王開濟(jì) 侯耀輝 胡新文 賴杭桂 龐真真
摘要:【目的】探究不同施肥模式對越南油茶生長特性的影響,為油茶園合理施肥及促進(jìn)其產(chǎn)業(yè)健康發(fā)展提供參考依據(jù)?!痉椒ā恳?年生越南油茶林為試驗對象,采用隨機(jī)區(qū)組設(shè)計,設(shè)施用復(fù)合肥(M1處理)、復(fù)合肥搭配蚯蚓土(M2處理)、復(fù)合肥搭配蚯蚓土和生物肥(M3處理)、復(fù)合肥搭配緩釋肥(M4處理)、復(fù)合肥搭配專用復(fù)合肥(M5處理)5個處理,以不施肥為對照(CK),試驗結(jié)束時測定分析各處理的株高、地徑、冠幅、新梢長度、葉面積和葉綠素SPAD值,果實成熟期測定單果重、鮮果皮厚度、果徑、果高、單果籽粒數(shù)、鮮出籽率、鮮果出干籽率和鮮籽水含率等經(jīng)濟(jì)性狀指標(biāo),并分析果實經(jīng)濟(jì)性狀指標(biāo)間的相關(guān)性?!窘Y(jié)果】M1處理的越南油茶株高凈增量為0.26 m,極顯著高于CK和M2處理(P<0.01,下同);M4處理的越南油茶地徑凈增量為1.4 cm,較CK顯著增加133.3%(P<0.05,下同);M5處理的越南油茶冠幅凈增量為0.52 m,較CK極顯著提高271.4%。在新梢和葉片生長方面,M4處理的越南油茶新梢凈增量為17.1 cm,極顯著大于其他處理;M5處理的越南油茶葉面積凈增量為4.5 cm2,與CK差異顯著,與其余處理差異不顯著(P>0.05);M5處理的越南油茶葉綠素SPAD值凈增量為12.8,極顯著高于其他處理。在果實經(jīng)濟(jì)性狀方面,M4和M5處理的越南油茶果實單果重分別較CK提高12.4和19.8 g,鮮籽水含率分別較CK降低1.3%和3.7%,種仁油含率分別較CK提高34.5%和24.6%。相關(guān)分析結(jié)果表明,在不同施肥處理下,越南油茶的單果重與鮮果皮厚度、果徑、果高和單果籽粒數(shù)呈極顯著正相關(guān),種仁油含率與鮮籽水含率呈極顯著負(fù)相關(guān),即影響越南油茶種仁油含率的主要指標(biāo)為鮮籽水含率?!窘Y(jié)論】復(fù)合肥30.0 g/株+緩釋肥1000.0 g/株或復(fù)合肥30.0 g/株+專用復(fù)合肥34.0 g/株的施肥模式可有效實現(xiàn)越南油茶化肥減量增效,促進(jìn)越南油茶株高、地徑、冠幅、新梢、葉面積和葉綠素含量增長,改善其果實經(jīng)濟(jì)性狀。
關(guān)鍵詞: 越南油茶;施肥模式;生長特性;經(jīng)濟(jì)性狀
Abstract:【Objective】To explore the fertilization patternson growth characteristics for Camellia vietnamensis T. C. Huang ex Hu, and provide reference for rational fertilization and promotion of the healthy development of its industry. 【Method】The 6-year-old C. vietnamensis trees were examined by randomized block design,the five fertilization treatments, namely compound fertilizer(M1),compound fertilizer with earthworm soil(M2),compound fertilizer with vermicompost and biological fertilizer(M3),compound fertilizer with slow-release fertilizer(M4),compound fertilizer with the special compound fertilizer(M5),were compared with the no fertilization treatment control(CK) group. Plant height,ground diameter,crown,new shoot length,leaf area,chlorophyll SPAD value measured at the end of the treatments, and fruit economic characteristics,such as single fruit weight,fresh shell thickness,fruit width,fruit height,seed number per fruit,fresh seed rate,dried seed yield from fresh fruit,fresh seed moisture content were detected at mature stage, and correlation analysis among fruit economic characteristics was conducted. 