王天?!≈旒t革 侯彥深 段文明 于嬋娟
[摘要] 目的 評(píng)價(jià)增強(qiáng)小鼠中樞膽堿能神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)活性對(duì)術(shù)后認(rèn)知功能障礙(POCD)的影響及機(jī)制。 方法 選用45只C57BL/6小鼠,采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法將其分為三組:空白組、手術(shù)+NS組、手術(shù)+Galan組,每組15只;后兩組行單側(cè)脛骨骨折內(nèi)固定術(shù)建立POCD模型。手術(shù)+Galan組術(shù)后每日腹腔注射4 mg/kg中樞膽堿能神經(jīng)活性增強(qiáng)劑加蘭他敏干預(yù),手術(shù)+NS組每日腹腔注射等量0.9% NaCl??瞻捉M不進(jìn)行手術(shù)及藥物干預(yù)。術(shù)后第3天和第7天使用情景恐懼測(cè)試評(píng)估三組小鼠學(xué)習(xí)與記憶的行為學(xué)變化;術(shù)后第3天檢測(cè)海馬內(nèi)小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞活化程度和細(xì)胞數(shù)量,檢測(cè)海馬區(qū)促炎性細(xì)胞因子白細(xì)胞介素(IL)-1β、IL-6、腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)和抗炎性細(xì)胞因子(IL-4和IL-10)的表達(dá)情況。 結(jié)果 術(shù)后第3天行為學(xué)檢測(cè)中,與空白組比較,手術(shù)+NS組和手術(shù)+Galan組凍結(jié)時(shí)間均顯著減少(P < 0.01);與手術(shù)+Galan組比較,手術(shù)+NS組凍結(jié)時(shí)間減少(P < 0.05)。術(shù)后7 d,與空白組比較,手術(shù)+NS組凍結(jié)時(shí)間顯著減少(P < 0.01),且手術(shù)+NS組凍結(jié)時(shí)間短于手術(shù)+Galan組(P < 0.05),而手術(shù)+Galan組與空白組比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。術(shù)后3 d,手術(shù)+NS組分別與空白組和手術(shù)+Galan組比較,海馬內(nèi)小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞數(shù)量均顯著增加(P < 0.01),但空白組與手術(shù)+Galan組比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。與空白組比較,手術(shù)+NS組IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α顯著升高(P < 0.01),且其IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α顯著高于手術(shù)+Galan組(P < 0.01或P < 0.05)??瞻捉M與手術(shù)+Galan組IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。三組間IL-4和IL-10比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。 結(jié)論 加強(qiáng)中樞膽堿能神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)活性可以通過(guò)抑制海馬區(qū)小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的活化,減輕海馬區(qū)炎性反應(yīng),從而改善小鼠術(shù)后認(rèn)知能力。增強(qiáng)中樞膽堿能活性可能是早期POCD的治療策略。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 術(shù)后認(rèn)知功能障礙;膽堿能系統(tǒng);炎性因子;小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞
[中圖分類號(hào)] R749.2 ? ? ? ? ?[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A ? ? ? ? ?[文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2019)06(c)-0017-05
Effect of enhancing the activity of central cholinergic nervous system on postoperative cognitive dysfunction in mice
WANG Tianhai1 ? ZHU Hongge2 ? HOU Yanshen1 ? DUAN Wenming1 ? YU Chanjuan1
1.Department of Anesthesiology, the Third Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi ? 830011, China; 2.the Second Department of Pulmonary Medicine, the Third Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi ? 830011, China
[Abstract] Objective To evaluate the effect and mechanism of enhancing the activity of central cholinergic nervous system on postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) in mice. Methods Forty-five C57BL/6 mice were selected and divided into three groups by random number table method, blank group, operation +NS group, operation +Galan group, with 15 mice in each group. The latter two groups underwent internal fixation of unilateral tibial fracture to establish the model of postoperative cognitive dysfunction. In the operation +NS group, 0.9% NaCl was injected into the abdominal cavity every day. Postoperative intraperitoneal injection of central cholinergic neuroactivity enhancer Galan intervention. No surgical or medical intervention was performed in the blank group. The behavioral changes of learning and memory in three groups were assessed by the situational fear test on the third and seventh day after the operation. The activation degree and number of microglia cells in the hippocampus were detected on the third day after the operation. The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10) in the hippocampus were detected. Results In the behavioral test 3 days after the operation, compared with the blank group, the freezing time in the operation +NS group and the operation +Galan group was significantly reduced (P < 0.01). Compared with the operation +Galan group, the freezing time of the operation +NS group was reduced (P < 0.05). Seven days after the operation, the freezing time of the operation +NS group was significantly reduced compared with the blank group (P < 0.01), and the freezing time of the operation +NS group was shorter than that of the operation +Galan group (P < 0.05), while the difference between the operation +Galan group and the blank group was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). 3 days after the operation, the number of microglia cells in the hippocampus in the operation +NS group was significantly increased compared with the blank group and the operation +Galan group (P < 0.01), but the difference between the blank group and the operation +Galan group was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Compared with the blank group, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α of the operation +NS group were significantly increased (P < 0.01), and their IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α were significantly higher than those of the operation +Galan group (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α between the blank group and the operation +Galan group (P > 0.05). There was no significant difference in IL-4 and IL-10 among the three groups (P > 0.05). Conclusion Enhancing the activity of the central cholinergic nervous system can reduce the inflammatory response in the hippocampus by inhibiting the activation of microglia cells in the hippocampus, thus improving the postoperative cognitive ability of mice. Enhancing central cholinergic activity may be a therapeutic strategy for early POCD.
