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      介入術(shù)后冠脈無復(fù)流的危險(xiǎn)因素識(shí)別與藥物治療

      2019-10-08 07:13:36楊國(guó)鋒錢朝慶白文偉
      醫(yī)學(xué)信息 2019年4期
      關(guān)鍵詞:藥物治療診斷

      楊國(guó)鋒 錢朝慶 白文偉

      摘要:冠脈無復(fù)流現(xiàn)象(NRP)作為經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入治療(PCI)過程中的常見并發(fā)癥,尤其高發(fā)于急診PCI術(shù)中。無復(fù)流區(qū)范圍隨血運(yùn)重建時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)而擴(kuò)大,是一種影響預(yù)后的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,可導(dǎo)致梗塞面積擴(kuò)大,左心室重塑,心律失?;驈?fù)發(fā)胸痛等主要不良心臟事件(MACE)發(fā)生率顯著增加。目前已有多種藥用方案來預(yù)防無復(fù)流,主要包括硝普鈉、維拉帕米、替羅非班、腺苷、尼可地爾、山莨菪堿等,其療效各有優(yōu)劣,現(xiàn)就無復(fù)流的判斷及治療做一綜述。

      關(guān)鍵詞:無復(fù)流;經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入治療;診斷;藥物治療;給藥方式

      中圖分類號(hào):R542.1? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-1959.2019.04.016

      文章編號(hào):1006-1959(2019)04-0044-03

      Abstract:Coronary no-reflow (NRP) is a common complication in percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), especially in emergency PCI. The extent of no-reflow area expands with prolonged revascularization time and is an independent risk factor for prognosis, which can lead to an enlarged infarct size, left ventricular remodeling, arrhythmia or recurrent chest pain and other major adverse cardiac events (MACE). A significant increase. At present, there are a variety of medicinal programs to prevent no-reflow, mainly including sodium nitroprusside, verapamil, tirofiban, adenosine, nicorandil, and anisodamine. Now I will review the judgment and treatment of no reflow.

      Key words:No reflow; Percutaneous coronary intervention; Diagnosis; Medical treatement? Mode of administration

      經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈介入術(shù)(PCI)治療后,盡管心外膜冠狀動(dòng)脈成功血運(yùn)重建,但是有時(shí)心肌的大部分區(qū)域仍未得到足夠的灌注,從而使心肌持續(xù)缺血、缺氧,最終導(dǎo)致不可逆的心肌細(xì)胞損害,即是冠脈無復(fù)流現(xiàn)象(NRP)。關(guān)于其具體機(jī)制尚未完全闡明,可能系因多種因素引起冠脈微循環(huán)功能障礙和阻力小血管痙攣所致。支架置入或血管機(jī)械擴(kuò)張后不僅使斑塊破裂,且支架材料抑制平滑肌細(xì)胞增殖;再灌注時(shí)激活細(xì)胞釋放如內(nèi)皮素、白介素6、腫瘤壞死因子和粘附VCAM-1等分子[1],造成內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞腫脹、細(xì)胞凋亡和壞死,最終微血管栓塞形成,導(dǎo)致無復(fù)流。有研究顯示NRP是5年死亡率的強(qiáng)預(yù)測(cè)因子[2] ,介入術(shù)后及早恢復(fù)心肌灌注是關(guān)乎患者預(yù)后的重要因素,因此預(yù)防和治療NRP是術(shù)者最為關(guān)心的工作。本文通過查閱當(dāng)前關(guān)于冠脈無復(fù)流的藥物治療等文獻(xiàn),并將從事臨床及醫(yī)療工作一線的人員的用藥經(jīng)驗(yàn)進(jìn)行分析和總結(jié),為臨床決策提供相關(guān)理論和依據(jù)。

      1冠脈無復(fù)流的危險(xiǎn)因素與識(shí)別

      1.1危險(xiǎn)因素? Poon K[3]等的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)一些病變特征如血管病變長(zhǎng)、鈣化、存在血栓、復(fù)雜病變和任何殘余狹窄,是無復(fù)流發(fā)生的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。年齡大、吸煙的患者血管內(nèi)皮功能減退、易于凝塊形成。有學(xué)者通過相干光斷層掃描及血管內(nèi)超聲觀察到其更多發(fā)生于血管斑塊負(fù)荷重,且伴脂質(zhì)核心的患者[4]。

