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      負(fù)性情緒與輕度認(rèn)知障礙的關(guān)系:基于焦慮和抑郁的視角

      2022-04-29 05:36:31路美玉何曉麗馮茹鈺馬紅杰
      中國心理學(xué)前沿 2022年11期
      關(guān)鍵詞:癡呆負(fù)性情緒

      路美玉 何曉麗 馮茹鈺 馬紅杰

      摘 要|與負(fù)性情緒相關(guān)的神經(jīng)精神癥狀,如焦慮和抑郁,是輕度認(rèn)知障礙個體早期識別和干預(yù)的一個重要指標(biāo)。本文系統(tǒng)梳理了輕度認(rèn)知障礙及其亞型群體的神經(jīng)精神癥狀,以及焦慮和抑郁與輕度認(rèn)知障礙及癡呆之間關(guān)系的研究進(jìn)展。發(fā)現(xiàn)焦慮和抑郁情緒與輕度認(rèn)知障礙及其亞型之間是相互作用的關(guān)系,并且二者均會加速輕度 認(rèn)知障礙及其亞型向癡呆轉(zhuǎn)化的進(jìn)程。未來的研究方向不能僅局限于對輕度認(rèn)知障礙群體負(fù)性情緒行為學(xué)上 的關(guān)注,還可以結(jié)合神經(jīng)生物學(xué)指標(biāo)對情緒進(jìn)行綜合地識別和干預(yù),以此改善輕度認(rèn)知障礙個體的日常情緒 體驗和生活質(zhì)量。

      關(guān)鍵詞|負(fù)性情緒;輕度認(rèn)知障礙;癡呆

      Copyright ? 2022 by author (s) and SciScan Publishing Limited

      This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/

      1 引言

      輕度認(rèn)知障礙(mild cognitive impairment,MCI)是正常老齡化群體和癡呆之間的過渡階段。有研究表明,中國老年群體的輕度認(rèn)知障礙患病率略微高于西方國家老年群體的輕度認(rèn)知障礙患病率[1]。與 正常的老年個體相比,三年之內(nèi) 39.2% 的輕度認(rèn)知障礙個體會發(fā)展為癡呆,然而正常老年個體發(fā)展為癡呆的概率不到 1%[2]。相較于癡呆患者,輕度認(rèn)知障礙個體報告的認(rèn)知損傷程度更低[3-5],但是報告的焦慮抑郁等負(fù)性情緒更高[6]。因此從異常情緒入手,早期識別輕度認(rèn)知障礙對于延緩老年癡呆的發(fā)展 進(jìn)程具有重大的意義。一些研究者提出使用神經(jīng)精神癥狀,如焦慮抑郁等情緒指標(biāo)預(yù)測老年群體的認(rèn)知衰退,并已取得豐富的研究成果[7,8]。焦慮和抑郁往往在老年、晚年時期經(jīng)常一起發(fā)生,并且這兩種情緒癥狀在老年群體中十分普遍[9]。在臨床診斷方面焦慮和抑郁這兩種負(fù)性情緒很難分離,因此老年個體認(rèn)知障礙的衰退可能是兩者共同作用產(chǎn)生的[10,11]。然而,焦慮和抑郁單獨對老年個體認(rèn)知功能的消極影響也不容忽視。因此,本文擬通過梳理國內(nèi)外以往的文獻(xiàn)研究,分別厘清焦慮、抑郁情緒與輕度認(rèn)知障礙和癡呆之間的關(guān)系,以期為老年輕度認(rèn)知障礙群體和阿爾茲海默癥(Alzheimers Disease)群體的情緒識別及早期預(yù)防提供參考。

