周建聰 蔡 利 楊靜茹 林先鑫 顧志峰,2 石耀華 劉春勝,2
溫度和氨氮對不同規(guī)格紅螯螯蝦耗氧率與排氨率的影響*
周建聰1蔡 利1楊靜茹1林先鑫1顧志峰1,2石耀華1①劉春勝1,2①
(1. 海南大學(xué)海洋學(xué)院 海南 海口 507228; 2. 海南大學(xué)南海海洋資源利用國家重點(diǎn)實驗室 海南 ???507228)
為了揭示溫度和氨氮濃度對紅螯螯蝦()耗氧率(O)與排氨率(N)的影響,采用單因素實驗設(shè)計和密閉流水法分析了不同溫度和氨氮濃度條件下,3種規(guī)格紅螯螯蝦(小規(guī)格為S組、中規(guī)格為M組和大規(guī)格為L組)O和N的變化規(guī)律。結(jié)果顯示,溫度對紅螯螯蝦O和N影響顯著(<0.05),在溫度為15℃~35℃時,O隨溫度升高而增加,35℃時,紅螯螯蝦的O達(dá)到最大值;其中,S組的O為0.777 mg/(g·h),顯著大于其他2個組(<0.05)。紅螯螯蝦N隨溫度升高呈先上升后下降的趨勢,30℃時達(dá)到最大值;其中,S組的N為0.061 mg/(g·h),顯著大于其他2個組(<0.05)。溫度對紅螯螯蝦的氧氮比(O/N)值有顯著影響(<0.05)。氨氮濃度對紅螯螯蝦的O和N影響顯著(<0.05),在氨氮濃度為0~16 mg/L時,二者均隨氨氮濃度的上升呈先上升后下降的趨勢;當(dāng)氨氮濃度為8 mg/L時,紅螯螯蝦的O達(dá)到最大值,S、M和L組O值分別為0.663、0.332和0.195 mg/(g·h);當(dāng)氨氮濃度為12 mg/L時,N達(dá)到最大值,S、M和L組N值分別為0.123、0.049和0.034 mg/(g·h),且顯著高于其他處理組(<0.05)。氨氮濃度對3種規(guī)格紅螯螯蝦的O/N值均有顯著影響(<0.05)。不同溫度條件下,紅螯螯蝦O和N的10變化范圍分別為1.102~3.361和0.346~3.417,且分別在25℃~30℃和30℃~35℃時達(dá)到最小。
紅螯螯蝦;溫度;氨氮;耗氧率;排氨率
呼吸排泄是水產(chǎn)動物新陳代謝的基本生理活動之一,亦是水產(chǎn)動物能量學(xué)研究的重要組成部分(栗志民等, 2010; 劉建勇等, 2019)。在各代謝參數(shù)中,氨氮(NH4+-N)與氧代謝水平是測量呼吸排泄的2個重要指標(biāo),可以有效地反映水產(chǎn)動物的代謝規(guī)律和生存狀況(宋協(xié)法等, 2017; 劉春勝等, 2018)。
紅螯螯蝦()俗稱澳洲淡水龍蝦,原產(chǎn)自澳大利亞,體型大,肉質(zhì)鮮美,是經(jīng)濟(jì)價值較高的優(yōu)良品種(Jones, 1994; 鄭玉珍等, 2000; Vanzquez, 2007)。近年來,紅螯螯蝦養(yǎng)殖規(guī)模在我國廣東、江蘇和海南等南方各省逐年增加,年產(chǎn)量已達(dá)3000 t (Yuan, 2019; 彭剛等, 2020)。在紅螯螯蝦養(yǎng)殖過程中,經(jīng)常會出現(xiàn)溫度變化以及過量投餌導(dǎo)致的養(yǎng)殖水體氨氮濃度變化等實際問題,嚴(yán)重影響紅螯螯蝦生產(chǎn)活動(Liane, 2011、2015)。Cui等(1988)、閆茂倉等(2007)、李加兒等(2014)和 王治平等(2021)研究表明,水產(chǎn)動物生長代謝不僅受自身因素如遺傳、個體大小等的影響,還與水溫、氨氮水平、鹽度等外部環(huán)境因素密切相關(guān)。目前,國內(nèi)外已有許多關(guān)于蝦類[錦繡龍蝦()、秀麗白蝦()和凡納濱對蝦()]、貝類和魚類等水生動物呼吸代謝相關(guān)的研究(宋協(xié)法等, 2009; 劉凱等, 2010; Giacomin, 2019; 羅嘉俊等, 2020)。而對于紅螯螯蝦的研究主要集中于繁育、養(yǎng)成和飼料方面(Liu, 2020; Lu, 2020; 徐文倩等, 2020),在呼吸排泄方面鮮有報道。本實驗采用密閉流水法,研究溫度和氨氮濃度對不同規(guī)格紅螯螯蝦耗氧率(Oxygen consumption rate,O)和排氨率(Ammonia remoral rate,N)的影響,旨在分析紅螯螯蝦呼吸代謝的規(guī)律,為紅螯螯蝦的養(yǎng)殖技術(shù)改良提供數(shù)據(jù)參考。
紅螯螯蝦取自海南省澄邁縣四泰養(yǎng)殖場,選取健康無病害的個體,暫養(yǎng)于海南大學(xué)海洋學(xué)院實驗室養(yǎng)殖系統(tǒng)內(nèi)。暫養(yǎng)期間,每天早晚投餌2次,投餌后2 h換水1/2。養(yǎng)殖水體水溫為(30.0±0.5)℃,pH為7.81±0.18,溶解氧(DO)為(7.09±0.28) mg/L。3種規(guī)格紅螯螯蝦體長和體重見表1。
表1 紅螯螯蝦生物學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)