【Result】The results showed that the increment of plant height of M1 was 0.26 m,had an extremely significant increase than CK and M2(P<0.01,the same below). The increment ofground diameter of M4 was 1.4 cm, significantly increased 133.3% compared with CK(P<0.05, the same below). The increment of crown of M5 was 0.52 m,extremely increased 271.4% compared with CK. In new shoot length and leaf growth,the increment of new shoot length of M4 was 17.1 cm,had an extremely significant increase than other treatments. The increment of leaf area of M5 was 4.5 cm2, had a significant increase than CK,had no significant increase than the other treatments(P>0.05). The increment of chlorophyll SPAD value of M5 was 12.8,had an extremely significant increase than CK and the other treatments. In the fruit economic characters,single fruit weights of C. oleracea treated with M4 and M5 were 12.4 g and 19.8 g higher than CK,respectively. Fresh seed moisture conten treduced 1.3% and 3.7% than CK, kernel oil content increased 34.5% and 24.6% than CK. Correlation analysis results showed that under different fertilization treatments there was an extremely significant positive correlation between single fruit weight and fresh shell thickness,fruit width,fruit height and seed number per fruit,there was an extremely? negative correlation between seed kernel oil content and fresh seed water content. The fresh seed moisture content was the main index that affected kernel oil content. 【Conclusion】In conclusion,the compound fertilizer 30.0 g/plant+slow-release fertilizer 1000.0 g/plant or the compound fertilizer 30.0 g/plant+the special compound fertilizer 34.0 g/plant can effectively realize fertilizer reduction and increase efficiency,promote plant height,ground diameter,crown, new shoot, leaf area and chlorophyll content growth and improve fruit economic characteristics.
