付慶 秦新月
[摘要]近年來,隨著對腦白質病變的深入研究,先進的影像學及生物化學檢測方法被采用,腦白質病變的檢出率得到了提升,預防和治療取得了進展。缺血性腦白質病變是一種放射學的定義,描述在腦室旁、半卵圓中心的斑點狀或斑片狀CT低密度而顱腦磁共振的T2加權像及液體衰減反轉恢復序列(FLAIR)均表現(xiàn)為高信號的病變。缺血性腦白質病變在老年人中的患病率高,并增加2倍癡呆及3倍腦卒中的風險,且隨著社會的持續(xù)老齡化而造成更沉重的負擔。本文就缺血性腦白質病變的診治進展作一綜述。
[關鍵詞]缺血性腦白質病變;影像;診斷;治療
[Abstract] Recently, with intensive studies of white matter lesions and development of imaging and biochemical detection techniques, the detection rate, prevention and treatment methods of white matter lesions have been remarkably improved. Ischemic white matter lesions are a neuroimaging definition and indicated by low-density spotted or patchy near the periventricular white matter and semi-oval center on CT images and hyperintensities on T2-weighted or fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) images. Ischemic white matter lesions have a higher prevalence in the elderly and multiply double the risk of dementia and triple stroke, which result in heavy social burden as the aging of the population. This article reviews the advances in the diagnosis and treatment of ischemic white matter lesions.
[Key words] Ischemic white matter lesions; Imaging; Diagnosis; Treatment
腦白質病變也稱腦白質損傷、腦白質疏松癥,由加拿大神經(jīng)學家Hachinski等[1]于1987年提出。腦白質病變被建議特指由缺血引起的白質病變,是腦小血管疾病的一種[2]。缺血性腦白質病變的病理基礎為神經(jīng)元遠端的華勒變性、少突膠質細胞損傷、星形膠質細胞增生。缺血性腦白質病變根據(jù)有無卒中史可分為卒中后腦白質病變和慢性缺血性腦白質病變;根據(jù)發(fā)病部位不同可分為腦室旁白質病變和皮質下白質病變,兩者也可同時出現(xiàn)在同一患者[3]。缺血性腦白質病變在老年人中患病率高,可增加癡呆及腦卒中的風險,并可引起認知功能障礙、步態(tài)異常、頭暈、排尿障礙等癥狀,造成嚴重的社會、經(jīng)濟負擔。隨著社會的進步及影像學的發(fā)展,缺血性腦白質病變的檢出率明顯增高,有必要進一步探討缺血性腦白質病變的早期診斷和臨床干預。近期國外多項縱向研究表明,缺血性腦白質病變范圍可通過積極的醫(yī)療干預而減少[4-5]。本文就缺血性腦白質病變的診斷及治療進展進行綜述。
1缺血性腦白質病變的診斷
1.1磁共振對白質病變的早期診斷