Tab.1 Biological characteristics of C. quadricarinatus
注:不同小寫字母表示差異顯著(<0.05)
Note: Different small letters indicated significant difference at 0.05 level
1.2.1 溫度對不同規(guī)格紅螯螯蝦O和N的影響
設(shè)置15℃、20℃、25℃、30℃和35℃共5個溫度梯度。實驗初始水溫為(30.0±0.5)℃。各溫度組采用冰袋和加熱棒調(diào)節(jié)紅螯螯蝦暫養(yǎng)水溫,每12 h升降溫度1℃,達(dá)到設(shè)定水溫,待紅螯螯蝦適應(yīng)2 d后再進(jìn)行O和N測定。實驗前停食24 h。
1.2.2 氨氮濃度對不同規(guī)格紅螯螯蝦O和N的影響
氨氮濃度設(shè)置0、4、8、12和16 mg/L共5個水平,并通過在水中加入純化NH4Cl配制而成;每12 h升高1 mg/L,達(dá)到設(shè)定氨氮濃度,紅螯螯蝦適應(yīng)2 d后再進(jìn)行實驗。實驗前停食24 h。
本研究中,O采用Loligo systems水生生物呼吸儀測定。將待測紅螯螯蝦及相應(yīng)水溫/氨氮濃度的水體轉(zhuǎn)移至密閉呼吸器中(內(nèi)腔體積為1.6 L);另設(shè)一組呼吸器作為對照組,其內(nèi)部充滿相同水溫和氨氮濃度的淡水,不放置紅螯螯蝦。呼吸儀運(yùn)行1.5 h,期間水流速度為5 L/min,自動實時檢測水體DO。實驗開始時與結(jié)束后分別采集50 mL水體,用于氨氮濃度的測定。根據(jù)預(yù)實驗結(jié)果,每個呼吸器分別放置小、中和大規(guī)格紅螯螯蝦為5只、2只和1只。水體中氨氮濃度使用DeChem-Tech(德國)全自動化學(xué)分析儀測定,方法參照國標(biāo)法(GB7148-81)。
O、N、氧氮比(O/N)值和溫度系數(shù)(10)計算公式:
O= [(DO0– DO) ×]/(×) (1)
N= [(N–N) ×]/(×) (2)
O/N =O/N(3)
式中,O、N分別為單位體重耗氧率和排氨率[mg/(g·h)],DO0和DO分別為實驗開始和實驗結(jié)束后水中的DO含量(mg/L),為呼吸器中水的體積(L),為紅螯螯蝦重量(g),為實驗持續(xù)時間(h),0和N分別為實驗開始和實驗結(jié)束后水中總氨氮濃度(mg/L)。
溫度系數(shù)公式:
10= (2/1)10/(T2– T1)(4)
式中,1和2分別為實驗溫度1和2時紅螯螯蝦的O或N[mg/(g·h)]。
實驗數(shù)據(jù)采用平均值±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(Mean±SD)表示,采用SPSS 23.0軟件進(jìn)行單因素方差(one-way ANOVA)分析,<0.05為顯著差異。
從表2可以看出,溫度對不同規(guī)格紅螯螯蝦O影響顯著(<0.05)。在溫度為15℃~35℃時,隨著溫度的增加,紅螯螯蝦各組O均呈上升的趨勢,且在35℃時達(dá)到最高。在相同溫度時,S組紅螯螯蝦O顯著高于M和L組(<0.05)。溫度對不同規(guī)格紅螯螯蝦N亦有顯著影響(<0.05),均隨溫度增加呈先上升后下降的趨勢。在溫度為30℃時,3種規(guī)格紅螯螯蝦N均達(dá)到最高值,S、M和L組紅螯螯蝦的N分別為0.061、0.034和0.018 mg/(g·h),且各組相比差異顯著(<0.05)。
溫度對不同規(guī)格紅螯螯蝦O/N值的影響見表3。從表3可以看出,在溫度為15℃~35℃條件下,紅螯螯蝦的O:N值為8.636~20.899。同一規(guī)格紅螯螯蝦在不同溫度時,O:N值呈先下降后升高的趨勢,且各溫度條件下,O:N值存在顯著性差異(<0.05)。在溫度為20℃時,L組紅螯螯蝦O/N值最高,為20.830,顯著高于其他2個組(<0.05),其他溫度不同規(guī)格紅螯螯蝦O:N值相比均無顯著差異(>0.05)。
表2 溫度對不同規(guī)格紅螯螯蝦O和N的影響
Tab.2 Effects of temperature on the oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion rates inC. quadricarinatus
注:不同大寫字母表示同溫度組O(N)差異顯著(<0.05);不同小寫字母上標(biāo)表示同規(guī)格組差異顯著(<0.05),下同
Note: Different capital letters in the same row indicated significant difference at 0.05 level at the same temperature; different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant difference at 0.05 level at the same size, the same as below
