[收稿日期]2023-06-01
[基金項(xiàng)目]廣西壯族自治區(qū)衛(wèi)生健康委員會科研課題(Z20180032);廣西科技計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(廣西婦產(chǎn)科疾病臨床醫(yī)學(xué)研究中心-桂科AD22035223)
[作者簡介]陳" 惠(1976—),女,副主任醫(yī)師,主要從事圍生保健與產(chǎn)前診斷研究。
[摘" 要]目的" 探討拷貝數(shù)變異測序(CNV-seq)應(yīng)用在胎兒鼻骨發(fā)育結(jié)果檢測的臨床價值。方法" 選取2018年8月至2019年12月在廣州市婦女兒童醫(yī)療中心柳州醫(yī)院進(jìn)行產(chǎn)前超聲篩查發(fā)現(xiàn)胎兒鼻骨發(fā)育異常的孕婦160例為研究對象,比較染色體核型分析和CNV-seq技術(shù)檢測結(jié)果差異。結(jié)果" 染色體核型分析檢測出39例染色體異常,其中常染色體數(shù)目異常32例,性染色體異常5例,染色體結(jié)構(gòu)異常2例;CNV-seq檢測出16例染色體異常,其中多態(tài)性9例,明確致病性7例;年齡≥35歲孕婦羊水染色體核型異常檢出率高于年齡lt;35歲孕婦,且在年齡≥35歲孕婦中,羊水染色體核型異常檢出率高于CNV-seq檢測(χ2值分別為15.856、20.928,Plt;0.05);胎齡lt;24周羊水染色體核型異常檢出率高于胎齡≥24周,且在胎齡lt;24周中,羊水染色體核型異常檢出率高于CNV-seq檢測(χ2值分別為16.979、16.311,Plt;0.05);產(chǎn)前診斷指征2項(xiàng)及以上者羊水染色體核型異常檢出率高于2項(xiàng)以下者,而CNV-seq異常檢出率明顯低于2項(xiàng)以下者(χ2值分別為9.246、10.338,Plt;0.05);在產(chǎn)前診斷指征2項(xiàng)及以上者中,羊水染色體核型異常檢出率高于CNV-seq檢測(χ2=27.655,Plt;0.05)。結(jié)論" 在產(chǎn)前超聲篩查出胎兒鼻骨發(fā)育異常的孕婦中,CNV-seq有較好的應(yīng)用價值,可彌補(bǔ)染色體核型分析的不足,有助于染色體結(jié)構(gòu)異常的檢出。
[關(guān)鍵詞]拷貝數(shù)變異測序;染色體核型分析;胎兒;鼻骨發(fā)育不良;應(yīng)用價值
Doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-5293.2024.06.011
[中圖分類號]R173""" [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼]A
[文章編號]1673-5293(2024)06-0069-06
Application of copy number variation sequencing in detecting fetal nasal bone dysplasia
CHEN Hui,MEI Yan,LIU Bailing,HUANG Xingling,CEN Baimei,MO Meimei
(Department of Perinatal Health Care,Guangzhou Women and Childrens Medical Center Liuzhou Hospital/
Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Gynecological and Obstetric Diseases/ Maternity Hospital and
Childrens Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi University of Science and Technology,Guangxi Liuzhou 545001,China)
[Abstract] Objective To Explore clinical value of copy number variation sequencing (CNV-seq) in detecting fetal nasal bone dysplasia. Methods 160 pregnant women who underwent prenatal ultrasound screening and were found to have abnormalities in fetal nasal bone development in Liuzhou Hospital of Guangzhou Women and Childrens Medical Center from August 2018 to December 2019 were selected as research subjects.The differences in detection rate of chromosome abnormalities by chromosome karyotype analysis and by CNV-seq were compared. Results Chromosome karyotype analysis shown that 39 cases of chromosome abnormalities were found,including 32 cases of abnormal number of autosomes,5 cases of abnormal sex chromosomes and 2 cases of chromosomal structural abnormalities.CNV-seq shown that 16 cases of chromosome abnormalities were found,including 9 cases of polymorphisms and 7 cases of confirmed pathogenic CNVs.The detection rate of amniotic fluid chromosome abnormalities in the pregnant women aged ≥ 35 years was higher than that in those pregnant women aged lt;35 years,and among the pregnant women aged ≥ 35 years,the detection rate of amniotic fluid chromosome abnormalities by chromosome karyotype analysis was higher than that by CNV-seq (χ2=15.856 and 20.928 respectively,both Plt;0.05).The detection rate of amniotic fluid chromosome abnormalities by chromosome karyotype analysis was higher in the pregnant women with gestational age lt;24 weeks than that in those pregnant women with gestational age ≥ 24 weeks,and in those pregnant women with gestational age lt;24 weeks,the detection rate of chromosome abnormalities in amniotic fluid by chromosome karyotype analysis was higher than that by CNV-seq (χ2=16.979 and 16.311 respectively, both Plt;0.05).The detection rate of amniotic fluid chromosome abnormalities by chromosome karyotype analysis in the pregnant women with 2 or more prenatal diagnostic indications was higher than that in those pregnant women with less than 2 prenatal diagnostic indications,while by CNV-seq,the detection rate of chromosome abnormalities in the pregnant women with 2 or more prenatal diagnostic indications was significantly lower than that in those pregnant women with less than 2 prenatal diagnostic indications (χ2=9.246 and 10.338 respectively,both Plt;0.05).Among the pregnant women with 2 or more indications for prenatal diagnosis,the detection rate of amniotic fluid chromosome abnormalities was higher than that by CNV-seq (χ2=27.655,Plt;0.05). Conclusion CNV-seq has good application value in the pregnant women who were found to have developmental abnormalities of fetal nasal bone found in prenatal ultrasound screening,which can compensate for shortcomings of chromosome karyotype analysis and help to identify those chromosomal structural abnormalities.