作為一種影像學定義的疾病,腦白質病變的診斷主要靠對頭顱磁共振的T2加權像及液體衰減反轉恢復序列(fluid-attenuated inversion recovery,F(xiàn)LAIR)序列進行評估。缺血性腦白質病變實際上代表了更廣泛、更細微的白質變化的病灶,而不僅僅是T2及FLAIR序列輪廓分明的解剖異常。研究表明,彌散張量成像(diffusion tensor imaging,DTI)對缺血性腦白質病變更加敏感,能夠顯示T2及FLAIR序列未能發(fā)現(xiàn)的異常白質信號[6]。DTI與腦白質病變患者執(zhí)行功能之間的相關性高,并且對腦白質病變的變化更敏感。與腦白質病變體積相比,DTI上的變化與認知的相關性更好,因此DTI被推薦作為缺血性腦白質病變的診斷[7-8]。擴散峰度成像(diffusion kurtosis imaging,DKI)在量化高斯擴散的偏差方面比DTI更敏感,由于這種偏差是組織微結構對水擴散曲線影響的結果,因此DKI對組織微結構的敏感性高于DTI[9]。基于DKI的腦白質病變顯微結構指標與組織學和電子顯微鏡相比較,表明DKI具有更好的顯微結構變化一致性[10-11]。N-乙酰天門冬氨酸(NAA)是一種通過磁共振波譜(MRS)測量的代謝物,主要存在于神經(jīng)元細胞中,神經(jīng)元及其軸突的損傷或功能障礙與NAA的減少有關,研究表明缺血性腦白質病變部位NAA水平下降[12]。Firbank等[13]通過MRS和彌散加權成像(diffusion weighted imaging,DWI)評估60例無神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病跡象的腦白質特征后發(fā)現(xiàn),表觀擴散系數(shù)與腦白質病變的總體積之間存在相關性,NAA/肌酸、NAA/膽堿的比值也與腦白質病變體積顯著相關。
1.2缺血性腦白質病變的評分
通常使用視覺評定量表評估腦白質的嚴重程度。Fazekas量表通過將腦室旁和深部白質病變分開評分,兩部分的分數(shù)相加計算總分[14]。改良Scheltens量表對基底節(jié)和幕下病變,腦室旁和深部病變分開評分[15]。年齡相關腦白質改變(age-related white matter changes,ARWMC)量表從額葉區(qū)、頂-枕葉區(qū)、顳葉區(qū)、幕下區(qū)以及基底節(jié)區(qū)等5個不同的區(qū)域在左、右側半球分別評分[16]。Ylikoski量表,將腦室旁和深部白質分開評分,白質病變分布在4個區(qū)域:額角、側腦室體、三角區(qū)和枕角,每個半球分開評分。將腦室旁白質分數(shù)和半卵圓中心高信號分數(shù)相加計算總分[17]。魏娜等[18]對四種量表進行信度研究表明ARWMC量表的內(nèi)部一致性和評定者間信度較好,但其項目定義較為模糊,評定時較為費時;Fazekas量表是最省時、信度效度較好的量表,但由于其項目簡單,因此缺乏對縱向觀察腦白質病變的進展的指導意義;改良Scheltens量表信度效度較好但評估較為費時,適合縱向觀察腦白質病變的進展;Ylikoski量表的內(nèi)部一致性信度高,適用于多中心研究。Van等[19]對比體積測量法與視覺Scheltens量表對腦白質病變進行了評估,結果顯示,體積測量法的可靠性、靈敏度明顯優(yōu)于視覺量表評估。
1.3缺血性腦白質病變的生化標志物
腦白質病變的診斷主要依賴于影像檢查,近期研究發(fā)現(xiàn),生化標志物對于腦白質病變也有輔助診斷意義[20]。對于腦小血管疾病的患者,低分子量神經(jīng)絲標記(NF-L)、基質金屬蛋白酶-9、金屬蛋白酶-1的組織抑制劑、基質金屬蛋白酶-2指數(shù)和腦脊液清蛋白與血漿清蛋白比率均升高。測量細胞間粘附分子-1、血栓調(diào)節(jié)素、組織因子(TF)和組織因子途徑抑制劑(TFPI)的循環(huán)水平,發(fā)現(xiàn)缺血性腦白質病變患者TFPI的水平較低,TF/TFPI的比率較高。血栓調(diào)節(jié)蛋白水平與腔隙性腦梗死數(shù)目及腦白質病變程度相關[21]。循環(huán)的外周炎性標志物如C反應蛋白和白介素-6與腦白質病變相關,表明腦白質病變中可能涉及炎癥途徑[22],但由于特異性較差,臨床意義有限。
2缺血性腦白質病變的生活方式干預與治療
2.1生活方式干預
吸煙與缺血性腦白質病變有關,戒煙能延緩缺血性腦白質病變進展[23-24]。每周兩次體能訓練對腦白質有保護作用[25]。飲食和營養(yǎng)的觀察性隊列研究表明,食用地中海飲食的受試者腦白質病變體積較小[26]。血漿中較高的omega-3多不飽和脂肪酸的受試者腦白質病變程度更低,執(zhí)行功能下降更慢。Espeland等[27]對超重和肥胖的2型糖尿病成年人進行了為期10年的體育鍛煉和飲食調(diào)節(jié)干預措施,結果顯示,生活方式干預組的腦白質病變體積明顯低于對照組。在《阿爾茨海默氏病研究中的血管護理評估》中,隨機接受綜合干預的患者缺血性腦白質病變的進展更慢[28]。