表3 不同規(guī)格紅螯螯蝦在不同溫度下的氧氮比
Tab.3 O/N rations of different size C. quadricarinatus under different temperature levels
從表4可以看出,氨氮濃度對不同規(guī)格紅螯螯蝦O影響顯著(<0.05)。在氨氮濃度為0~16 mg/L時,隨著氨氮濃度的上升,各組均呈先上升后下降的趨勢,且在氨氮濃度為8 mg/L達(dá)到最高。在相同氨氮濃度條件下,S組紅螯螯蝦O顯著高于與M和L組(<0.05)。氨氮濃度對不同規(guī)格紅螯螯蝦N亦有顯著影響(<0.05),均隨氨氮濃度的升高呈先上升后下降的趨勢。在氨氮濃度為12 mg/L時,3種規(guī)格紅螯螯蝦N均達(dá)到最高值。在該氨氮濃度條件下,S、M和L組紅螯螯蝦的N分別為0.123、0.049和0.034 mg/g·h,且各規(guī)格間相比差異顯著(<0.05)。
氨氮濃度對不同規(guī)格紅螯螯蝦O:N值的影響見表5。從表5可以看出,在氨氮濃度為0~16 mg/L時,紅螯螯蝦的O:N值為3.729~9.442。同一規(guī)格紅螯螯蝦在不同氨氮濃度條件下,O:N值呈先下降后升高的趨勢,且各組相比差異顯著(<0.05)。在氨氮濃度為0~8 mg/L時,不同規(guī)格紅螯螯蝦O:N值相比無顯著差異(>0.05),其他濃度組相比差異顯著(<0.05)。
從表6可以看出,在實驗溫度為15℃~35℃時,紅螯螯蝦O的10值為1.102~3.361,平均為1.820。S組紅螯螯蝦O的10值呈先上升后下降的趨勢,M和L組均呈先下降后上升的趨勢。紅螯螯蝦N的10值為0.346~3.417,平均值為1.819。3種規(guī)格N的10值在30℃~35℃時均達(dá)到最低。
表4 氨氮濃度對不同規(guī)格紅螯螯蝦RO和RN的影響
表5 不同規(guī)格紅螯螯蝦在不同氨氮濃度下的氧氮比(O:N)
Tab.5 O:N rations of different size C. quadricarinatusunder different ammonia concentrations
表6 不同溫度下紅螯螯蝦O和N的10值
Tab.6 Q10 values of oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion rates underdifferent temperature levels in C. quadricarinatus
溫度是影響水生經(jīng)濟(jì)動物生長代謝的重要環(huán)境因子。眾多研究表明,在適宜溫度時,水生動物O和N隨溫度的升高而增加(王沖等, 2018)。錦繡龍蝦、凡納濱對蝦等蝦類均符合這一規(guī)律(宋協(xié)法等, 2009; 羅嘉俊等, 2020),其他水生經(jīng)濟(jì)動物如鈍吻黃蓋鰈()幼魚、九孔鮑()等也是如此(崔前進(jìn)等, 2018; 王崇懿等, 2020)。本研究結(jié)果顯示,在溫度為15℃~35℃時,紅螯螯蝦O隨溫度升高而增加;N在15℃~30℃范圍內(nèi)不斷增加,在35℃時逐漸下降。紅螯螯蝦的最適生長水溫為24℃~32℃(石順芳等, 2020),高于32℃會對其排泄產(chǎn)生一定的抑制作用,進(jìn)而使N降低。10是反映溫度對水生生物代謝影響的指標(biāo),本研究中,在溫度為25℃~30℃時,3種規(guī)格紅螯螯蝦O的10值均最小,說明當(dāng)溫度適宜時,其對紅螯螯蝦呼吸影響不大(邢道超等, 2017)。而在該溫度范圍內(nèi),S組紅螯螯蝦N的10值最大,其他2個組N的10值在其他溫度時最高,說明較大規(guī)格的紅螯螯蝦更能適應(yīng)溫度的變化。
嚴(yán)銀龍等(2019)、孫明龍等(2020)和時嘉賡等(2020)研究表明,水產(chǎn)動物N不僅與餌料、溫度和鹽度等密切相關(guān),亦受水體中氨氮濃度的影響。當(dāng)水體環(huán)境中氨氮濃度過高時,會導(dǎo)致水生動物代謝紊亂、組織結(jié)構(gòu)受損甚至死亡,如棘胸蛙()蝌蚪在氨氮濃度超過14.70 mg/L后,其皮膚供氧效率將會下降;大口黑鱸(在氨氮濃度超過4.31 mg/L后出現(xiàn)呼吸抑制(姜令緒等, 2004; 曾慶婷等, 2016; 牛春格等, 2019; 楊斯琪等, 2019; 孟振等, 2020)。因此,有必要通過探究紅螯螯蝦在不同氨氮濃度條件下呼吸代謝來確定其最佳氨氮耐受范圍。在實驗濃度范圍內(nèi),紅螯螯蝦的O呈先上升后下降的趨勢,并在濃度超過12 mg/L時達(dá)到最高,這一研究結(jié)果與潘訓(xùn)彬等(2017)研究結(jié)果類似。這是因為當(dāng)水中氨氮濃度上升時,水中的氨會通過紅螯螯蝦的鰓進(jìn)入其體內(nèi),造成血氨積累,進(jìn)而改變了紅螯螯蝦代謝模式,促進(jìn)其排氨;而當(dāng)水中非離子氨濃度繼續(xù)升高至一定闕值時,又會影響其鰓的排氨,同時,也抑制呼吸代謝(冼健安等, 2014; 鄒李昶等, 2015)。