[Key words] Postoperative cognitive dysfunction; Cholinergic system; Inflammatory factors; Microglia
術(shù)后認(rèn)知功能障礙(postoperative cognitive dysfunction,POCD)心臟手術(shù)患者罹患多達(dá)60%,經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)在術(shù)后幾天到1年[1],已成為外科手術(shù)患者的主要健康問(wèn)題。動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)和臨床試驗(yàn)表明,外科手術(shù)的創(chuàng)傷是引起POCD的主要因素[2]。然而POCD的確切機(jī)制仍不清楚。
研究表明,創(chuàng)傷引起的炎性反應(yīng)可能是導(dǎo)致術(shù)后POCD的重要原因[3]。在外科小鼠血漿和中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中,可以發(fā)現(xiàn)促炎細(xì)胞因子,可能是引起動(dòng)物學(xué)習(xí)與記憶損傷的主要原因;膽堿能系統(tǒng)與突觸可塑性和學(xué)習(xí)記憶有關(guān)[4],并可以抵消脂多糖對(duì)小鼠神經(jīng)炎癥和空間記憶的不利影響[5]。增加中樞膽堿能神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)功能會(huì)對(duì)POCD產(chǎn)生什么影響值得探討,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下:
1 材料與方法
1.1 實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物
選用45只雄性C57BL/6小鼠[由新疆醫(yī)科大學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物中心提供,動(dòng)物許可證號(hào):SYXK(新)2016-0003,動(dòng)物合格證號(hào):65000700001016],年齡10~12個(gè)月,自由攝入食物和水。所有動(dòng)物飼養(yǎng)和實(shí)驗(yàn)協(xié)議符合實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物護(hù)理和使用指南[6],通過(guò)新疆醫(yī)科大學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物資源辦公室和動(dòng)物保護(hù)委員會(huì)的核準(zhǔn)。
1.2 實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物分組與給藥
將實(shí)驗(yàn)小鼠采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為三組:空白組、手術(shù)+Galan組、手術(shù)+NS組,每組15只;后兩組行單側(cè)脛骨骨折內(nèi)固定術(shù)。按Terrando等[7]標(biāo)準(zhǔn)行單側(cè)脛骨骨折手術(shù)并采用髓內(nèi)釘內(nèi)固定術(shù):小鼠用七氟醚麻醉(4%用于誘導(dǎo),3%用于麻醉),無(wú)菌條件下,左膝蓋下方切一個(gè)縱向0.5 cm的切口,分離肌肉、暴露脛骨、剝離骨膜;斷端以0.38 mL粗、5 mL長(zhǎng)不銹鋼針插入脛骨髓內(nèi)腔,沖洗傷口并縫合,然后回籠。手術(shù)+Galan組術(shù)后每日腹腔注射4 mg/kg中樞膽堿能神經(jīng)活性增強(qiáng)劑加蘭他敏干預(yù);手術(shù)+NS組每日腹腔注射等量0.9% NaCl??瞻捉M不進(jìn)行手術(shù)及藥物干預(yù)。
1.3 行為學(xué)檢測(cè)
恐懼情景記憶按Johansen等[8]的方法進(jìn)行,有一個(gè)訓(xùn)練階段和兩個(gè)測(cè)試階段。訓(xùn)練階段將小鼠置于情景恐懼室中,允許其自由適應(yīng)120 s;然后音強(qiáng)(70 dB)20 s刺激,最后2 s給予持續(xù)0.8 mA足部電擊;120 s后,重復(fù)1次。訓(xùn)練結(jié)束的第3天和第7天測(cè)試。測(cè)試時(shí)小鼠被置于相同的恐懼情景室,適應(yīng)2 min后。通過(guò)跟蹤系統(tǒng)監(jiān)測(cè)小鼠的運(yùn)動(dòng),使用視頻軟件分析凍結(jié)姿勢(shì)時(shí)間占室內(nèi)總時(shí)間的百分比;在不同小鼠之間用70%的酒精擦拭實(shí)驗(yàn)室。術(shù)后第3天,如果檢測(cè)手術(shù)+NS組與空白組小鼠在凍結(jié)時(shí)間上差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05),則認(rèn)為脛骨骨折手術(shù)可引起小鼠POCD。
1.4 組織化學(xué)檢測(cè)
