體罰對特殊兒童影響的調(diào)查

呂靜

摘要：目的? 體罰已經(jīng)成為特殊兒童康復訓練中常見的干預方法，這是一種不良的現(xiàn)象。通過問卷調(diào)查探討體罰對特殊兒童各方面的影響。方法? 采用隨機抽樣法，選擇2018年6～10月在我院進行康復訓練的150名特殊兒童的家長作為調(diào)查對象，以中文修訂版體罰態(tài)度問卷（ATPP）調(diào)查兒童父母對待體罰的態(tài)度，以自制調(diào)查問卷調(diào)查父母對體罰行為的認知及體罰行為實施情況。結(jié)果? ①本次共發(fā)放問卷150份，回收問卷143份，有效問卷123份，回收率95.33%，有效率82.00%;②有效問卷中父親作答52份，母親作答71份，其中父親體罰態(tài)度得分（66.97±16.08）分，母親體罰態(tài)度得分為（54.76±20.95）分;③20.32%的家長了解體罰，64.22%的家長都用過體罰，57.72%的家長認為體罰有用，34.95%的家長認為孩子會模仿體罰行為，26.82%的家長認為體罰會上癮，29.26%的家長認為體罰會影響親子關(guān)系，84.55%的家長在體罰時夾雜個人情緒。結(jié)論? 絕大多數(shù)父母贊同體罰行為，體罰會使實施體罰者上癮，同時會影響兒童與家長之間的關(guān)系，也會影響兒童身心健康發(fā)展。應(yīng)該呼吁家長慎用或禁用體罰，不斷探索新的解決兒童不良行為的方法。

關(guān)鍵詞：體罰;特殊兒童;康復訓練;問卷調(diào)查

中圖分類號：C913.5;C912.82? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 文獻標識碼：A? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1006-1959.2019.15.041

文章編號：1006-1959（2019）15-0126-03

Abstract：Objective? Corporal punishment has become a common intervention method in rehabilitation training for special children， which is a bad phenomenon. To explore the impact of corporal punishment on all aspects of special children through a questionnaire survey.Methods? June-October 2018，One hundred and fifty parents of special children who were treated in three departments of rehabilitation treatment in Xi'an Encephalopathy Hospital of traditional Chinese Medicine were investigated by random sampling. The attitude of parents to corporal punishment was measured with the Chinese revised version of the questionnaire of Corporal punishment attitude questionnaire （ATPP）. Self-made questionnaire was used to measure parents' cognition of corporal punishment and corporal punishment behavior. SPSS software was used to analyze parents' attitude to corporal punishment and its correlation. Results? ①A total of 150 questionnaires were sent out， 143 questionnaires were recovered， 123 valid questionnaires were valid， the recovery rate was 95.33%， and the effective rate was 82.00%.②The standard deviation of father's corporal punishment attitude was （66.97±16.08）， and the attitude standard deviation of mother's corporal punishment was （54.76±20.95）.③20.32% of parents were aware of corporal punishment， 64.22% of parents had used corporal punishment， and 57.72% of parents considered corporal punishment useful. 34.95% of parents thought their children would imitate corporal punishment， 26.82% believed that physical punishment would be addictive， 29.26% believed that corporal punishment would affect parent-child relationships， and 84.55% of parents had personal emotions in corporal punishment.Conclusion? Children can imitate the behavior of corporal punishment. Corporal punishment will make physical punishment addictive， affect the relationship between children and their parents， and also reflect many aspects that are not conducive to children's personal growth and physical and mental development. Corporal punishment should be used or prohibited with caution， and new ways to deal with children's bad behavior should be constantly explored.

3.2對策及建議? 特殊兒童的康復訓練是一個漫長的過程，兒童家長承受著經(jīng)濟壓力、心理壓力等各種壓力。體罰屬于正懲罰的一種，它只是起到恐嚇兒童的作用，并沒有教會兒童正確的行為準則，同時它可能給兒童帶來危害，尤其是身體或者精神性質(zhì)的正懲罰（軀體或者情感的虐待）雖然有可能立即終止兒童的問題行為，但其代價也慘重。父母應(yīng)以兒童的身心健康發(fā)展為本，正視問題，慎用、禁用體罰來教育兒童，需做到以下幾點：①正確看待孩子的每一個行為：分析兒童的每一個行為，教會兒童溝通、正確表達自己的情緒，不斷尋找新的解決方法，教會兒童正確的行為表現(xiàn)方式，這樣從根源上解決兒童的不良行為問題。②進行自我反思：兒童出現(xiàn)不良行為時，是不是兒童不會用正確的方式表達自己的情感，或者是康復訓練過于簡單，兒童覺得沒意思，或者訓練沒有遵從新舊技能訓練原則，兒童失去了信心，表現(xiàn)出不良行為。③建立和維護與兒童之間的關(guān)系：不管是親子關(guān)系還是師生關(guān)系等，都需要不斷深入兒童內(nèi)心，建立信任感，這也是順利完成每一項康復訓練的切入點，良好的信任可以使訓練事半功倍。④時刻以道德規(guī)范和倫理學原則約束自己：父母是兒童的榜樣，這就要求家長要遵守道德規(guī)范和倫理學原則，逐漸建立兒童良好的個人品質(zhì)。

總之，特殊兒童的康復訓練要以兒童的身心健康發(fā)展為原則，呼吁家長慎用或禁用體罰，避免兒童產(chǎn)生長期心理創(chuàng)傷。父母應(yīng)以孩子的興趣為出發(fā)點，讓他們在快樂中進行各種康復訓練，最終成為一個身心健康的兒童。

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收稿日期：2019-2-26;修回日期：2019-4-25

編輯/成森