由表1可知,各處理越南油茶株高凈增量表現(xiàn)為M1處理>M3處理=M5處理>M4處理>M2處理>CK。其中,M1處理的越南油茶株高凈增量(0.26 m)最大,顯著大于M4處理(P<0.05,下同),極顯著大于M2處理和CK(P<0.01,下同),但與M3和M5處理差異不顯著(P>0.05,下同),說明在越南油茶生長發(fā)育期施用復(fù)合肥150.0 g/株(較高氮含量)對其株高生長的促進(jìn)效果最佳。各處理越南油茶冠幅凈增量表現(xiàn)為M5處理>M3處理>M1處理>M4處理>M2處理>CK,其中,M5處理的越南油茶冠幅凈增量(0.52 m)最大,M3處理次之,二者差異極顯著,且分別較CK極顯著提高271.4%和164.3%,M1、M2和M4處理的越南油茶冠幅凈增量差異不顯著,說明施用復(fù)合肥30.0 g/株+專用復(fù)合肥34.0 g/株可有效調(diào)節(jié)越南油茶植株營養(yǎng)生長,能適當(dāng)調(diào)整其樹形。各處理越南油茶地徑凈增量排序為M4處理>M3處理>M2處理>M5處理>M1處理>CK,其中,M4處理的越南油茶地徑凈增量為1.4 cm,較CK顯著增加133.3%,但M2、M3和M5處理間及其與CK和M1處理間無顯著差異,說明施用復(fù)合肥30.0 g/株+緩釋肥1000.0 g/株更有利于越南油茶地徑增粗??梢?,從越南油茶營養(yǎng)生長來看,不同施肥模式對越南油茶產(chǎn)生作用的部位不同,其中復(fù)合肥150.0 g/株、復(fù)合肥30.0 g/株+緩釋肥1000.0 g/株和復(fù)合肥30.0 g/株+專用復(fù)合肥34.0 g/株的施肥模式分別對促進(jìn)越南油茶株高、地徑和冠幅生長的效果最佳。
2. 2 不同施肥處理對越南油茶新梢長度、葉面積及葉綠素含量的影響
如表2所示,各處理越南油茶新梢長度凈增量排序為M4處理>M1處理>M3處理>M5處理>M2處理>CK,其中M4處理的新梢長度凈增量(17.1 cm)最大,極顯著高于其他處理,M1和M3處理的越南油茶新梢長度凈增量也較大,分別較CK極顯著提高133.3%和112.8%,說明施用復(fù)合肥30.0 g/株+緩釋肥1000.0 g/株對越南油茶園土壤肥力的改善效果最佳,可為油茶正常生長提供良好的土壤環(huán)境。各處理越南油茶葉面積凈增量排序為M5處理>M3處理>M2處理>M1處理>M4處理>CK,其中,M5處理的越南油茶葉面積凈增量為4.5 cm2,顯著高于CK,但與其余處理差異不顯著,說明施用復(fù)合肥30.0 g/株+專用復(fù)合肥34.0 g/株的越南油茶植株生長狀況良好,有利于產(chǎn)量形成。各處理越南油茶葉綠素SPAD值凈增量排序為M5處理>M3處理>M1處理>M4處理>處M2理>CK,其中,M5處理的越南油茶葉綠素SPAD值凈增量(12.8)極顯著高于其他處理,說明施用復(fù)合肥30.0 g/株+專用復(fù)合肥34.0 g/株對提高越南油茶葉片葉綠素含量的效果最佳,有利于改善其葉片的養(yǎng)分狀況,增強(qiáng)光合作用,促進(jìn)油茶樹體生長。綜合新梢、葉面積和葉綠素SPAD值的分析結(jié)果可知,施用復(fù)合肥30.0 g/株+緩釋肥1000.0 g/株和施用復(fù)合肥30.0 g/株+專用復(fù)合肥34.0 g/株的模式對促進(jìn)越南油茶新梢生長、葉面積增大和葉綠素含量提高的效果最佳。
2. 3 不同施肥處理對越南油茶果實經(jīng)濟(jì)性狀的影響
如表3所示,各處理越南油茶的單果重、鮮果皮厚度、果徑、果高、單果籽粒數(shù)、鮮出籽率、鮮果出干籽率和鮮籽水含率間均無顯著差異,但各施肥處理越南油茶的單果重、鮮果皮厚度和鮮果出干籽率均大于CK,其中,M4和M5處理的越南油茶單果重分別較CK提高12.4和19.8 g;M4處理的越南油茶果徑大于其他處理;M3處理的越南油茶果徑和果高、M1處理的越南油茶單果籽粒數(shù)及M4和M5處理的越南油茶鮮籽水含率均低于CK;單果籽粒數(shù)以M5處理的越南油茶最多。說明施肥對越南油茶果實經(jīng)濟(jì)性狀有一定的改善作用,但總體上影響較小。從表3還可看出,各處理越南油茶鮮籽水含率排序為M2處理>M3處理>M1處理>CK>M4處理>M5處理,其中,M4和M5處理的越南油茶鮮籽水含率分別較CK降低1.3%和3.7%;各處理越南油茶種仁油含率排序為M4處理>M5處理>M1處理>M2處理>M3處理>CK,其中,M4和M5處理的越南油茶種仁油含率較CK顯著增加34.5%和24.6%,但M5處理的越南油茶種仁油含率與其余處理差異不顯著。綜上所述,施用復(fù)合肥30.0 g/株+緩釋肥1000.0 g/株和施用復(fù)合肥30.0 g/株+專用復(fù)合肥34.0 g/株的模式對提高越南油茶種仁油含率和單果重效果較佳。
