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      惡性腫瘤合并血流感染的臨床特點

      2019-01-20 02:40:36吳春蘭
      中國醫(yī)學創(chuàng)新 2019年27期
      關鍵詞:血流感染惡性腫瘤

      吳春蘭

      【摘要】目的:研究惡性腫瘤合并血流感染患者的臨床特征,為臨床治療提供參考。方法:選取2013-2017年本院惡性腫瘤合并血流感染患者221例。分析患者臨床資料、腫瘤類型、致病菌及其藥敏結果、轉歸情況。結果:本組男151例、女70例,死亡36例(16.3%),60歲以上老年人、低蛋白血癥、貧血、TNM中晚期(Ⅲ、Ⅳ期)者較多。221例患者中最常見消化道腫瘤,占65.2%。共培養(yǎng)出病原菌237株,革蘭陰性菌149株(62.9%)、革蘭陽性菌73株(30.8%)、真菌15株(6.3%)。革蘭陰性菌中大腸埃希菌占比最高(25.7%),對哌拉西林、氨芐西林、氨芐西林/舒巴坦耐藥率最高(100%);肺炎克雷伯菌占比10.1%,對氨芐西林、哌拉西林耐藥率較高,分別為100%、95.8%;鮑曼不動桿菌占比7.2%,對氨曲南耐藥率最高(52.9%)。革蘭陽性菌以表皮葡萄球菌、金黃色葡萄球菌為主,分別占7.6%、6.3%,對青霉素G耐藥率最高,分別為83.3%、86.7%。真菌中白色念珠菌占比最高(4.2%)。結論:在惡性腫瘤患者的治療過程中,應減少有創(chuàng)操作,嚴格無菌操作,預防血流感染的發(fā)生;同時惡性腫瘤患者合并血流感染以革蘭陰性菌為主,臨床應合理規(guī)范使用抗生素以提高療效。

      【關鍵詞】惡性腫瘤;血流感染;革蘭陰性菌

      Clinical Characteristics of Malignant Tumors Complicated with Bloodstream Infection/WU Chunlan.//Medical Innovation of China,2019,16(27):-172

      【Abstract】Objective:To study the clinical characteristics of patients with malignant tumors complicated with bloodstream infection,and to provide reference for clinical treatment.Method:A total of 221 patients with malignant tumors complicated with bloodstream infection in our hospital from 2013 to 2017 were selected.The clinical data,types of tumors,pathogenic bacteria,results of drug sensitivity and prognosis of the patients were analyzed.Result:There were 151 males and 70 females in this group,and 36 cases(16.3%)died.Patients who were over 60 years old or in advanced stage(stage Ⅲ,Ⅳ)or those who developed hypoproteinemia or anemia were more common.Tumors of the digestive system were the most common,accounted for 65.2%.A total of 237 strains of pathogenic bacteria were cultured,149 strains(62.9%)of Gram-negative bacteria,73 strains(30.8%)of Gram-positive bacteria and 15 strains(6.3%)of fungi.Escherichia coli accounted for the highest proportion of Gram-negative bacteria(25.7%)and the highest resistance rates to Piperacillin,Ampicillin and Ampicillin/Sulbactam(100%),Klebsiella pneumoniae accounted for 10.1%,the resistance rates to Ampicillin and Piperacillin were 100% and 95.8% respectively,Acinetobacter baumannii accounted for 7.2%,and the drug resistance rate to Aztreonam was the highest(52.9%).Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus were the main Gram-positive bacteria,accounting for 7.6% and 6.3% respectively,the resistance rate to penicillin G was the highest,83.3% and 86.7% respectively.Candida albicans accounted for the highest proportion of fungi(4.2%).Conclusion:In the treatment of malignant tumors,we should reduce invasive operation,strictly aseptic operation and prevent the occurrence of bloodstream infection,at the same time,Gram-negative bacteria are the main pathogens of bloodstream infection in malignant tumors,so antibiotics should be used reasonably and regularly in clinic to improve the curative effect.

      本研究革蘭陰性菌中,大腸埃希菌對哌拉西林/他唑巴坦鈉、碳青霉烯類(亞胺培南、美羅培南)耐藥率最低(13.1%),肺炎克雷伯菌對哌拉西林/他唑巴坦鈉、碳青霉烯類(亞胺培南、美羅培南)均敏感,鮑曼不動桿菌對阿米卡星耐藥率最低(5.9%)。革蘭陽性菌以表皮葡萄球菌、金黃色葡萄球菌為主,對青霉素G、苯唑西林等常用抗菌藥物的耐藥率均高于50.0%,對萬古霉素、利奈唑胺均敏感,與其他報道一致[10-12],提示血流感染中表皮葡萄球菌與金黃色葡萄球菌對常用的抗菌藥物耐藥率較高,與其具有耐藥基因、β-內酰胺酶、主動外排系統(tǒng)、DNA旋轉酶靶位改變和產(chǎn)生生物膜、合成青霉素結合蛋白等耐藥機制相關[11-15],臨床上可根據(jù)以上藥敏選擇抗生素。本研究中真菌構成比為6.3%,以白色念珠菌為主,與文獻[16-17]報道一致。白色念珠菌的感染多為內源性感染,白念珠菌性血流感染較多發(fā)生在胃腸道腫瘤患者中,腫瘤患者在接受各種有創(chuàng)治療后,胃腸道黏膜極其脆弱,容易使定植菌移位入血造成感染[18-20];合并真菌感染后死亡風險較高[5,17],臨床上抗真菌治療時,應重點覆蓋白色念珠菌。