2.2藥物治療
高血壓是缺血性腦白質病變的主要危險因素,服用降壓藥并控制血壓的受試者患嚴重腦白質病變的風險降低[29-30]。培哚普利預防復發(fā)性腦卒中(中風)研究試驗中,用血管緊張素轉換酶抑制劑(ACEI)治療超過36個月可減少腦白質病變的數(shù)量與體積[31]。與ACEI相比,血管緊張素受體阻滯劑的治療與較小的腦白質病變體積相關[32]。一項由強化血管試驗進行的癡呆癥預防的磁共振研究表明,基線腦白質病變重的亞組治療效果更好,但是強化降壓對腦白質病變的進展沒有總體影響[33]。降脂藥的使用能減緩腦白質病變的進展,中年時期高密度脂蛋白水平較低的受試者晚年腦白質病變更為嚴重[34]。也有研究表明,高脂血癥的患者腦白質病變相對較輕,考慮高脂血癥的患者長期使用他汀類藥物的緣故[35]。缺血性腦白質病變與血脂的關系有待進一步研究。ASPREE-NEURO研究評估一年中每天服用100 mg阿司匹林與安慰劑比較,觀察阿司匹林對腦白質病變程度的影響,阿司匹林可通過抑制環(huán)氧合酶來阻止血小板活化、阻止血栓烷的生成,從而減少內(nèi)皮損傷;此外阿司匹林抑制基質金屬蛋白酶活性減輕腦白質損傷[36-37]。盡管糖尿病是腦卒中和冠心病的重要危險因素,但大多數(shù)基于社區(qū)的橫斷面研究未能發(fā)現(xiàn)糖尿病與腦白質病變之間存在關聯(lián)[38]。在赫爾辛基老齡化腦研究中,缺血性腦白質病變與糖尿病患者中相對年輕(<75歲)的受試者的相關,而與年齡較大(≥75歲)的受試者無關。此外,高同型半胱氨酸水平與腦白質病變相關[39],Rho激酶抑制劑(如法舒地爾)可通過增加腦組織血流量、促進神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡修復等方式改善大鼠的缺血性白質損害[40]。
Durand-Birchenall等[41]報道了1例69歲左內(nèi)囊后肢急性梗死的男性患者,對比卒中后5 d與6個月的磁共振隨訪結果,結果表明,腦白質的體積由9184 mm3下降至4527 mm3。Moriya等[42]報道了一例78歲的女性患者,其右側枕葉發(fā)生了急性腦梗死,1年后進行的腦部MRI顯示,半卵圓中心的腦白質病變面積減少。以上研究均表明缺血性腦白質病變并非既往認為的屬于完全不可逆疾病,通過對危險因素進行干預,仍可能出現(xiàn)缺血性腦白質病變的改善。
2.3手術干預
頸動脈狹窄被證明與缺血性腦白質病變顯著相關[43]。而且隨著狹窄程度的增加,腦白質病變的程度更重[44]。Yamada等[45]報道了1例75歲的男性患者因反復左上肢肌無力考慮為頸內(nèi)動脈狹窄引起的短暫性腦缺血發(fā)作,在右頸動脈支架置入術后1周觀察到缺血性腦白質病變的部分逆轉。證明解除頸內(nèi)動脈狹窄有可能促進缺血性腦白質病變的改善。但該研究為個案報道,尚無大樣本多中心的前瞻性研究進一步證明這一結論。
2.4康復訓練
缺血性腦白質病變與老年人的平衡,步態(tài)功能障礙有關,控制平衡能力下降增加跌倒風險[46]。因此,靜態(tài)和動態(tài)平衡訓練計劃是缺血性腦白質病變患者康復中的重要組成部分。多種康復方式可用于改善平衡,如核心力量練習、視覺反饋訓練和任務相關訓練[47-48]。同時,視覺反饋訓練的使用增加了患者的動力、趣味性,并根據(jù)患者的當前狀況個性化制定運動難度[49-50]。此外經(jīng)顱磁刺激也能改善患者的步態(tài)和平衡[51]。
3小結
缺血性腦白質病變發(fā)病率高,對缺血性腦白質病變的早期診斷和治療有助于減緩腦白質損傷而造成的潛在危害。DTI、DKI、MRS等影像序列有助于腦白質病變發(fā)的早期診斷,血清學標志物對腦白質病變的診斷有一定的價值。除對危險因素干預以外,腦白質病變的患者可以通過解除頸動脈狹窄以及康復治療獲益。
[參考文獻]
[1]Hachinski VC,Potter P,Merskey H.Leuko-araiosis[J].Arch Neurol,1987,44(1):21-23.