      1.2臨床評(píng)估技術(shù)手段? 通過評(píng)估心肌梗死溶栓治療血流分級(jí)(TIMI)、校正TIMI血流幀數(shù)(CTFC)、心肌灌注血流分級(jí)(TMP)、心肌呈色分級(jí)(MBG)、心肌聲學(xué)造影、核素心肌灌注顯象、多普勒組織成像、心電圖ST段回落指數(shù)等指標(biāo)來發(fā)現(xiàn)NRP。其中臨床常用的是TIMI血流幀數(shù)(TFC)計(jì)算法:即造影劑開始進(jìn)入血管起始部位接觸到兩側(cè)血管邊界并向前血流動(dòng)為第1幀,造影劑開始進(jìn)入靶血管末端分支及界標(biāo)(類似于第3級(jí)分支)的第1幀為末幀(所有冠狀動(dòng)脈造影資料均校正為30 幀/s 采集數(shù)據(jù));以及校正的TIMI 幀數(shù)計(jì)算:參考Gibson[5]等的方法,將左前降支的平均幀數(shù)除以1.7作為CTFC,將CTFC=40定義為TIMI血流2、3級(jí)的分界線。

      2常用治療藥物

      2.1硝普鈉? 硝普鈉不需細(xì)胞代謝即可直接產(chǎn)生一氧化氮(NO),發(fā)揮擴(kuò)冠脈效應(yīng),不僅能夠降低心臟的前后負(fù)荷,改善心排及心功能不全,且促進(jìn)前列環(huán)素合成、增加血小板內(nèi)環(huán)磷酸鳥苷濃度,抑制血栓素 A2及血小板聚集,降低其活性,具有擴(kuò)張動(dòng)靜脈平滑肌的雙重作用[6]。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[7],推薦的冠狀動(dòng)脈內(nèi)硝普鈉應(yīng)用劑量為50~200 μg,最大值劑量為1000 μg。有2項(xiàng)關(guān)于冠脈內(nèi)注射硝普納治療無復(fù)流Meta分析[8,9]均提示了硝普鈉在PCI期間對(duì)無復(fù)流有明顯益處,且安全有效。

      2.2山莨菪堿? 山莨菪堿是毒蕈堿膽堿能拮抗劑,調(diào)節(jié)交感和迷走神經(jīng)活動(dòng)間的平衡,緩解微血管痙攣、減少血栓形成,增加血壓和心率,保證冠脈灌注壓;其次可預(yù)防細(xì)胞內(nèi)鈣超載導(dǎo)致的再灌注心律失常,減少脂質(zhì)過氧化,降低缺血-再灌注心肌腫脹,抑制心肌細(xì)胞凋亡,提供心臟保護(hù)作用[10]。而最新一項(xiàng)Meta分析顯示[11],山莨菪堿可改善STEMI患者PCI術(shù)后心肌梗塞溶栓血流分級(jí)(TFG)且提高STR與左心室射血分?jǐn)?shù)(LVEF)。Shiru Bai等[12]在分別給予介入術(shù)后無復(fù)流患者1000 μg、2000 μg、4000 μg山莨菪堿,發(fā)現(xiàn)高劑量更能降低CTFC,且越高劑量越可能提供心臟保護(hù)作用越強(qiáng)。

      2.3腺苷? 可拮抗血小板和嗜中性粒細(xì)胞,減少鈣超負(fù)荷和氧自由基,并誘導(dǎo)NO致血管舒張;通過增加血流中組織纖溶酶原激活物釋放而限制梗死面積。Niccoli G[13] 等于無復(fù)流患者中病灶遠(yuǎn)端給予腺苷獲得明顯療效,隨訪1年與對(duì)照組相比并未提高不良心血管事件;Polimeni A等[14]研究提示冠脈內(nèi)給予腺苷能改善LVEF,降低心衰發(fā)生,盡管增加短暫性房室傳導(dǎo)阻滯發(fā)生率,但并不顯示明顯的致命性心律失常。另有研究顯示[15]單支閉塞血管的STEMI患者冠脈內(nèi)給予高劑量腺苷(2~3 mg)或硝普鈉(500 μg)預(yù)處理并未減少梗塞面積或MVO,且隨訪心衰發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較高,提示腺苷可能不需預(yù)防性使用。

      2.4尼可地爾? 尼可地爾是具有獨(dú)特的雙重作用機(jī)制的K+-ATP通道開放劑,可增加細(xì)胞中K+外流,致細(xì)胞膜超極化,抑制Ca2+的內(nèi)流,減少Ca2+過載,從而減少心律失常發(fā)生。尼可地爾可發(fā)揮硝酸酯類作用,較小的冠狀動(dòng)脈(<100 μm)可更明顯。Feng C[16]發(fā)現(xiàn),尼可地爾(冠脈內(nèi)注射2 mg,可重復(fù)至多3次)改善冠脈術(shù)后微循環(huán)及心肌灌注,減輕早期無復(fù)流。Yamada K[17] 給心?;颊咭阅峥傻貭?.0 mg/h靜脈注射降低肌酸激酶同工酶CK-CM峰值和MVO,減少梗死面積。齊琪[18]等發(fā)現(xiàn)閉塞病變遠(yuǎn)端給藥同樣療效顯著,降低無復(fù)流發(fā)生率且隨訪預(yù)后良好。