      綜上所述,惡性腫瘤合并血流感染病死率高,在臨床工作中,應充分評估留置導管的必要性,盡量減少創(chuàng)傷性操作,同時應注意嚴格無菌操作,縮短中心靜脈導管留置時間,避免導管相關性感染的發(fā)生;另一方面,早期多次進行血培養(yǎng),盡早獲得病原菌及藥敏結果,在經(jīng)驗性抗感染治療,應著重覆蓋如大腸埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌等革蘭陰性菌,再根據(jù)藥敏結果重新評估與調整用藥,以提高治療效果,改善預后。

      參考文獻

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      [2]中華人民共和國衛(wèi)生部.醫(yī)院感染診斷標準(試行)[J].中華醫(yī)學雜志,2001,81(5):314-320.

      [3] Rajendran R,Sherry L,Nile C J,et al.Biofilm formation is a risk factor for mortality in patients with Candida albicans bloodstream infection-Scotland,2012-2013[J].Clin Microbiol Infect,2016,22(1):87-93.

      [4] López-Cortés L E,Rosso-Fernández C,Nú?ez-Nú?ez M,et al.Targeted simplification versus antipseudomonal broad-spectrum beta-lactams in patients with bloodstream infections due to Enterobacteriaceae(SIMPLIFY):a study protocol for a multicentre,open-label,phase Ⅲ randomized,controlled,non-inferiority clinical trial[J].BMJ Open,2017,7(6):e015439.

      [5] Vaquero-Herrero M P,Ragozzino S,Casta?o-Romero F,et al.

      The Pitt Bacteremia Score,Charlson Comorbidity Index and Chronic Disease Score are useful tools for the prediction of mortality in patients with Candida bloodstream infection[J].Mycoses,2017,60(10):676-685.

      [6]徐海燕,劉姍,馮沙娜,等.實體瘤患者發(fā)生血流感染的病原學特點及預后分析[J].中華醫(yī)院感染學雜志,2018,28(8):1158-1161,1174.

      [7] Daneman N,Rishu A H,Pinto R,et al.7 versus 14 days of antibiotic treatment for critically ill patients with bloodstream infection:a pilot randomized clinical trial[J].Canadian Critical Care Trials Group,2018,19(1):111.

      [8]呂媛,李耘,薛峰,等.衛(wèi)生部全國細菌耐藥監(jiān)測網(wǎng)(Mohnarin)2011-2012年度血流感染細菌耐藥監(jiān)測報告[J].中國臨床藥理學雜志,2014,30(3):278-288.

      [9]寧立芬,馬紅玲,汪玉珍.2011-2012年醫(yī)院感染病原菌分布及耐藥性分析[J].中華醫(yī)院感染學雜志,2014,24(6):1344-1346.

      [10]張能華,周鐵麗.232例血培養(yǎng)病原菌分布特點及耐藥性分析[J].中國微生態(tài)學雜志,2015,27(9):1052-1054,1061.

      [11]謝朝云,胡陽,楊忠玲,等.血流感染患者表皮葡萄球菌與金黃色葡萄球菌的分布與耐藥性分析[J].中國微生態(tài)學雜志,2016,28(12):1409-1411,1423.

      [12]杭亞平,汪紅,寧長秀,等.血流感染葡萄球菌菌種分布及耐藥特性分析[J].中國微生態(tài)學雜志,2015,27(2):199-202.

      [13]李雪寒,李一榮.耐甲氧西林金黃色葡萄球菌耐藥機制及檢測方法研究進展[J].國際檢驗醫(yī)學雜志,2019,40(5):586-589.

      [14]謝朝云,閆飛,熊永發(fā),等.骨科感染葡萄球菌屬細菌臨床分布與耐藥性分析[J].中國微生態(tài)學雜志,2014,26(11):1295-1297,1301.

      [15]董鵬霞,托婭.金黃色葡萄球菌耐藥機制的研究進展[J].內蒙古中醫(yī)藥,2014,33(25):105-106.

      [16]李丁,張青,白長森,等.腫瘤患者合并非白念珠菌性血流感染的危險因素分析[J].中華醫(yī)院感染學雜志,2017,27(6):1240-1243.

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      Impact of inappropriate antifungal therapy according to current susceptibility breakpoints on Candida bloodstream infection mortality,a retrospective analysis[J].BMC Infect Dis,2017,17(1):753.

      [18] Netea M G,Joosten L A,van der Meer J W,et al.Immune defence against Candida fungal infections[J].Nat Rev Immunol,2015,15(10):630-642.

      [19] Alp S,Arikan-Akdagli S,Gulmez D,et al.Epidemiology of Candidaemia in a tertiary care university hospital:10-year experience with 381 candidaemia episodes between 2001 and 2010[J].Mycoses,2015,58(8):498-505.

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      (收稿日期:2019-07-11)(本文編輯:董悅)

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