[2]Wardlaw JM,Smith EE,Biessels GJ,et al.Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration[J].Lancet Neurol,2013,12(8):822-838.
[3]高陽.缺血性腦白質病變[J].腦與神經(jīng)疾病雜志,2011,19(6):473-476.
[4]Wardlaw JM,Chappell FM,Valdés Hernández MDC,et al.White matter hyperintensity reduction and outcomes after minor stroke[J].Neurology,2017,89(10):1003-1010.
[5]Van Leijsen EMC,Van Uden IWM,Ghafoorian M,et al.Nonlinear temporal dynamics of cerebral small vessel disease:the RUN DMC study[J].Neurology,2017,89(15):1569-1577.
[6]Williams OA,Zeestraten EA,Benjamin P,et al.Predicting dementia in cerebral small vessel disease using an automatic diffusion tensor image segmentation technique[J].Stroke,2019,50(10):2775-2782.
[7]Jiang H,Liu H,He H,et al.Specific white matter lesions related to motor dysfunction in spastic cerebral palsy:A Meta-analysis of diffusion tensor imaging studies[J].J Child Neurol,2020,35(2):146-154.
[8]Croall ID,Lohner V,Moynihan B,et al.Using DTI to assess white matter microstructure in cerebral small vessel disease(SVD)in multicentre studies[J].Clin Sci(Lond),2017,131(12):1361-1373.
[9]Hansen B,Khan AR,Shemesh N,et al.White matter biomarkers from fast protocols using axially symmetric diffusion kurtosis imaging[J].NMR Biomed,2017,13(1):e3741-e3746.
[10]Zhu LH,Zhang ZP,Wang FN,et al.Diffusion kurtosis imaging of microstructural changes in brain tissue affected by acute ischemic stroke in different locations[J].Neural Regen Res,2019,14(2):272-279.
[11]Jensen JH,Mckinnon ET,Glenn GR,et al.Evaluating kurtosis-based diffusion MRI tissue models for white matter with fiber ball imaging[J].NMR Biomed,2017,30(5):e3689-e3693.
[12]Lee P,Adany P,Choi IY.Imaging based magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) localization for quantitative neurochemical analysis and cerebral metabolism studies[J].Anal Biochem,2017,529:40-47.
[13]Firbank MJ,Minett T,O′Brien JT.Changes in DWI and MRS associated with white matter hyperintensities in elderly subjects[J].Neurology,2003,61(7):950-954.
[14]Kongbunkiat K,Wilson D,Kasemsap N,et al.Leukoaraiosis,intracerebral hemorrhage,and functional outcome after acute stroke thrombolysis[J].Neurology,2017,88(7):638-645.
[15]Scheltens P,Barkhof F,Leys D,et al.A semiquantative rating scale for the assessment of signal hyperintensities on magnetic resonance imaging[J].J Neurol Sci,1993,114(1):7-12.
