蔡福生 胡允兆
【摘要】 急性心肌梗死的發(fā)病過程與炎癥及血栓形成的途徑密切相關(guān)。中性粒細(xì)胞作為炎癥反應(yīng)的主要效應(yīng)細(xì)胞之一,已被證明在許多心血管疾病的病理生理過程中起著重要的作用。尤其是中性粒細(xì)胞在炎癥的刺激下,可以通過釋放中性粒細(xì)胞胞外誘捕網(wǎng),刺激纖維蛋白沉積促進血栓形成,在急性心肌梗死的過程中起著重要的作用。然而,中性粒細(xì)胞胞外誘捕網(wǎng)在急性心肌梗死中的作用還未完全闡明。本文將圍繞最近的研究,結(jié)合中性粒細(xì)胞胞外誘捕網(wǎng)在動脈粥樣硬化斑塊的作用,及其在急性心肌梗死中的作用、對預(yù)后的影響、治療的意義做一綜述。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 中性粒細(xì)胞胞外陷阱 動脈粥樣硬化 急性心肌梗死 血栓
[Abstract] The pathogenesis of acute myocardial infarction is closely related to inflammation and thrombosis. As one of the main effector cells of inflammatory response, neutrophils have been proved to play an important role in the pathophysiological process of many cardiovascular diseases. In particular, neutrophils play an important role in the process of acute myocardial infarction by releasing neutrophil extracellular traps, stimulating fibrin deposition and promoting thrombosis under the stimulation of inflammation. However,the role of neutrophil extracellular traps in acute myocardial infarction has not been fully elucidated. This article focused on the recent research, combined with the role of neutrophil extracellular traps in atherosclerotic plaque, and its role in acute myocardial infarction,the impact on prognosis,and the significance of treatment.
[Key words] Neutrophil extracellular trap Atherosclerosis Acute myocardial infarction Thrombus
First-authors address: Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2021.09.046
中性粒細(xì)胞是先天性免疫系統(tǒng)中含量最豐富的免疫效應(yīng)細(xì)胞[1]。中性粒細(xì)胞除了可通過吞噬、脫顆粒、呼吸爆發(fā)等方式對感染產(chǎn)生防御作用,還可以通過其特殊死亡方式NETosis在許多心血管疾病的病理生理學(xué)中產(chǎn)生獨特的作用[2]。研究表明,中性粒細(xì)胞可通過發(fā)生NETosis釋放網(wǎng)狀結(jié)構(gòu),該網(wǎng)狀結(jié)構(gòu)稱為中性粒細(xì)胞胞外誘捕網(wǎng)(neutrophil extracellular traps,NETs),NETs主要由DNA、組蛋白、中性粒細(xì)胞顆粒酶(MPO、NE)和溶菌酶、抗菌肽等分子組成[3]。NETs被認(rèn)為是心血管疾病病理生理過程中的重要驅(qū)動因素,尤其是近期研究發(fā)現(xiàn)NETs存在于ST抬高型心肌梗死(ST segment elevation myocardial infarction,STEMI)患者的冠狀動脈血栓中[4],且具有活化血小板、凝血級聯(lián)作用等血栓前特性[5-6],引起了廣泛關(guān)注。本文將圍繞NETs在急性心肌梗死、動脈粥樣硬化斑塊中的作用,以及NETs對心肌梗死預(yù)后影響的相關(guān)研究和進展做一綜述。
1 NETs在動脈粥樣硬化斑塊中的作用