      2 輕度認(rèn)知功能障礙的分類

      隨著越來越多的學(xué)者關(guān)注輕度認(rèn)知障礙這一群體,輕度認(rèn)知障礙的內(nèi)涵也在不斷地擴(kuò)大[12]。為了提高輕度認(rèn)知障礙這一術(shù)語的診斷精度,彼得森(Petersen)等人將輕度認(rèn)知障礙具體劃分成了兩個領(lǐng)域 的四種亞型,分別是多域遺忘型、多域非遺忘型、單域遺忘型、單域非遺忘型[13]。通常來說,單域遺忘型輕度認(rèn)知障礙個體會發(fā)展為阿茲海默癥,單域非遺忘型輕度認(rèn)知障礙個體會發(fā)展為額顳葉癡呆。其中,學(xué)者關(guān)注最多的領(lǐng)域是遺忘型輕度認(rèn)知障礙(amnestic mild cognitive impairment,aMCI),即個體記憶能力受到損傷,但是功能的獨立性保持得很完整[14]。

      除了彼得森等人對輕度認(rèn)知障礙亞型的劃分,維托(Vito)等人根據(jù)更加嚴(yán)格的篩選標(biāo)準(zhǔn)將輕度認(rèn)知障礙分為遺忘型輕度認(rèn)知障礙、非遺忘型輕度認(rèn)知障礙和多領(lǐng)域受損的輕度認(rèn)知障礙,研究結(jié)果 表明執(zhí)行功能受損的輕度認(rèn)知障礙個體和遺忘型輕度認(rèn)知障礙個體隨著時間的推移會出現(xiàn)更多的情緒 癥狀[13,15]。但是根據(jù)傳統(tǒng)的輕度認(rèn)知障礙標(biāo)準(zhǔn)篩選的遺忘型輕度認(rèn)知障礙個體并沒有出現(xiàn)更嚴(yán)重的焦慮情緒。具體來說,評估輕度認(rèn)知障礙亞型的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)越全面,對于情緒癥狀的判定就越精確。

      3 焦慮、抑郁情緒與輕度認(rèn)知障礙的關(guān)系

      焦慮情緒與輕度認(rèn)知障礙的研究

      76% 的輕度認(rèn)知障礙群體會出現(xiàn)至少一種神經(jīng)精神癥狀,其中焦慮(52%)是最常見的一種[16]。已有研究表明,焦慮會增加個體罹患輕度認(rèn)知障礙的風(fēng)險[17]。首先,焦慮作為個體潛在認(rèn)知損傷的反應(yīng)表現(xiàn),會加劇認(rèn)知損傷的程度。同樣地,輕度認(rèn)知障礙也會增加個體罹患焦慮障礙的風(fēng)險。尤其當(dāng)個體出現(xiàn)了遺忘現(xiàn)象、完成日常生活任務(wù)的能力逐漸衰退,以及害怕發(fā)展為癡呆都會引起輕度認(rèn)知障礙個體更嚴(yán)重的焦慮情緒。其次,這種焦慮障礙會對不論是從遺傳還是從環(huán)境上更容易受影響的個體產(chǎn)生消極的作用,因此輕度認(rèn)知障礙個體會更早地出現(xiàn)焦慮障礙[6]。綜上所述,可以看出輕度認(rèn)知障礙和焦 慮的關(guān)系是一個相互影響的過程,焦慮情緒可以加速認(rèn)知衰退的進(jìn)程從而發(fā)展為輕度認(rèn)知障礙,而輕度認(rèn)知障礙個體也更容易患有焦慮情緒,二者在相互影響下會加速輕度認(rèn)知障礙個體向癡呆轉(zhuǎn)化的進(jìn)程, 這也意味著焦慮情緒可以作為癡呆和輕度認(rèn)知障礙的中間階段。