1.4.1 ELISA法檢測(cè)蛋白 ?ELISA試劑盒(中國(guó)上海賽默飛世爾科技有限公司生產(chǎn))檢測(cè)炎性細(xì)胞因子白細(xì)胞介素(IL)-1β、IL-6和腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)和抗炎性細(xì)胞因子(IL-4和IL-10),按說(shuō)明書(shū)對(duì)小鼠用CO2進(jìn)行安樂(lè)死,取海馬組織,立即液氮冷凍,儲(chǔ)存至-80℃直到使用。樣品中使用Ripa裂解液溶解和萃取緩沖器提取總蛋白質(zhì)。蛋白質(zhì)濃度的測(cè)定采用BCA蛋白濃度測(cè)試法(檢測(cè)試劑盒:中國(guó)上海碧云天生物技術(shù)有限公司生產(chǎn))。100 μL樣品(200 μg蛋白質(zhì))成倍稀釋,取450 nm波長(zhǎng)測(cè)定樣品的吸光度,在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線上讀取樣本蛋白質(zhì)的數(shù)值(pg/mL)。
1.4.2 免疫組織化學(xué) ?用CO2對(duì)C57BL/6小鼠進(jìn)行安樂(lè)死,用含肝素4%多聚甲醛磷酸緩沖鹽(PBS)液7 mL和PBS液35 mL進(jìn)行心臟灌注。然后取小鼠腦組織,用振動(dòng)切片機(jī)切片,切片厚度50 μm,放置在載玻片上。室溫干燥,冷凍至-20℃。冷凍切片在室溫解凍15 min,用4℃ PBS液洗滌2次,每次10 min,在含聚乙二醇辛基苯基醚的PBS液室溫放置1 h,在10%驢血清的PBS液固定45 min,在PBS中孵育初級(jí)1∶500離子鈣接頭蛋白(Iba-1)抗體(日本和光純藥株式會(huì)社生產(chǎn))。4%驢血清PBS中洗滌3次(15 min/次),在4℃放置18 h。在室溫下4%的1∶500驢血清PBS中孵育二次抗體(美國(guó)Jackson Immunology公司生產(chǎn)),孵育1 h,樣本在室溫下PBS洗滌3次(15 min/次),室溫下浸入封裝劑(美國(guó)Vector公司生產(chǎn)),然后覆蓋蓋玻片。
共聚焦顯微鏡(Fv-1000,Olympus)對(duì)切片進(jìn)行成像,使用10×Plan Apo物鏡(數(shù)值孔徑:0.45)和20 × Plan Apo物鏡(數(shù)值孔徑:0.75)。采用561 nm波長(zhǎng)激光激發(fā)Cy3抗體,在580~640 nm之間檢測(cè)發(fā)光細(xì)胞。計(jì)數(shù)Iba-1陽(yáng)性細(xì)胞數(shù)量[9]。
1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
使用SigMAPLE 11(SPSS公司)繪制圖表并進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,計(jì)量資料采用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,三組間比較采用單因素方差分析,組間兩兩比較采用LSD-t檢驗(yàn)。以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 三組小鼠凍結(jié)時(shí)間比較
采用恐懼情景記憶進(jìn)行檢測(cè)。術(shù)后3 d,三組比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F = 22.6,P < 0.001)。手術(shù)+NS組和手術(shù)+Galan組與空白組比較,凍結(jié)時(shí)間均顯著減少(P < 0.01);手術(shù)+NS組短于手術(shù)+Galan組(P < 0.05)。術(shù)后7 d,三組比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F = 10.8,P < 0.001)。與空白組比較,手術(shù)+NS組凍結(jié)時(shí)間顯著減少(P < 0.01),且短于手術(shù)+Galan組(P < 0.05),而手術(shù)+Galan組與空白組比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。見(jiàn)圖1。
2.2 三組小鼠海馬CA1區(qū)內(nèi)小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞數(shù)量比較
術(shù)后3 d,與空白組比較,手術(shù)+NS組海馬內(nèi)小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞大量激活,手術(shù)+Galan組減弱了小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的激活(圖2,封四)。術(shù)后3 d,三組比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F = 18.6,P = 0.002)。與空白組比較,手術(shù)+NS組海馬內(nèi)小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞數(shù)量明顯增加(P < 0.01)。與手術(shù)+NS組比較,手術(shù)+Galan組海馬CA1區(qū)內(nèi)小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞數(shù)量顯著減少(P < 0.01),但空白組與手術(shù)+Galan組比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。見(jiàn)圖3。
2.3三組小鼠促炎性細(xì)胞因子和抗炎性細(xì)胞因子比較