      2.5維拉帕米? 維拉帕米是非二氫吡啶鈣通道阻滯劑,不僅可以產(chǎn)生內(nèi)皮依賴性血管舒張,還通過選擇性抑制L型鈣通道受體,阻止離子鈣內(nèi)流,減少心室細(xì)胞內(nèi)鈣過載,減緩房室傳導(dǎo),降低心率、血壓,但不影響LVEF[19]。Wang L等[20]發(fā)現(xiàn)冠狀動(dòng)脈內(nèi)維拉帕米降低了NRP,改善MACE,其在降低室壁運(yùn)動(dòng)指數(shù)方面表現(xiàn)出一定優(yōu)勢(shì)。Abdelaziz等[21]予病灶遠(yuǎn)端推注維拉帕米750 μg預(yù)處理并獲得更好的CTFC、MBG等級(jí),MVO率更低;Abu Arab等[22]嘗試病灶遠(yuǎn)端給予腎上腺素5~200 μg與維拉帕米100~200 μg/次(最多7次)發(fā)現(xiàn)血流恢復(fù)更佳。

      2.6替羅非班? 替羅非班致使血小板GPⅡb/GPⅢa受體占有率水平升高,使血小板聚集過程不穩(wěn)定,其可抑制纖維蛋白原和血管性血友病因子交聯(lián),誘發(fā)血小板及心外膜動(dòng)脈血管的血栓解聚還具有抗炎作用。Ali-Hasan-Al-Saegh等[24]分析比較了冠脈內(nèi)和靜脈給予GPⅡb/Ⅲa抑制劑的療效,發(fā)現(xiàn)冠脈內(nèi)給藥可增加LVEF及TIMI等級(jí),降低心衰發(fā)生率。Sun B[25]等學(xué)者發(fā)現(xiàn)病灶處給藥在改進(jìn)心肌組織再灌注方面療效顯著,理論上可達(dá)到更高的局部藥物濃度和生物利用度,產(chǎn)生較好的血栓解聚效果和較少的微栓塞[31]。

      2.7其他? 腎上腺素作為β2受體激動(dòng)劑,產(chǎn)生血管擴(kuò)張作用,可能是腎上腺素治療無復(fù)流的一種機(jī)制;無復(fù)流通常表現(xiàn)為低血壓,可以由腎上腺素發(fā)揮的α激動(dòng)劑活性糾正。最近一個(gè)關(guān)于難治性無復(fù)流患者中的回顧性研究中,病變遠(yuǎn)端給予200~450 μg腎上腺素,導(dǎo)致9例患者有所改善[26]。其可導(dǎo)致心率增加,但并無致命性心律失常。外源性脂聯(lián)素在無復(fù)流中的應(yīng)用也有報(bào)道,據(jù)稱可減輕心肌與內(nèi)皮損傷,并抑制炎癥和細(xì)胞凋亡[27];前列腺素E1在冠脈病變的應(yīng)用也有報(bào)道[28] ,其副作用小,安全有效。

      3總結(jié)及展望

      無復(fù)流的規(guī)范化治療是當(dāng)前冠脈介入領(lǐng)域研究的熱點(diǎn)。關(guān)于山莨菪堿治療無復(fù)流臨床價(jià)值的薈萃分析今年首次被發(fā)表,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)其可以顯著改善心肌再灌注和心臟功能,預(yù)后優(yōu)良,耐受良好且經(jīng)濟(jì),在當(dāng)前主流抗無復(fù)流藥物中居首位。其實(shí)用性值得進(jìn)一步研究評(píng)估。及時(shí)糾正無復(fù)流是現(xiàn)下介入工作者的首要任務(wù),本文總結(jié)了目前臨床常用藥物給藥方式、安全或有效劑量及其可能不良后果,以期為當(dāng)前臨床工作提供一定診療思路。冠脈無復(fù)流的藥物治療研究仍有大量工作需要落實(shí),如無復(fù)流的機(jī)制、相關(guān)微血管結(jié)構(gòu)功能異常的基礎(chǔ)研究及大型循證醫(yī)學(xué)證據(jù)支持的相對(duì)安全的藥物等。無復(fù)流更深層次研究以及器械水平的改良,將為更多冠脈無復(fù)流的患者提供思路,改善其長(zhǎng)期預(yù)后。

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      收稿日期:2018-10-29;修回日期:2018-11-13

      編輯/肖婷婷

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