      以上的研究都集中在老年個體存在客觀的認(rèn)知損傷,然而列(Liew)的研究表明主觀的認(rèn)知衰退也可以預(yù)測個體神經(jīng)認(rèn)知障礙的發(fā)展[18]。德賽(Desai)等人認(rèn)為主觀認(rèn)知衰退在不同的研究中也可表達(dá)為主觀記憶抱怨(Subject Memory Complain)、自我報告認(rèn)知損傷(Self-reported Cognitive Impairment)、主觀記憶衰退(Subject Memory Decline)[19]。老年群體中經(jīng)常伴隨出現(xiàn)主觀記憶抱怨現(xiàn)象,相較于客觀的認(rèn)知損傷, 焦慮和抑郁情緒更有可能與個體的主觀記憶抱怨的存在有關(guān),存在主觀記憶抱怨的個體也更有可能報告焦慮或者抑郁癥狀[20]。當(dāng)個體同時患有焦慮癥狀和主觀認(rèn)知衰退時,個體會有 25% 的概率在三年之內(nèi)發(fā)展為輕度認(rèn)知障礙或者癡呆[18],相較于低焦慮主觀認(rèn)知衰退的個體,同時患有高焦慮主觀認(rèn)知衰退的個體發(fā)展為輕度認(rèn)知障礙和癡呆的風(fēng)險更高[19]。認(rèn)知債務(wù)假說(Cognitive Debt Hypothesis)認(rèn)為焦慮作為重復(fù)消極思維(Repetitive Negative Thinking)的一種形式,是由于下丘腦—垂體—腎上腺(HPA)軸的失調(diào)對大腦結(jié)構(gòu)產(chǎn)生了損傷[21]。重復(fù)消極思維不僅與個體認(rèn)知能力的急劇下降有關(guān),還與淀粉樣蛋白和tau 蛋白病理水平的升高相關(guān),這兩者都是阿爾茨海默病和腦衰老的生物標(biāo)志物[22,23]。

      焦慮情緒在輕度認(rèn)知障礙到癡呆轉(zhuǎn)化進(jìn)程中的相關(guān)研究

      焦慮情緒對老年人的認(rèn)知發(fā)展具有重要的影響。焦慮情緒不僅會對個體的神經(jīng)可塑性產(chǎn)生負(fù)性影響, 減少人的認(rèn)知儲備能力[24],還與個體年齡的增長有著密切的關(guān)系[25]。因此,越來越多的學(xué)者不僅關(guān) 注了焦慮情緒對輕度認(rèn)知障礙個體向癡呆轉(zhuǎn)化進(jìn)程的加速作用[1],還預(yù)測了焦慮情緒作為一種獨立的 危險因素能夠增加正常老年個體罹患癡呆風(fēng)險的可能性[26]。近年來,學(xué)者不單單關(guān)注了寬泛的焦慮癥 狀,越來越多的研究還關(guān)注了不同的焦慮癥狀及嚴(yán)重程度與輕度認(rèn)知障礙或癡呆的轉(zhuǎn)化關(guān)系。安德萊斯庫(Andreescu)等人的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)輕度的焦慮癥狀可以預(yù)測個體未來罹患癡呆的風(fēng)險,卻不能預(yù)測未來罹患輕度認(rèn)知障礙的風(fēng)險[27]。而長期嚴(yán)重的焦慮癥狀則與罹患輕度認(rèn)知障礙的風(fēng)險有關(guān)[28]。癡呆作為 一種神經(jīng)退行性疾病存在很長時間的前驅(qū)癥狀階段,個體在未被診斷出嚴(yán)重的認(rèn)知障礙之前,輕度的焦慮癥狀可以被認(rèn)為是癡呆前驅(qū)癥狀的情緒表現(xiàn)。

      此外,弗萊德(Freire)等人從恐慌癥、社交恐懼癥和廣場恐懼癥這三個方面測量了焦慮是否能夠預(yù)測正常老年群體的認(rèn)知衰退,結(jié)果表明焦慮與正常老年個體的認(rèn)知衰退無關(guān),這與布羅達(dá)蒂(Brodaty) 等人的研究結(jié)果不一致[29,30]。在日常生活中,老年個體不僅會產(chǎn)生與恐懼相關(guān)的焦慮,還會產(chǎn)生突發(fā) 的應(yīng)激生活事件相關(guān)的焦慮及個體對自身焦慮水平的評價。迪維爾(Devier)等人認(rèn)為狀態(tài)焦慮不是輕度認(rèn)知障礙個體轉(zhuǎn)化為阿茲海默癥的預(yù)測因素,并且高特質(zhì)焦慮水平與更低的癡呆轉(zhuǎn)化有關(guān)[31]。當(dāng)高 焦慮特質(zhì)的個體感知到自己的記憶力衰退,他們更可能認(rèn)為是自己記憶力方面存在問題,從而報告自己在記憶方面出現(xiàn)的問題和改變[32]。但是實際上,這些患者并沒有客觀的證據(jù)表明他們的記憶力存在缺陷, 因此發(fā)展為阿茲海默癥的概率就更小。此外,焦慮對不同的癡呆類型也具有不同的影響。布雷特烏(Breitve) 等人的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)相比于阿茲海默癥,路易體癡呆患者的焦慮與更緩慢的認(rèn)知衰退有關(guān),并且在隨后的 ? 4 年中路易體癡呆患者的焦慮水平逐漸降低而阿茲海默癥患者的焦慮水平增加[33]。