O:N值是研究水產(chǎn)動物生長代謝的一個重要參數(shù),其大小表示該生物體內(nèi)蛋白質(zhì)與脂肪、碳水化合物分解代謝的比率(Torres, 2002; Zheng, 2008; 王鵬帥等, 2017; 聶鴻濤等, 2017)。當(dāng)O:N值較小(約為7時)時,表明該生物體內(nèi)主要以蛋白質(zhì)代謝為主,而O:N值為24時,則表明該生物體內(nèi)主要以脂肪和蛋白質(zhì)混合代謝為主。在溫度為15℃~35℃時,紅螯螯蝦的O:N值為8.636~20.899,說明在該溫度范圍內(nèi),其代謝的能量主要由蛋白質(zhì)和脂肪提供(胡發(fā)文等, 2021)。而在氨氮濃度為0~8 mg/L內(nèi),紅螯螯蝦的O:N值為7.614~9.442,表明此時紅螯螯蝦代謝仍通過脂肪和蛋白質(zhì)供能,但蛋白質(zhì)利用比例較高;當(dāng)氨氮濃度為8~16 mg/L時,紅螯螯蝦的O:N值為3.729~6.957,此時,紅螯螯蝦代謝則以蛋白質(zhì)供能為主(劉鵬遠(yuǎn)等, 2020; 霍恩澤等,2021)。
綜上所述,溫度和氨氮濃度對不同規(guī)格紅螯螯蝦的O和N均影響顯著。在養(yǎng)殖過程中,S組紅螯螯蝦最適生長溫度為25℃~30℃;相較于S組個體,M和L組紅螯螯蝦耐高溫能力更強(qiáng),但也不宜超過35℃。本實驗條件下,紅螯螯蝦的氨氮耐受濃度為8~12 mg/L。在紅螯螯蝦養(yǎng)殖中,應(yīng)該嚴(yán)格控制水溫變化,并且做好日常水質(zhì)監(jiān)測,避免因水體中氨氮濃度過高而影響其生長代謝。
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Effects of Temperature and Ammonia on Oxygen Consumption and Ammonia Excretion Rates ofwith Different Sizes
ZHOU Jiancong1, CAI Li1, YANG Jingru1, LIN Xianxin1, GU Zhifeng1,2, SHI Yaohua1①, LIU Chunsheng1,2①
(1. Ocean College, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 507228, China; 2. State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 507228, China)
To determine the influence of temperature and ammonia on the oxygen consumption rate and ammonia excretion rate of the red claw crayfish (), a single factor experimental design and closed flow method were used to analyze the influence of temperature and ammonia concentration on the oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion rates of crayfish of three sizes (S, M, and L representing small, medium, and large crayfish, respectively). The results were as follows. Temperature had significant effects on the oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion rates of crayfish. The oxygen consumption rate increased with the increase in temperature (15℃~35℃), and at 35℃, the oxygen consumption rate reached the maximum, wherein the rate of the S group was 0.777 mg/(g·h), significantly higher than that of the other two size classes. The ammonia excretion rate of the crayfish increased first and then decreased with increasing temperature, and reached a maximum at 30℃; among the size classes, the ammonia excretion rate of the S group was 0.061 mg/(g·h) and was significantly higher than the other two sizes. Temperature had a significant effect on the oxygen/nitrogen ratio of the crayfish. 