三組IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α比較,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F = 11.4,P < 0.001;F = 8.2,P = 0.006;F = 26.3,P < 0.001)。與空白組比較,手術(shù)+NS組IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α顯著升高(P < 0.01),且手術(shù)+NS組IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α顯著高于手術(shù)+Galan組(P < 0.01或P < 0.05)??瞻捉M與手術(shù)+Galan組IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。三組IL-4、IL-10比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(F = 1.63,P = 0.240;F = 1.85,P = 0.200)。見(jiàn)圖4。
3 討論
本研究使用七氟醚麻醉下建立10~12個(gè)月齡POCD小鼠脛骨單側(cè)穩(wěn)定骨折手術(shù)模型。與國(guó)內(nèi)外相關(guān)學(xué)者研究相符[10]。本研究中觀察到了成年手術(shù)小鼠的學(xué)習(xí)記憶受損。避免使用年輕或老年小鼠[11-12]非揮發(fā)性全身麻醉藥[13]。本研究使用成年小鼠和七氟醚麻醉來(lái)消除影響POCD的混雜因素,對(duì)照組通過(guò)使用相同濃度的七氟醚和相同持續(xù)時(shí)間的麻醉,保持了相似的麻醉深度。因此,在本研究中影響實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果的因素主要來(lái)自手術(shù)和藥物干預(yù)本身。
情景恐懼測(cè)試通常用于評(píng)價(jià)小鼠的學(xué)習(xí)記憶變化。在恐懼條件反射建立之后進(jìn)行手術(shù)建立POCD模型,可以反映手術(shù)引起小鼠學(xué)習(xí)與記憶的變化。術(shù)后3 d觀察到學(xué)習(xí)記憶減退,同時(shí)觀察到海馬中的IL-1β、TNF-α、IL-6促炎性因子表達(dá)增高,還發(fā)現(xiàn)海馬區(qū)小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞在海馬區(qū)有明顯的聚集。嚙齒類動(dòng)物模型表明,手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷導(dǎo)致血液免疫細(xì)胞(如巨噬細(xì)胞)通過(guò)短暫的滲透性血腦屏障滲入大腦;浸潤(rùn)的免疫細(xì)胞與小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞之間的緊密交叉可能導(dǎo)致海馬體的神經(jīng)炎癥。神經(jīng)炎癥的其他機(jī)制可能包括外周細(xì)胞因子穿過(guò)血腦屏障并刺激海馬中的小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞。有研究[14-15]推測(cè),術(shù)后海馬的神經(jīng)炎癥可能是POCD的重要因素;阻斷或敲除IL-1β受體或用抗體中和TNF-α可減輕外科嚙齒動(dòng)物海馬的神經(jīng)炎癥和記憶缺陷[16];因IL-1可維持海馬的突觸可塑性,而TNF-α和IL-6負(fù)調(diào)節(jié)海馬的突觸可塑性[17],而抗炎藥改善嚙齒動(dòng)物記憶障礙[18]。因此減輕促炎細(xì)胞因子的釋放可能是緩解POCD的策略。
膽堿能系統(tǒng)是一種機(jī)體內(nèi)源性消除炎性反應(yīng)的有效途徑。術(shù)前大劑量使用減弱中樞膽堿能神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的藥物可以增加術(shù)后罹患認(rèn)知功能障礙的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[19];增強(qiáng)這個(gè)系統(tǒng)可以減少神經(jīng)炎癥。有報(bào)道[20],手術(shù)導(dǎo)致膽堿乙酰轉(zhuǎn)移酶(乙酰膽堿合成酶)下調(diào),加強(qiáng)膽堿能系統(tǒng)能減輕中樞炎性反應(yīng)的程度和改善POCD的癥狀。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)加蘭他敏減輕了小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞在海馬體中的積聚,降低了海馬區(qū)炎性因子的水平,顯著改善了手術(shù)小鼠學(xué)習(xí)記憶的損傷。但是加強(qiáng)手術(shù)小鼠膽堿能神經(jīng)活性通過(guò)何種機(jī)制減輕小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的激活和減少炎性因子的釋放,需要進(jìn)一步研究。
綜上所述,手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷引起小鼠中樞海馬區(qū)炎性因子釋放及小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞激活,損傷手術(shù)小鼠的學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力,通過(guò)增強(qiáng)小鼠的中樞膽堿能神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)活性,可緩解中樞海馬區(qū)的炎性反應(yīng),改善小鼠的學(xué)習(xí)記憶能力。
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