      焦慮情緒與輕度認(rèn)知障礙亞型的關(guān)系研究

      不論是輕度認(rèn)知障礙還是輕度認(rèn)知障礙亞型患者,都會伴隨著負(fù)性情緒問題的發(fā)生。進(jìn)一步來說, 是否具有焦慮癥狀的遺忘型輕度認(rèn)知障礙個體和正常老年個體轉(zhuǎn)化為癡呆的比例有所不同。當(dāng)個體同時具有遺忘型輕度認(rèn)知障礙和焦慮癥狀時,83.3% 的個體在后續(xù)的研究中會發(fā)展為阿茲海默癥,40.9% 不帶有焦慮癥狀的遺忘型輕度認(rèn)知障礙老年個體會發(fā)展為阿茲海默癥,而僅僅只有 6.1% 認(rèn)知完整的老年個體會發(fā)展為阿茲海默癥[34]。相反地,對于認(rèn)知正常的老年個體來說,僅發(fā)現(xiàn)抑郁情緒與阿茲海默癥 的發(fā)展有關(guān)[27]。勞斯(Rouse)等人的研究進(jìn)一步表明了焦慮是遺忘型輕度認(rèn)知障礙和癡呆的預(yù)測因素[7]。

      在控制了抑郁和記憶力衰退這兩個因素后,遺忘型輕度認(rèn)知障礙個體的重度焦慮會增加阿茲海默癥的轉(zhuǎn)化率[35]。安德萊斯庫等人認(rèn)為正是因為遺忘型輕度認(rèn)知障礙個體大腦海馬回內(nèi)嗅皮質(zhì)面積和厚度的減少, 加速了遺忘型輕度認(rèn)知障礙個體向阿茲海默癥轉(zhuǎn)化的進(jìn)程[27]。

      抑郁情緒與輕度認(rèn)知障礙的研究

      抑郁障礙與個體的認(rèn)知損傷有著密切的關(guān)系[36],抑郁會直接影響老年個體的認(rèn)知功能[37]。抑郁 被認(rèn)為是個體發(fā)展為輕度認(rèn)知障礙和癡呆,尤其是阿茲海默癥的危險因素[38]。拉臘(Lara)等人進(jìn)一步表明了不論是抑郁癥狀還是抑郁障礙都會顯著地預(yù)測輕度認(rèn)知障礙的發(fā)生[39]。與此同時,輕度認(rèn)知障礙也會增加罹患抑郁的風(fēng)險[40]。38% 的輕度認(rèn)知障礙老年個體會報告自己的抑郁癥狀,而且他們的抑郁癥狀更加嚴(yán)重,生活質(zhì)量更差,簡易智力狀態(tài)檢查量表(mini-mental state examination,MMSE)的得分更低[41,42]。由此可以看出,抑郁與輕度認(rèn)知障礙存在著雙向的關(guān)系,兩者相互影響,相互作用。抑郁可以增加個體發(fā)生輕度認(rèn)知障礙和癡呆的概率,而輕度認(rèn)知障礙個體也會出現(xiàn)更明顯的抑郁癥狀, 二者在相互作用下,會加速老年個體的認(rèn)知衰退。