[Key words] copy number variation sequencing;chromosome karyotype analysis;fetus;nasal bone dysplasia;application value
隨著產(chǎn)前診斷技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展,胎兒鼻骨測量已經(jīng)成為孕早期及中期的常規(guī)檢查項(xiàng)目。研究表明,在核型正常的胎兒中,胎兒鼻骨發(fā)育不良的發(fā)生率約為0.5%~4.5%[1]。眾所周知,鼻骨發(fā)育不良與胎兒染色體異常有關(guān),例如與13、18、21三體綜合征和Turner綜合征有關(guān),尤其與21三體綜合征的關(guān)系密切[2-4]。此外,胎兒的一些罕見疾病也與鼻骨發(fā)育不全有關(guān),例如Cri du chat(5p-)綜合征、Wolf-Hirschhorn綜合征(4p-)和Fryns綜合征等[5]。基于細(xì)胞遺傳學(xué)的染色體核型分析技術(shù)可以通過直接觀察染色體來檢測染色體的數(shù)目和結(jié)構(gòu)變化,但不能直接檢測基因組DNA的變化,因其不僅分辨率低、流程復(fù)雜、報(bào)告周期長,報(bào)告結(jié)果還受醫(yī)師經(jīng)驗(yàn)的影響[6]。因此,有必要開發(fā)新的高效篩查技術(shù),以提高染色體異常的檢出率??截悢?shù)變異測序(copy number variations sequencing,CNV-seq)分析是一種對樣本進(jìn)行測序分析的方法,將測序結(jié)果與人類參考基因組進(jìn)行比較,通過生物信息學(xué)分析發(fā)現(xiàn)拷貝數(shù)變異(copy number variations,CNV)。CNV-seq不僅可以檢測染色體核型分析覆蓋的染色體變異,還可以檢測芯片探針無法覆蓋的染色體微缺失和微重復(fù),檢測成本低、通量高、重復(fù)性好[7]。本研究旨在對比染色體核型分析,進(jìn)一步探索CNV-seq應(yīng)用于鼻骨發(fā)育不良檢測的臨床價值。
1資料與方法
1.1一般資料
選取2018年8月至2019年12月在廣州市婦女兒童醫(yī)療中心柳州醫(yī)院進(jìn)行產(chǎn)前超聲篩查的160例孕婦為研究對象。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):超聲篩查發(fā)現(xiàn)鼻骨發(fā)育異常;研究對象均了解本研究并簽署知情同意書。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①產(chǎn)前診斷禁忌癥;②近1個月內(nèi)有外源DNA的免疫治療;③近1年內(nèi)有輸血史;④接受過移植手術(shù)、肝細(xì)胞治療。最終納入孕婦年齡為18~43歲,孕齡為孕11~30+6周。本研究經(jīng)過醫(yī)院倫理委員會批準(zhǔn)(批號:20180801)。
1.2檢測方法
1.2.1染色體核型分析
對入組的孕婦進(jìn)行遺傳咨詢,根據(jù)孕周采取相應(yīng)產(chǎn)前診斷方法:孕11~13+6周行絨毛膜穿刺術(shù),孕14~26周者行羊膜腔穿刺術(shù),孕周≥27周行臍靜脈穿刺術(shù)。標(biāo)本收集后進(jìn)行培養(yǎng)、制片、消化及染色等,之后進(jìn)行常規(guī)G顯帶分析。利用染色體自動掃描系統(tǒng)掃描玻片,挑選分散良好、條帶清晰、至少達(dá)到320條帶水平的中期分裂相進(jìn)行分析,每個病例計(jì)數(shù)25~30個分裂象、分析≥5個核型,如發(fā)現(xiàn)異常,則增加計(jì)數(shù)和分析數(shù)量。
1.2.2 CNV-seq檢測