2 The level of ammonia significantly affected the oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion rates of the crayfish. The oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion rates increased with an increase in the ammonia concentration, and then decreased. The oxygen consumption rate reached a maximum at an ammonia concentration of 8 mg/L, which was 0.663, 0.332, and 0.195 mg/(g·h) in the S, M, and L groups, respectively, whereas the ammonia excretion rate reached a maximum at an ammonia concentration of 12 mg/L, which was 0.123, 0.049, and 0.034 mg/(g·h) in the S, M, and L groups, respectively, and was significantly higher than those of the other groups. Furthermore, the ammonia concentration had a significant effect on the oxygen/nitrogen ratio of the crayfish. The10values for the oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion rates ranged from 1.102~3.361 and 0.346~3.417, and at the minimum values were at 25℃~30℃ and 30℃~35℃, respectively.
; Temperature; Ammonia; Oxygen consumption rate; Ammonia excretion rate
S966
A
2095-9869(2022)03-0095-08
10.19663/j.issn2095-9869.20210407002
http://www.yykxjz.cn/
周建聰, 蔡利, 楊靜茹, 林先鑫, 顧志峰, 石耀華, 劉春勝. 溫度和氨氮對不同規(guī)格紅螯螯蝦耗氧率與排氨率的影響. 漁業(yè)科學(xué)進(jìn)展, 2022, 43(3): 95–102
ZHOU J C, CAI L, YANG J R, LIN X X, GU Z F, SHI Y H, LIU C S. Effects of temperature and ammonia on oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion rates ofwith different sizes. Progress in Fishery Sciences, 2022, 43(3): 95–102
SHI Yaohua, E-mail: stone70@126.com; LIU Chunsheng, E-mail: lcs5113@163.com
* 國家重點(diǎn)研發(fā)計劃項目(2018YFD0900704)和院士團(tuán)隊創(chuàng)新中心項目(HD-YSZX-202011)共同資助[This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2018YFD0900704), and the Talent Development Program of Hainan Province (HD-YSZX-202011)]. 周建聰,E-mail: zhoujcgreat@163.com
石耀華,教授,E-mail: stone70@126.com;劉春勝,副教授,E-mail: lcs5113@163.com
2021-04-07,
2021-04-18
(編輯 陳嚴(yán))