      患有抑郁的輕度認(rèn)知障礙個體在其他認(rèn)知領(lǐng)域也具有更多的損傷[43]。當(dāng)認(rèn)知損傷和抑郁癥狀同時出現(xiàn)時,會導(dǎo)致個體表現(xiàn)出更差的認(rèn)知功能[44]。通常來說,認(rèn)知損傷一般和晚年抑郁同時出現(xiàn)[45]。 晚年抑郁的一個重要的核心特點就是執(zhí)行功能受損,并且還會伴隨自殺行為,患有其他的神經(jīng)精神癥狀有更高的風(fēng)險發(fā)展為癡呆[38]。相比于其他認(rèn)知領(lǐng)域,抑郁癥狀對執(zhí)行功能的影響更加明顯[46]。不論 是輕度認(rèn)知障礙還是遺忘型輕度認(rèn)知障礙個體,伴有抑郁癥狀的個體在反應(yīng)抑制,加工速度,言語記憶的延遲回憶和自由視覺回憶方面具有不同程度的損傷,但是遺忘型輕度認(rèn)知障礙個體在這些認(rèn)知領(lǐng)域的受損程度更加嚴(yán)重[47]。

      抑郁情緒在輕度認(rèn)知障礙到癡呆轉(zhuǎn)化進(jìn)程中的相關(guān)研究

      個體早期嚴(yán)重的抑郁癥狀會增加晚年得癡呆的風(fēng)險[48]。近年來,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)個體晚年的抑郁癥狀與認(rèn)知衰退和癡呆的關(guān)系也十分緊密,并且被認(rèn)為是發(fā)展為癡呆的早期臨床征兆或是危險因素[4,49]。在一項追蹤研究中,基線時期 26.9% 的抑郁患者在三年以后會發(fā)展為阿茲海默癥,而只有 15.2% 的非抑郁患者會發(fā)展為阿茲海默癥。相較于沒有抑郁癥狀的輕度認(rèn)知障礙個體,有抑郁癥狀的輕度認(rèn)知障礙個體發(fā)展為癡呆的風(fēng)險增加了 28%,其中抑郁的基線水平越高,轉(zhuǎn)化為癡呆的風(fēng)險就越大,在高齡和有特定認(rèn)知領(lǐng)域受損的輕度認(rèn)知障礙個體中,中度及重度的抑郁癥狀是阿茲海默型癡呆的預(yù)測因素[50]。晚年抑郁的老年個體經(jīng)常會出現(xiàn)更嚴(yán)重的認(rèn)知損傷,盡管抗抑郁的藥物治療能夠提高個體認(rèn)知的某些方面[51],但是并不能使個體的認(rèn)知功能恢復(fù)到之前的基線水平[52]。抑郁會增加輕度認(rèn)知障礙個體向癡呆發(fā)展的附加風(fēng)險[53]。升明(Sheng Min)等人進(jìn)一步發(fā)現(xiàn)老年個體同時伴隨晚年抑郁癥狀和主觀認(rèn)知衰退時,相比于僅僅

      只具有抑郁癥狀或者主觀認(rèn)知衰退的老年個體,患有癡呆的風(fēng)險會更高[54]。主觀認(rèn)知衰退是指個體自我感知到其認(rèn)知功能的衰退,但是實際上個體并未存在客觀的認(rèn)知損傷[55]。具有主觀認(rèn)知衰退的個體發(fā)展為輕度認(rèn)知障礙和癡呆的風(fēng)險分別是 4 倍和 6 倍[56,57],抑郁癥狀更是會加速主觀認(rèn)知衰退個體發(fā)展為癡呆的進(jìn)程。