使用DNA試劑盒提取基因組DNA。將提取的基因組DNA片段化,用銜接子末端連接,擴(kuò)增以產(chǎn)生測序文庫。測序在Illumina測序平臺上進(jìn)行。然后使用基因組變異數(shù)據(jù)庫(Database of Genomic Variants,DGV)(http://dgv.tcag.ca/dgv/app/homr)、集成資源(Database of Chromosomal Imba-lance and Phenotype in Humans Using Ensembl Resources,DECIPHER)的人類基因組變異和表型數(shù)據(jù)庫(http://decipher.sanger.ac.uk)、人類在線孟德爾遺傳數(shù)據(jù)庫(Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man,OMIM)數(shù)據(jù)庫(http://www.omim.org)和加州大學(xué)圣克魯斯分校數(shù)據(jù)庫(University of California,Santa Cruz,UCSC)(https://genome.ucsc.edu)進(jìn)行分析。根據(jù)美國醫(yī)學(xué)遺傳學(xué)與基因組學(xué)學(xué)會(Ameri-can College of Medical Genetics and Genomics,ACMG)指南[8-9],CNV的臨床意義分為5個等級:致病性CNV、可能致病性CNV、臨床意義不明性CNV、可能良性CNV、良性CNV。將所有致病性CNV、可能致病性CNV及大于1Mb的重復(fù)和大于500kb的缺失的臨床意義不明性CNV列入統(tǒng)計(jì)。
1.3統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
數(shù)據(jù)分析采用SPSS 22.0軟件。計(jì)數(shù)資料采用例數(shù)(n)和百分比(%)表示,組間差異比較使用χ2檢驗(yàn)。Plt;0.05表示差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2結(jié)果
2.1羊水染色體核型分析結(jié)果
160例羊水細(xì)胞經(jīng)檢測發(fā)現(xiàn),39例染色體異常,見表1。
2.2 CNV-seq檢測結(jié)果
經(jīng)CNV-seq檢測,共檢出染色體結(jié)構(gòu)異常16例,見表2。其中7例明確致病性結(jié)果的具體基因見表3。
2.3不同孕婦染色體異常檢出率比較
年齡≥35歲孕婦羊水染色體核型異常檢出率高于年齡lt;35歲孕婦,且在年齡≥35歲孕婦中,羊水染色體核型異常檢出率高于CNV-seq檢測(χ2值分別為15.856、20.928,Plt;0.05);胎齡lt;24周羊水染色體核型異常檢出率高于胎齡≥24周,且在胎齡lt;24周中,羊水染色體核型異常檢出率高于CNV-seq檢測(χ2值分別為16.979、16.311,Plt;0.05);產(chǎn)前診斷指征2項(xiàng)及以上者羊水染色體核型異常檢出率高于2項(xiàng)以下者,而CNV-seq異常檢出率明顯低于2項(xiàng)以下者(χ2值分別為9.246、10.338,Plt;0.05);在產(chǎn)前診斷指征2項(xiàng)及以上者中,羊水染色體核型異常檢出率高于CNV-seq檢測(χ2=27.655,Plt;0.05),見表4。
3討論
相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),我國新生兒出生缺陷發(fā)生率高達(dá)5.6%,其中約有25%的出生缺陷與染色體異常及基因缺陷等遺傳因素相關(guān)[10]。因此,預(yù)防和發(fā)現(xiàn)先天性缺陷的胎兒是產(chǎn)前篩查與診斷的重要任務(wù)。目前,產(chǎn)前篩查和診斷可采取的主要方法有妊娠早/中期的血清學(xué)檢查、超聲影像檢查和無創(chuàng)DNA檢查等[11]。近年來,隨著影像學(xué)及分子生物學(xué)領(lǐng)域的不斷進(jìn)步,用于產(chǎn)前篩查和診斷胎兒結(jié)構(gòu)畸形及染色體異常的技術(shù)水平也在不斷提高。
3.1 CNV-seq檢測結(jié)果與鼻骨發(fā)育不良的關(guān)系