動脈粥樣硬化斑塊破裂是心肌梗死的主要病理生理機制。Megens等[7]首次證實并報道了中性粒細(xì)胞和NETs存在于小鼠和人類動脈粥樣硬化病變中。隨后Franck等[8]對56個類別的人類動脈粥樣硬化斑塊進行深入分析,研究結(jié)果顯示中性粒細(xì)胞NETs廣泛存在富含凋亡內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞和平滑肌細(xì)胞(smooth muscle cells,SMCs)的區(qū)域,這意味著NETs可能參與斑塊破裂,并且依據(jù)斑塊類別差異性分布。Pertiwi等[9]通過免疫組化方法在64個患者的冠狀動脈斑塊,包括44個復(fù)雜斑塊(17個斑塊內(nèi)出血、9個糜爛斑塊和18個破裂斑塊)和20個完整斑塊,同樣發(fā)現(xiàn)了大量的中性粒細(xì)胞和NETs。中性粒細(xì)胞和NETs存在于所有復(fù)雜病變類型的動脈粥樣硬化斑塊中,并且在斑塊內(nèi)出血、糜爛和破裂等斑塊類型之間的程度沒有顯著差異,但不存在于完整斑塊中[9]。有研究表明,NETs及其成分存在于冠狀動脈血栓中[10],與斑塊類型無關(guān),但主要存在于新生血栓中,而不是在有組織的舊血栓中。對于NETs是如何影響斑塊的不穩(wěn)定,有文獻報道Toll樣受體2(toll-like receptors 2, TLR-2)可通過刺激纖維蛋白鏈內(nèi)的NETs,來增加內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)應(yīng)激和細(xì)胞凋亡從而侵蝕斑塊[11]。另外,SMCs裂解作為動脈粥樣硬化組織損傷和炎癥的關(guān)鍵過程,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在動脈粥樣硬化中活化的SMCs吸引并誘導(dǎo)中性粒細(xì)胞釋放含組蛋白的NETs,其中組蛋白H4介導(dǎo)SMCs膜裂解而導(dǎo)致斑塊不穩(wěn)定,相反中和組蛋白H4可阻止SMCs死亡并使得斑塊穩(wěn)定[12]。綜上所述,NETs在不穩(wěn)定動脈粥樣硬化斑塊中起著重要作用。
2 NETs在急性心肌梗死中的作用
急性心肌梗死(acute myocardial infarction,AMI)在大多數(shù)情況下是由冠狀動脈粥樣硬化斑塊的侵蝕或破裂觸發(fā),并在隨后形成血栓使得動脈阻塞[13]。中性粒細(xì)胞被發(fā)現(xiàn)與動脈粥樣硬化血栓形成有關(guān)[14]。中性粒細(xì)胞在冠狀動脈血栓中的聚集[15]以及其在急性冠狀動脈事件中的預(yù)測作用[16],證實了中性粒細(xì)胞與動脈粥樣硬化血栓的密切關(guān)系。有文獻在缺血/再灌注損傷(ischemia-reperfusion injury,IRI)的動物模型中描述了中性粒細(xì)胞和NETs,在實驗中應(yīng)用脫氧核糖核酸酶(deoxyribonuclease I,DNase I)有益于緩解IRI和無復(fù)流現(xiàn)象[17]。在STEMI過程中,血小板和中性粒細(xì)胞在斑塊破裂處發(fā)生相互作用,NETs表達功能性組織因子誘導(dǎo)血小板活化,促進凝血酶生成,增強了NETs促進血栓形成的潛能[18]。重要的是,完整的脫氧核糖核酸(DNA)骨架被證明是組織因子在梗死相關(guān)冠狀動脈的NETs上表達的必要條件[18]。盡管在血栓形成過程中存在NETs,與組蛋白以血小板依賴性方式誘導(dǎo)凝血酶生成的過程相比較,完整的NETs在體外并未顯示出任何促凝特性[19]。這可能是NETs表面DNA負(fù)電荷的中和作用導(dǎo)致。此外,活化的血小板能夠提供高遷移率族蛋白1(high mobility group protein,HMGB1)從而刺激中性粒細(xì)胞形成NETs[20]。
NETs在急性心肌梗死的血栓形成過程中起著核心作用。對冠狀動脈血栓進行研究發(fā)現(xiàn),與新鮮血栓相比,在溶解的血栓中更容易發(fā)現(xiàn)NETs,而在有組織的血栓中并未發(fā)現(xiàn)NETs,因此表明NETs的形成發(fā)生在血栓溶解過程的早期[21]。在另一項研究中,冠狀動脈血栓被證實含有大量的NETs,并且NETs被認(rèn)為是血小板、紅細(xì)胞和纖維蛋白的支架[22]。