      對于抑郁和癡呆的關(guān)系,各個學(xué)者由于研究背景、研究方法、群體及評判標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的不同得出了不同的結(jié)論。勒努瓦(Lenoir)等人認(rèn)為如果抑郁和癡呆不是因果關(guān)系,那么抑郁會增加癡呆的易感性[58]。當(dāng)老年個體認(rèn)知衰退以后出現(xiàn)了情緒和行為反應(yīng)時,抑郁癥狀被認(rèn)為是一種危險的狀態(tài)情緒指標(biāo)。其他研究則認(rèn)為,當(dāng)老年個體未被診斷為癡呆之前,抑郁癥狀也沒有增加,此時抑郁被認(rèn)為是一種特質(zhì)情緒指標(biāo)[59]。然而威爾斯(Wiels)等人的元分析綜合了以上的兩種觀點,他們認(rèn)為抑郁癥狀既是癡呆的危險因素又是癡呆的前期癥狀[60]。這一結(jié)論支持了相互作用假說,該假說認(rèn)為抑郁可能是癡呆的早期癥狀, 或者是對認(rèn)知衰退的反應(yīng),又或者是兩種癥狀相互重合導(dǎo)致的結(jié)果[58]。

      抑郁情緒與輕度認(rèn)知障礙亞型的關(guān)系研究

      廖(Liao)等人的研究分別考察了遺忘型輕度認(rèn)知障礙個體和晚年抑郁個體認(rèn)知損傷的領(lǐng)域。遺忘型輕度認(rèn)知障礙個體在所有的認(rèn)知領(lǐng)域都具有更嚴(yán)重的認(rèn)知損傷,然而晚年抑郁患者只有在執(zhí)行功能和記憶力方面表現(xiàn)更差[61]。在遺忘型輕度認(rèn)知障礙個體中,28.5% 的患者存在執(zhí)行功能和記憶受損,對于非遺忘型輕度認(rèn)知障礙的抑郁患者,23.8% 的患者存在執(zhí)行功能和記憶受損。相比于無抑郁癥狀的遺忘型輕度認(rèn)知障礙個體來說,患有輕度抑郁癥狀的遺忘型輕度認(rèn)知障礙個體表現(xiàn)出了更差的言語記憶和執(zhí)行功能[62]。此外,遺忘型輕度認(rèn)知障礙和晚年抑郁轉(zhuǎn)化為癡呆的結(jié)果也不盡相同。遺忘型輕度認(rèn)知障礙一般多向阿茲海默癥轉(zhuǎn)化,而晚年抑郁則會增加所有癡呆類型的風(fēng)險,比如阿茲海默癥和心血管型癡呆,但是患有血管型癡呆的風(fēng)險顯著高于阿茲海默癥[38,63]。

      以往的研究對于抑郁的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)存在著很大的異質(zhì)性,因此學(xué)者提出了閾下抑郁(subthreshold depression,SD)這一概念,閾下抑郁是指個體未能達(dá)到抑郁的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)但是會出現(xiàn)相關(guān)抑郁的臨床癥狀。 相比于抑郁障礙,閾下抑郁在老年群體和輕度認(rèn)知障礙群體中更常見[64]。Sun 等人的研究表明,遺忘型輕度認(rèn)知障礙個體無論是否具有閾下抑郁,相較于正常老年組認(rèn)知表現(xiàn)都更差,具體體現(xiàn)在記憶、語言、加工速度和執(zhí)行功能方面[65]。但是具有閾下抑郁的遺忘型輕度認(rèn)知障礙個體的注意力和工作記憶 能力更差。抑郁癥狀越嚴(yán)重,遺忘型輕度認(rèn)知障礙個體的注意和工作記憶能力越差。有研究進(jìn)一步表明, 當(dāng)輕度認(rèn)知障礙個體大腦內(nèi)存在淀粉樣蛋白沉積,盡管個體接受了抗抑郁的治療,但是個體的記憶功能在一年之后會出現(xiàn)顯著的衰退,這一現(xiàn)象也存在于伴有閾下抑郁的輕度認(rèn)知障礙個體當(dāng)中[66]。

