fā)性肝癌患者術(shù)后譫妄發(fā)生的預(yù)防和早期預(yù)測(cè)提供依據(jù)。
本研究針對(duì)175例老年原發(fā)性肝癌患者臨床資料進(jìn)行回顧性分析,其中發(fā)生術(shù)后譫妄患者41例,術(shù)后譫妄發(fā)生率為23.43%。與相關(guān)研究報(bào)道結(jié)果相似,提示老年原發(fā)性肝癌患者術(shù)后譫妄發(fā)生率較高。術(shù)后譫妄發(fā)生的單因素分析及多因素Logistic回歸分析結(jié)果顯示,手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)前血紅蛋白、術(shù)前血清白蛋白以及年齡進(jìn)入回歸模型,是老年原發(fā)性肝癌患者術(shù)后譫妄發(fā)生的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。其中手術(shù)時(shí)間越長(zhǎng),則代表著手術(shù)難度更大,患者術(shù)中麻醉時(shí)間更長(zhǎng)、術(shù)中麻醉藥物使用劑量更大,患者對(duì)手術(shù)的應(yīng)激反應(yīng)也更加強(qiáng)烈,對(duì)患者腦組織的損傷程度也相對(duì)增大,因此患者術(shù)后譫妄的發(fā)生率也越高[16-18]。關(guān)于術(shù)前血紅蛋白以及血清白蛋白水平,目前研究結(jié)果有所差異,但血紅蛋白及血清白蛋白水平可能參與機(jī)體免疫功能及炎癥反應(yīng)的發(fā)生發(fā)展過程,反映了患者術(shù)前的營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況,而術(shù)前血紅蛋白及血清白蛋白水平的減少,可能提示患者存在慢性貧血、營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況差、機(jī)體免疫功能低下,因此在手術(shù)過程中,機(jī)體對(duì)手術(shù)的耐受性更差,發(fā)生術(shù)后譫妄的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)越高[19-20]。此外,年齡對(duì)于術(shù)后譫妄的影響,大部分學(xué)者認(rèn)為可能與老年患者大腦皮質(zhì)功能的減退有關(guān),也可能是由于患者自身合并多種基礎(chǔ)性疾病,機(jī)體免疫功能下降以及對(duì)外界干擾因素的抵抗能力不足等有關(guān);此外,對(duì)于高齡患者而言,患者血管彈性降低,腦供血容易出現(xiàn)不足,手術(shù)過程中一過性低血壓的發(fā)生可能導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重的腦組織缺氧,從而誘發(fā)譫妄[21-22]。
針對(duì)上述風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素,本研究構(gòu)建了相應(yīng)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)測(cè)模型,并將該模型進(jìn)行臨床檢驗(yàn),結(jié)果顯示,應(yīng)用該模型制定的高危組患者其術(shù)后譫妄發(fā)生率顯著高于低危組,提示該模型在臨床應(yīng)用中具有實(shí)用價(jià)值。
由于本研究納入樣本量相對(duì)較小,研究結(jié)果可能存在一定的偏差,因此臨床還需要更多的大樣本研究進(jìn)行深入研究分析,以構(gòu)建更為準(zhǔn)確的臨床應(yīng)用模型,為指導(dǎo)臨床工作提供更為有效的依據(jù)。
倫理學(xué)聲明:本研究方案于2023年1月11日經(jīng)由武漢科技大學(xué)附屬天佑醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)審批,批號(hào):論(審)20230122。
利益沖突聲明:本文不存在任何利益沖突。
作者貢獻(xiàn)聲明:馬垚、張秋實(shí)負(fù)責(zé)課題設(shè)計(jì),資料分析,撰寫論文;李婷、胡玲參與收集數(shù)據(jù),修改論文;鄭潔負(fù)責(zé)擬定寫作思路,指導(dǎo)撰寫文章并最后定稿。
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收稿日期:2023-09-12;錄用日期:2023-10-24
本文編輯:朱晶
引 證 本 文:MA Y, LI T, ZHANG QS, et al. Construction and validation of a risk prediction model for postoperative delirium in primary liver cancer patients aged 60 years or older[J]. J Clin Hepatol, 2024, 40(9): 1816-1821.
馬垚, 李婷, 張秋實(shí), 等. 60歲以上原發(fā)性肝癌患者術(shù)后譫妄發(fā)生 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)測(cè)模型的構(gòu)建及驗(yàn)證[J]. 臨床肝膽病雜志, 2024, 40 (9): 1816-1821.