許多CNV在人群中是良性變異,但仍然存在不少的致病拷貝數(shù)變異,并導(dǎo)致基因組疾?。?2]。鼻骨發(fā)育不良可能是與臨床CNV相關(guān)的面部畸形的客觀標(biāo)志物[2]。常規(guī)染色體核型分析是目前用于檢測胎兒染色體數(shù)量和結(jié)構(gòu)異常的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。然而,這種方法有一定的局限性,例如分辨率有限,可能導(dǎo)致lt;5Mb的染色體結(jié)構(gòu)異常無法辨別診斷[13]。CNV-seq主要是通過有效檢出遺傳物質(zhì)增減即基因拷貝數(shù)量變化而實(shí)現(xiàn)對染色體異常情況進(jìn)行篩查的目的。CNV-seq技術(shù)可對母親羊水中的循環(huán)游離DNA進(jìn)行測序,并且在篩查具有高靈敏度和特異性的胎兒染色體非整倍性檢測領(lǐng)域非常成熟[14]。與傳統(tǒng)的染色體核型分析相比,CNV-seq提供了更高分辨率分析,可以準(zhǔn)確可靠地診斷具有臨床意義的CNV。CNV-seq還存在許多潛在的優(yōu)勢,包括高通量樣品分析、更低的基因組DNA(genomic DNA,gDNA)輸入檢測和更短的周轉(zhuǎn)時間等[15-16]。另外,有研究顯示,CNV-seq相對于染色體核型分析的CNV檢出率提高了約1%,并首次提出CNV-seq可被視為檢測致病性CNV的一級診斷技術(shù)[17]。甚至還有建議提出,可通過受累器官系統(tǒng)和觀察到的異常數(shù)量將超聲檢出異常胎兒的致病性CNV頻率做進(jìn)一步的細(xì)化分析。
3.2引起胎兒鼻骨發(fā)育不良的CNV主要因素
我們的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),引起胎兒鼻骨發(fā)育不良的CNV主要是常染體數(shù)目異常,其中21三體占比最高,與前期研究結(jié)果一致[18]。相較于染色體核型分析,CNV-seq針對引起CNV的染色體結(jié)構(gòu)異常的臨床檢出率更高。表明相較于染色體核型分析,CNV-seq能夠有效降低胎兒染色體結(jié)構(gòu)異常性疾病的漏診率。隨后我們針對該結(jié)果進(jìn)行了不同年齡、胎齡、產(chǎn)前診斷指征的亞組分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)年齡≥35歲、胎齡lt;24周及產(chǎn)前診斷指征2項(xiàng)及以上羊水染色體核型分析染色體異常檢出率顯著高于lt;35歲、≥24周和產(chǎn)前診斷指征2項(xiàng)以下的羊水染色體核型分析染色體異常檢出率。且在年齡≥35歲、胎齡lt;24周及產(chǎn)前診斷指征2項(xiàng)及以上的孕婦中,羊水染色體核型分析的染色體異常檢出率高于CNV-seq檢測。而產(chǎn)前診斷指征2項(xiàng)以下CNV-seq異常檢出率明顯高于2項(xiàng)以上。以上結(jié)果表明年齡≥35歲、胎齡lt;24周及產(chǎn)前診斷指征2項(xiàng)及以上的孕婦可能更容易發(fā)生染色體數(shù)目異常,產(chǎn)前診斷指征2項(xiàng)以下的孕婦可能更容易發(fā)生染色體結(jié)構(gòu)異常。染色體結(jié)構(gòu)異常主要包括染色體易位、倒位、衍生、插入等。當(dāng)染色體發(fā)生變異繼而斷裂時,會出現(xiàn)不同染色體的易位、重排和重新連接等,從而在修復(fù)過程中形成新的衍生染色體[19-20]。如果衍生染色體在斷點(diǎn)處表現(xiàn)出片段缺失或基因損傷,即為不平衡易位和/或倒置。染色體結(jié)構(gòu)異常通常沒有基因的增減,但也存在染色體微小片段的重復(fù)或缺失,并且其位置效應(yīng)及一些功能基因的斷裂,很有可能影響基因的表達(dá)及調(diào)控[21]。雖然特異性微缺失和微重復(fù)很少見,但在致病性CNV中比全染色體非整倍性中的異常更常見,并且可以具有相同或更嚴(yán)重的表型[22]。另有研究顯示,高齡孕婦、多項(xiàng)產(chǎn)前診斷指征及胎齡較小者染色體異常發(fā)生率較高,并且隨著母體年齡增長生成畸形配子的概率增加,易發(fā)生染色體不分離導(dǎo)致胎兒染色體“三體”疾?。?3-25]。因此,CNV-seq針對染色體結(jié)構(gòu)異常的檢出率更高,范圍更廣泛。
綜上所述,CNV-seq具有較好的應(yīng)用價值,可彌補(bǔ)染色體核型分析的不足,有助于染色體結(jié)構(gòu)異常的檢出。
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[專業(yè)責(zé)任編輯:帖利軍]
[中文編輯:郭樂倩;英文編輯:楊周岐]