      4 多種負(fù)性情緒與輕度認(rèn)知障礙的關(guān)系

      多種負(fù)性情緒在輕度認(rèn)知障礙群體向癡呆轉(zhuǎn)化進(jìn)程中的相關(guān)研究

      輕度認(rèn)知障礙個體不僅僅只存在焦慮或者抑郁兩種負(fù)性情緒,還伴有其他情緒型的神經(jīng)精神癥狀。在輕度認(rèn)知障礙群體中,35% ~ 85% 的人會患有與情緒有關(guān)的神經(jīng)精神癥狀,最常見的癥狀有抑郁、焦慮、冷漠和易怒[43,67]。這些癥狀不僅與輕度認(rèn)知障礙個體日?;顒又械恼J(rèn)知和功能衰退有關(guān),還和疾病發(fā) 展的進(jìn)程有關(guān)[43,68],當(dāng)輕度認(rèn)知障礙和情緒有關(guān)的神經(jīng)精神癥狀同時存在時,會加速輕度認(rèn)知障礙個 體發(fā)展為癡呆的進(jìn)程[69]。比如弗雷特斯(Forrester)等人發(fā)現(xiàn)當(dāng)輕度認(rèn)知障礙個體伴隨著情緒有關(guān)的神經(jīng)精神癥狀時,個體具有更高的風(fēng)險轉(zhuǎn)化為癡呆[70]。這與 Yang 等人的研究結(jié)果具有跨文化的一致性,Yang 等人研究發(fā)現(xiàn)中國文化背景下的輕度認(rèn)知障礙個體同樣具有抑郁、焦慮和冷漠等與情緒有關(guān)的神經(jīng)精神癥狀,并且認(rèn)為在所有的負(fù)面情緒中抑郁是阿茲海默癥轉(zhuǎn)化進(jìn)程中的危險因素[8]。馬尤里(Myuri) 等人進(jìn)一步發(fā)現(xiàn)抑郁和冷漠均能預(yù)測癡呆的轉(zhuǎn)化進(jìn)程[71],當(dāng)輕度認(rèn)知障礙個體伴隨抑郁和冷漠情緒時, 會極大地增加個體罹患癡呆的風(fēng)險。

      多種負(fù)性情緒在正常老年群體向輕度認(rèn)知障礙亞型轉(zhuǎn)化進(jìn)程中的相關(guān)研究

      以往的研究更多關(guān)注與負(fù)性情緒有關(guān)的神經(jīng)精神癥狀對輕度認(rèn)知障礙個體發(fā)展為癡呆的預(yù)測作用。鮮有學(xué)者關(guān)注與負(fù)性情緒有關(guān)的神經(jīng)精神癥狀對正常老年個體發(fā)展為輕度認(rèn)知障礙的預(yù)測作用。抑郁 情緒最能夠預(yù)測正常老年個體到輕度認(rèn)知障礙個體的轉(zhuǎn)化進(jìn)程,尤其會增加罹患遺忘型輕度認(rèn)知障礙 的風(fēng)險,因為抑郁對遺忘型輕度認(rèn)知障礙和非遺忘型輕度認(rèn)知障礙的作用機制與人體內(nèi)β ? 淀粉樣蛋白(amyloid-β ,Aβ )的存在有關(guān)[72]。有β 淀粉樣蛋白參與的抑郁患者具有較差的記憶力和認(rèn)知障礙;

      沒有β 淀粉樣蛋白參與的抑郁患者僅僅存在視覺空間和執(zhí)行功能障礙[65]。與此同時,不同的輕度認(rèn)知障礙亞型也會加劇老年個體與情緒有關(guān)的神經(jīng)精神癥狀,比如遺忘型輕度認(rèn)知障礙和執(zhí)行功能受損的輕度認(rèn)知障礙個體他們的情緒問題表現(xiàn)得更加明顯,冷漠癥狀更加嚴(yán)重[15]。由此可以看出,輕度認(rèn)知障 礙和與情緒有關(guān)的神經(jīng)精神癥狀之間的關(guān)系并不是單向的,而是相互影響、相互作用的一個過程。目前, 研究者只表明了抑郁是正常老年個體認(rèn)知功能衰退的危險因素,未來的研究可以進(jìn)一步地探究其他的負(fù)性情緒對正常老年群體中不同程度認(rèn)知障礙亞型或者癡呆發(fā)展進(jìn)程的預(yù)測作用。