2. 4 越南油茶果實經(jīng)濟(jì)性狀的相關(guān)分析結(jié)果
從表4的相關(guān)分析結(jié)果可知,越南油茶的單果重與鮮果皮厚度、果徑、果高和單果籽粒數(shù)呈極顯著正相關(guān)(相關(guān)系數(shù)分別為0.667、0.938、0.811和0.476);鮮果皮厚度與果徑和果高呈極顯著正相關(guān)(相關(guān)系數(shù)分別為0.686和0.587),與鮮出籽率和鮮果出干籽率呈極顯著負(fù)相關(guān)(相關(guān)系數(shù)分別為-0.631和-0.588);果徑與果高和單果籽粒數(shù)呈極顯著正相關(guān)(相關(guān)系數(shù)分別為0.777和0.584);果高與單果籽粒數(shù)呈顯著正相關(guān)(相關(guān)系數(shù)為0.395);鮮出籽率與鮮果出干籽率呈極顯著正相關(guān)(相關(guān)系數(shù)為0.851);鮮果出干籽率與鮮籽水含率呈極顯著負(fù)相關(guān)(相關(guān)系數(shù)為-0.505),與種仁油含率呈顯著正相關(guān)(相關(guān)系數(shù)為0.465);種仁油含率與鮮籽水含率呈極顯著負(fù)相關(guān)(相關(guān)系數(shù)為-0.556)。說明不同施肥模式對越南油茶果實經(jīng)濟(jì)性狀均具有一定改善作用,其中鮮果皮厚度、果徑、果高和單果籽粒數(shù)等是影響越南油茶單果重的主要因素,鮮籽水含率是影響越南油茶種子種仁油含率的主要因素。
3 討論
本研究結(jié)果表明,施肥對越南油茶株高、冠幅和地徑生長均具有一定的促進(jìn)作用,與桂莎等(2015)、羅漢東等(2016a)的研究結(jié)果一致,其中以施用復(fù)合肥30.0 g/株+緩釋肥1000.0 g/株或復(fù)合肥30.0 g/株+專用復(fù)合肥34.0 g/株的效果較佳,但與覃其云等(2016)以N∶P∶K=16∶6∶8施肥0.50 kg/株獲得最佳效果的研究結(jié)果存在差異,可能與試驗所用肥料的氮磷鉀配比及搭配的緩釋肥和專用復(fù)合肥用量不同有關(guān);施肥對越南油茶新梢生長、葉面積增大和葉綠素含量提高也有一定促進(jìn)作用,與李青等(2012)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)施肥顯著影響油茶葉片SPAD值的結(jié)果相似。
本研究中,施用復(fù)合肥30.0 g/株+緩釋肥1000.0 g/株或復(fù)合肥30.0 g/株+專用復(fù)合肥34.0 g/株越南油茶的果實性狀較佳,其鮮籽水含率降低,種仁油含率增加,與陳永忠等(2007)、張彥雄等(2014)的研究結(jié)果一致,說明在實際生產(chǎn)中,選擇適宜的緩釋肥和專用復(fù)合肥與復(fù)合肥配施可滿足油茶果實生長所需營養(yǎng),實現(xiàn)化肥減量增效。
本研究的相關(guān)分析結(jié)果表明,在不同施肥處理下,越南油茶果實的單果重與鮮果皮厚度、果徑、果高和單果籽粒數(shù)呈極顯著正相關(guān);鮮果皮厚度與果徑和果高呈極顯著正相關(guān),與鮮出籽率和鮮果出干籽率呈極顯著負(fù)相關(guān);果徑與果高和單果籽粒數(shù)呈極顯著正相關(guān);鮮出籽率與鮮果出干籽率呈極顯著正相關(guān);鮮果出干籽率與鮮籽水含率呈極顯著負(fù)相關(guān),與羅漢東等(2016b)對不同磷水平下油茶果實各性狀間的相關(guān)性分析結(jié)果存在差異,可能是選用的肥料不同或果實采收時成熟度不同所引起。本研究僅探討部分施肥模式對越南油茶生長及果實經(jīng)濟(jì)性狀的影響,為進(jìn)一步探究適宜的養(yǎng)分配比及其對產(chǎn)量的影響,今后的研究應(yīng)精確把握施肥量和施肥時間(覃其云等,2016),同時由于油茶具有跨年度開花結(jié)果的特性,因此可開展多年試驗以獲取針對海南地區(qū)油茶栽植的最佳施肥方案。
4 結(jié)論
施肥對越南油茶植株生長具有一定的促進(jìn)作用,以冠幅的增長效果最明顯。其中復(fù)合肥30 g/株+緩釋肥1000 g/株或復(fù)合肥30 g/株+專用復(fù)合肥34 g/株的施肥模式可有效實現(xiàn)越南油茶的化肥減量增效,促進(jìn)其株高、地徑、冠幅、新梢長度、葉面積和葉綠素含量增長,改善其果實經(jīng)濟(jì)性狀。
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(責(zé)任編輯 思利華)