Mangold等[22]在研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),核小體(DNA-組蛋白復(fù)合物)和雙鏈DNA(double stranded DNA,dsDNA)是冠狀動脈事件的敏感生物標(biāo)志物,其在罪犯血管部位的水平增加,與冠狀動脈血栓NETs的負(fù)荷相關(guān);并且,NETs的負(fù)荷與ST段的分辨率呈負(fù)相關(guān),與心肌梗死面積呈正相關(guān),這些結(jié)果強調(diào)了NETs通過刺激血栓形成和促進炎癥反應(yīng)在心肌梗死罪犯血管部位發(fā)揮的有害作用。此外,罪犯血管部位的DNase I活性與冠狀動脈血栓中NETs的負(fù)荷、通過心臟核磁共振測量的梗死面積呈負(fù)相關(guān),與ST段的分辨率呈正相關(guān),在冠狀動脈血栓中添加DNase I后,血栓的溶解速度加快[22]。因此,NETs的含量和內(nèi)源性DNase I活性之間的平衡可能導(dǎo)致不同的結(jié)果。NETs的其他替代標(biāo)志物(dsDNA和瓜氨酸化組蛋白H3 )同樣被發(fā)現(xiàn)在罪犯血管部位的濃度升高[23]。在通過超聲心動圖評估急性心肌梗死后(24±8)個月的患者中發(fā)現(xiàn),罪犯血管部位的dsDNA濃度與室壁運動評分指數(shù)呈正相關(guān)(指數(shù)越高,左心室功能越差)[23]。這表明NETs可能是急性心肌梗死靶向治療的一個新方向。
3 NETs對急性心肌梗死預(yù)后的影響
NETs能促進單核細(xì)胞向纖維細(xì)胞分化,誘導(dǎo)纖維細(xì)胞活化,使高活性纖維細(xì)胞聚集在罪犯血管部位和梗死過渡區(qū),提示NETs作為STEMI后纖維化重構(gòu)的重要介質(zhì),可能通過刺激纖維細(xì)胞的形成影響急性心肌梗死預(yù)后[23]。Borissoff等[24]在2013年首次描述了高水平的循環(huán)dsDNA、核小體和MPO-DNA復(fù)合物與主要不良心血管事件(major adverse cardiovascular events,MACEs)的發(fā)生呈正相關(guān)。近期國內(nèi)有研究表明,在STEMI患者中,冠狀動脈dsDNA基線水平高與院內(nèi)不良事件的發(fā)生相關(guān),與無事件組相比,發(fā)生不良事件組的冠狀動脈dsDNA基線水平顯著升高[25]。這些結(jié)果與Borissoff等[24]先前報告的結(jié)果相一致。
4 NETs在急性心肌梗死中的治療意義
綜上所述,NETs在急性心肌梗死、不穩(wěn)定斑塊和血栓形成中具有重要的作用,這提示NETs具有作為治療靶點的潛力。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)降解NETs是其中一種治療途徑,例如DNase I能夠通過破壞脫氧核糖核酸鏈來降解NETs。研究表明,通過輸注DNase I,缺血再灌注損傷的心肌得到了改善[17,26]。MPO抑制劑可以調(diào)節(jié)NETs的釋放[27],并且能夠使NETs降解,從而降低細(xì)胞的纖維化[28],這在急性心肌梗死的治療上有一定的作用。在Colchicine Cardiovascular Outcomes Trial(COLCOT)研究中顯示,與安慰劑相比,使用低劑量秋水仙堿治療的近期心肌梗死患者,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)復(fù)發(fā)缺血性心血管事件的風(fēng)險明顯較低[29]。這可能與秋水仙堿通過部分抑制炎癥小體活性[30],減少近期心肌梗死的NETs生成相關(guān)。有證據(jù)表明,抗凝劑和抗血小板治療可能不會影響急性冠狀動脈綜合征的NETs積累[31]。此外,有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),NETs可促進巨噬細(xì)胞向修復(fù)功能極化,并可能對損傷心肌的愈合產(chǎn)生有益作用[32]。因此抑制NETs的利弊,還需要更多的臨床試驗來評估NETs在急性心肌梗死中的治療作用。
NETs從2004年被發(fā)現(xiàn)以來,其在心血管領(lǐng)域的研究已經(jīng)得到迅速發(fā)展。大量的實驗和臨床文獻將NETs與許多心血管疾病聯(lián)系起來,為病理生理學(xué)的機制探索開辟了新的途徑。目前的研究已表明,NETs在急性心肌梗死患者的冠脈內(nèi)血栓形成過程中起著重要的作用,此外,NETs與急性心肌梗死的不良預(yù)后存在明顯的相關(guān)性。然而,NETs在急性心肌梗死中的作用及機制尚未完成闡明,并且,針對NTEs在心肌梗死中的治療可行性尚未得到充分的證實。盡管面臨這些挑戰(zhàn),NETs的研究在心血管疾病中的新見解有望為心血管疾病的診斷和治療提供新的途徑。
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(收稿日期:2020-12-10) (本文編輯:程旭然)