      5 總結(jié)與展望

      本研究從情緒角度出發(fā),主要探討了老年個體的主要神經(jīng)精神癥狀焦慮、抑郁情緒與輕度認(rèn)知障礙、輕度認(rèn)知障礙亞型和癡呆的關(guān)系。焦慮情緒和抑郁情緒與輕度認(rèn)知障礙的關(guān)系是雙向的,相互作用的過程,并且焦慮情緒和抑郁情緒均會加劇個體向癡呆的轉(zhuǎn)化進(jìn)程。然而,各個研究對于老年個體罹患輕度認(rèn)知障礙和癡呆率不盡相同,不同的研究背景是癡呆轉(zhuǎn)化率不同的主要因素之一[73]。究其原因是大部 分研究使用了不同的認(rèn)知量表和情緒量表來評估輕度認(rèn)知障礙個體的認(rèn)知水平和情緒狀態(tài)。而量表并不能準(zhǔn)確地反映出輕度認(rèn)知障礙個體在日常生活中的全部能力。因此,研究者在未來對輕度認(rèn)知障礙及癡呆診斷的評價標(biāo)準(zhǔn)上應(yīng)該更加情景化、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化。此外,研究文化背景的不同會使研究結(jié)論出現(xiàn)一定程度的不一致,導(dǎo)致研究結(jié)論的推廣存在質(zhì)疑性。盡管本文系統(tǒng)地論述了焦慮情緒和抑郁情緒與輕度認(rèn)知障礙和亞型的關(guān)系,以及對癡呆轉(zhuǎn)化過程中的作用,但是未來的研究可以不僅僅局限于對輕度認(rèn)知障礙群體負(fù)性情緒行為學(xué)上的關(guān)注,還可以結(jié)合神經(jīng)生物學(xué)指標(biāo)對情緒進(jìn)行綜合地識別和干預(yù)。

      總體上,負(fù)性情緒對老年個體的認(rèn)知功能,包括執(zhí)行功能、注意、加工速度和記憶能力具有一定的損傷作用。早期關(guān)注輕度認(rèn)知障礙個體的情緒異常十分重要,異常情緒的診斷已經(jīng)被認(rèn)為是輕度認(rèn)知障礙個體早期的行為表現(xiàn)之一,尤其焦慮和抑郁這兩種負(fù)性情緒在輕度認(rèn)知障礙個體中十分普遍,并且輕度認(rèn)知障礙個體早期異常情緒的識別和干預(yù)決定了癡呆發(fā)展進(jìn)程的快慢。從目前的研究進(jìn)展來看,通過行為學(xué)和神經(jīng)生物指標(biāo)早期識別和發(fā)現(xiàn)輕度認(rèn)知障礙的異常情緒,再通過多種干預(yù)范式和科技手段結(jié)合在一起進(jìn)行干預(yù)研究,以此全方面地提高輕度認(rèn)知障礙個體的認(rèn)知能力、情緒體驗及日常生活能力,為改善輕度認(rèn)知障礙個體的生活質(zhì)量提供有效途徑。

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      The Relationship between Negative Emotions and Mild Cognitive Impairment: From an Anxiety and Depression Perspective

      Lu Meiyu He Xiaoli Feng Ruyu Ma Hongjie

      Ningxia Univerisity, Yinchuan

      Abstract: Neuropsychiatric symptoms ralated to negative emotions, such as anxiety and depression, are a key indicator of early identification and early intervention for elderly people with mild cognitive impairment. In this paper, the neuropsychiatric symptoms related to mood in MCI and MCI subtypes, and the relationship between anxiety, depression, MCI and dementia are reviewed. It is believed that the relationship between anxiety, depression and MCI is reciprocal, and both of them can accelerate the process of MCI or MCI subtypes to dementia. In the future, the research direction can not only be limited to the attention on the behavioral indicators of the negative emotions among older adults with MCI or dementia, but also can be combined with the biomarker indicators for comprehensive identification and intervention, improving the daily emotional experience and quality of life among aging populations.

      Key words: Negative emotions; Mild cognitive impairment; Dementia

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