[16]Wahlund LO,Barkhof F,F(xiàn)azekas F,et al.A new rating scale for age-related white matter changes applicable to MRI and CT[J].Stroke,2001,32(6):1318-1322.
[17]Ylikoski R.White matter changes in health elderly persons correlate with attention and speed of mental processing[J].Arch Neurol,1993,50(8):818-823.
[18]魏娜,王擁軍,張玉梅.腦白質病變4個分級量表的信度研究[J].中國康復理論與實踐,2012,18(6):562-565.
[19]Van den Heuvel DM,Ten Dam VH, De Craen AJ,et al.Measuring longitudinal white matter changes:Comparison of a visual rating scale with a volumetric measurement[J].AJNR Am J Neuroradiol,2006,27(4):875-878.
[20]Wallin A,Kapaki E,Boban M,et al.Biochemical markers in vascular cognitive impairment associated with subcortical small vessel disease-A consensus report[J].BMC Neurol,2017,17(1):75-82.
[21]Alber J,Alladi S,Bae HJ,et al.White matter hyperintensities in vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID):Knowledge gaps and opportunities[J].Alzheimers Dement(N Y) 2019,5(2):107-117.
[22]Swardfager W,Yu D,Ramirez J,et al.Peripheral inflammatory markers indicate microstructural damage within periventricular white matter hyperintensities in Alzheimer′s disease:A preliminary report[J].Alzheimers Dement(Amst),2017,7(2):56-60.
[23]王祥翔,柴湘婷.缺血性腦白質病變的臨床特征與危險因素分析[J].實用臨床醫(yī)學,2019,20(4):10-14,47.
[24]董衛(wèi)青.老年缺血性腦白質病變腦微出血的影響因素分析[J].中國藥物與臨床,2019,19(18):3178-3180.
[25]Herold F,T■rpel A,Schega L,et al.Functional and/or structural brain changes in response to resistance exercises and resistance training lead to cognitive improvements-a systematic review[J].Eur Rev Aging Phys Act,2019,16:10.
[26]Karstens AJ,Tussing-Humphreys L,Zhan L,et al.Associations of the Mediterranean diet with cognitive and neuroimaging phenotypes of dementia in healthy older adults[J].Am J Clin Nutr,2019,109(2):361-368.
[27]Espeland MA,Erickson K,Neiberg RH,et al.Brain and white matter hyperintensity volumes after 10 years of random assignment to lifestyle intervention[J].Diabetes Care,2016,39(5):764-771.
[28]Richard E,Gouw A A,Scheltens P,et al.Vascular care in patients with Alzheimer disease with cerebrovascular lesions slows progression of white matter lesions on MRI:the evaluation of vascular care in Alzheimer′s disease(EVA)study[J].Stroke,2010,41(3):554-560.
[29]Chen X,Zhu Y,Geng S,et al.Association of blood pressure variability and intima-media thickness with white matter hyperintensities in hypertensive patients[J].Front Aging Neurosci,2019,11:192.
[30]De Havenon A,Prabhakaran S,Turan T,et al.Is there equipoise regarding the optimal medical treatment of patients with asymptomatic white matter hyperintensities?[J].J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis,2019,28(11):104 371.
[31]Dufouil C,Chalmers J,Coskun O,et al.Effects of blood pressure lowering on cerebral white matter hyperintensities in patients with stroke:the PROGRESS(Perindopril Protection Against Recurrent Stroke Study)Magnetic Resonance Imaging Substudy[J].Circulation,2009,112(11):1644-1650.
[32]Edwards JD,Ramirez J,Callahan BL,et al.Antihypertensive treatment is associated with MRI-derived markers of neurodegeneration and impaired cognition:A propensity-weighted cohort study[J].J Alzheimers Dis,2017,59(3):1113-1122.
[33]Moll van Charante EP,Richard E,Eurelings LS,et al.Effectiveness of a 6-year multidomain vascular care intervention to prevent dementia(preDIVA):a cluster-randomised controlled trial[J].Lancet,2016,388(10046):797-805.
[34]Vuorinen M,Solomon A,Rovio S,et al.Changes in vascular risk factors from midlife to late life and white matter lesions:a 20-year follow-up study[J].Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord,2011,31(2):119-125.
[35]Jimenez-Conde J,Biffi A,Rahman R,et al.Hyperlipidemia and reduced white matter hyperintensity volume in patients with ischemic stroke[J].Stroke,2010,41(3):437-442.
[36]Ward SA,Raniga P,F(xiàn)erris NJ,et al.ASPREE-NEURO study protocol:A randomized controlled trial to determine the effect of low-dose aspirin on cerebral microbleeds,white matter hyperintensities,cognition,and stroke in the healthy elderly[J].Int J Stroke,2017,12:108-113.
[37]Holcombe A,Ammann E,Espeland MA,et al.Chronic use of Aspirin and total white matter lesion volume:Results from the Women′s Health Initiative Memory Study of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study[J].J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis,2017,26(10):2128-2136.
[38]Liao D,Cooper L,Cai J,et al.The prevalence and severity of white matter lesions,their relationship with age,ethnicity,gender,and cardiovascular disease risk factors:the ARIC Study[J].Neuroepidemiology,1997,16(3):149-162.
[39]Vermeer SE,van Dijk EJ,Koudstaal PJ,et al.Homocysteine,silent brain infarcts,and white matter lesions:The Rotterdam Scan Study[J].Ann Neurol,2002,51(3):285-289.
[40]Rikitake Y,Kim HH,Huang Z,et al.Inhibition of Rho kinase (ROCK) leads to increased cerebral blood flow and stroke protection[J].Stroke,2005,36(10):2251-2257.
[41]Durand-Birchenall J,Leclercq C,Daouk J,et al.Attenuation of brain white matter lesions after lacunar stroke[J].Int J Prev Med,2012,3(2):134-138.
[42]Moriya Y,Kozaki K,Nagai K,et al.Attenuation of brain white matter hyperintensities after cerebral infarction[J].AJNR Am J Neuroradiol,2009,30(3):E43.
[43]Francesco M,Enrico A,Rocca MA,et al.Cardiovascular disease and brain health:Focus on white matter hyperintensities[J].Int J Cardiol Heart Vasc,2018,19(1):63-69.
[44]張俊霞,張蓉,侯倩.頸內(nèi)動脈狹窄對腦卒中患者腦白質病變及認知水平影響的研究[J].中國現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學雜志,2018, 28(1):99-102.
[45]Yamada K,Sakai K,Owada K,et al.Cerebral white matter lesions may be partially reversible in patients with carotid artery stenosis[J].AJNR Am J Neuroradiol,2010,31(7):1350-1352.
[46]王茹,劉楠,王少朋,等.腦小血管病患者步態(tài)障礙、平衡障礙和跌倒研究進展[J].中國現(xiàn)代神經(jīng)疾病雜志,2019, 19(4):281-285.
[47]You H,Zhang H,Liu J,et al.Effect of balance training with Pro-kin System on balance in patients with white matter lesions[J].Medicine(Baltimore),2017,96(51):e9057.
[48]Thielman G.Insights into upper limb kinematics and trunk control one year after task-related training in chronic post-stroke individuals[J].J Hand Ther,2013,26(2):156-161.
[49]Ha SY,Kim SY,Sung YH.Effects of visual feedback training using transient Fresnel prism glasses on balance ability in stroke patients without hemispatial neglect[J].J Exerc Rehabil,2019,15(5):683-687.
[50]Mazzini NA,Almeida MGR,Pompeu JE,et al.A combination of multimodal physical exercises in real and virtual environments for individuals after chronic stroke:study protocol for a randomized controlled trial[J].Trials,2019, 20(1):436.
[51]De Paz RH,Serrano-Munoz D,Pérez-Nombela S,et al.Combining transcranial direct-current stimulation with gait training in patients with neurological disorders:a systematic review[J].J Neuroeng Rehabil,2019,16(1):114.
(收稿日期:2020-01-14? 本文編輯:任秀蘭)