景觀：實現(xiàn)一個有彈性的世界

著：（英）梅里克·丹頓·湯普森 譯：張善峰 校：鄧位

我很榮幸也很高興接受北京林業(yè)大學(xué)園林學(xué)院王向榮教授的邀請，來到中國參觀訪問、來北京林業(yè)大學(xué)發(fā)表學(xué)術(shù)演講。本篇文章即是根據(jù)上述學(xué)術(shù)演講內(nèi)容整理而成。在英國曼徹斯特舉辦的2017年英國皇家風(fēng)景園林學(xué)會年會上，王教授曾經(jīng)為我們做了一個非常精彩的學(xué)術(shù)演講。在那次大會上，我們交流了關(guān)于景觀作為基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施、促進經(jīng)濟發(fā)展、維護人們身心健康與提供社會福利的重要作用。在與王教授的交流過程中，我獲益良多；尤其是王教授對于中國傳統(tǒng)文化的深刻理解，并將其應(yīng)用于場所營造中。

這是我第一次來到偉大的中國訪問交流。我童年在東非與?？颂m群島（Falkland Islands）度過，因此，我清楚世界上存在巨大的文化與地理差異。我與我的同事在2017年英國皇家風(fēng)景園林學(xué)會年會上，從多位杰出的中國風(fēng)景園林學(xué)專家所作的學(xué)術(shù)報告中收益頗多，初步了解中國的風(fēng)景園林行業(yè)面臨的一些挑戰(zhàn)。中國正處于快速的轉(zhuǎn)型與發(fā)展過程中，中國的風(fēng)景園林設(shè)計師正在以巨大的專業(yè)勇氣與嶄新方法去面對與解決這些挑戰(zhàn)。

在很多方面，英國需要向中國學(xué)習(xí)。但是，我們在英國面臨的情況與中國有很大的不同。英國是一個國土面積相對較小、人口密度很高的島國，人口增長與自然資源消耗之間的矛盾一直是關(guān)注的焦點。因此，英國采取的人口、經(jīng)濟、土地之間的可持續(xù)性發(fā)展的道路正在成為我們重點審視的問題。

本篇文章就是根據(jù)我觀察英國一些錯誤作法得到的成果。同時，我希望證明景觀專業(yè)對于改變英國以及未來英國人民生活可以發(fā)揮作用。我也希望我將要講述的內(nèi)容對你們和你們的未來有意義，并對我們共同擁有的迷人世界的發(fā)展發(fā)揮作用。

1 倫敦市中心— 需要進行氣候適應(yīng)性設(shè)計，建立城市系統(tǒng)的彈性Central London—Places will need to adapt to climate change to build resilience

1 國際責(zé)任

作為一個具有戰(zhàn)略性的前言，我必須回顧一下最近的歷史。事實上，英國確實將一些污染問題輸出到中國和印度，同時進口了大量的糧食。我們依靠金融服務(wù)與技術(shù)部門的實力制定的經(jīng)濟戰(zhàn)略可能看上去是吸引人的，但是同時也使我們變得脆弱。我們錯誤評估了一些實體產(chǎn)業(yè)的價值，拋棄了這些產(chǎn)業(yè)。這樣做的一個后果就是，英國的大部分社區(qū)已經(jīng)失去了接納、融合能力。實際上，我們忽視了人文的多樣性，以及由此產(chǎn)生的人類社會相互共生的關(guān)系。英國以外的觀察家可能會好奇，為什么一個民主制度會產(chǎn)生這么多不可預(yù)見的問題，比如，脫離歐盟。從某種程度上講，這也是我們錯誤評估社會多樣性價值的一個結(jié)果。因此，我們的社會失去彈性、變得脆弱。我很欣喜地看到，中國政府剛剛宣布停止從英國進口廢塑料。與此同時，我的朋友戴維·阿滕伯勒（David Attenborough）在他主持的系列電視節(jié)目中提醒世界注意海洋中危險的塑料污染。進而，英國政府也突然宣布了一系列新政策限制人們?nèi)粘τ谒芰现破返倪^度使用。

2 風(fēng)景園林專業(yè)

風(fēng)景園林設(shè)計師是人類與自然系統(tǒng)之間的聯(lián)系人。風(fēng)景園林設(shè)計師掌握了自然科學(xué)、社會科學(xué)與生物學(xué)知識，具有的藝術(shù)和創(chuàng)造表現(xiàn)能力賦予了其獨特的職業(yè)定位。通過對地表的土壤狀況、氣候條件、生物多樣性及其地質(zhì)演變過程進行分析解讀，我們就可以找到設(shè)計場地的約束性（圖1）。我認為，風(fēng)景園林專業(yè)最適合引導(dǎo)土地利用的轉(zhuǎn)型，以滿足人民生活和社會發(fā)展的需要；同時保證土地利用轉(zhuǎn)型的可持續(xù)性。你們可能已經(jīng)注意到，我在這里使用了風(fēng)景園林專業(yè)（Landscape Profession）這個術(shù)語；并且40年前，我們就做了一個關(guān)鍵決定，將風(fēng)景園林師學(xué)會（Institute of Landscape Architects）改名為風(fēng)景園林學(xué)會（Landscape Institute）。通過這樣做，我們表達風(fēng)景園林不應(yīng)當(dāng)僅僅被限定為一個投資建設(shè)項目的場地營造的角色、一個單純的設(shè)計過程。事實上，設(shè)計過程在任何時候都只觸及不到1%的土地；剩下的99%土地正在通過一直持續(xù)存在的管理過程發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)變。我們渴望成為城鎮(zhèn)、鄉(xiāng)村發(fā)展轉(zhuǎn)型過程中的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)性專業(yè)；我們的職業(yè)身份包括風(fēng)景園林科學(xué)家（生物學(xué)和社會學(xué)），風(fēng)景園林規(guī)劃師，風(fēng)景園林建造師和風(fēng)景園林管理者。這些都是非常具有創(chuàng)造力的職業(yè)，我將舉例對此進行說明。

3 半自然的英國

2 不可持續(xù)的糧食生產(chǎn)方式抑制了土壤中健康的微生物含量Unsustainable food production supressing healthy microbial content of soils

我們可以說：英國沒有任何東西是自然的，整個英國都是人類活動的產(chǎn)物。即使在最遙遠的地方也保存有人類活動干擾的痕跡。你可能感興趣的是，我們必須提醒一些生態(tài)學(xué)家同事，即最多產(chǎn)的棲息地是由農(nóng)業(yè)活動創(chuàng)造的，并且它們的存在依賴于人類持續(xù)的管理。這將是一場有趣的辯論，探討你們偉大的國家有多少地方可以被定義為完全沒有被人類活動影響。在英國，科學(xué)家告訴我們，現(xiàn)在伴隨著降雨而降落至地面的化學(xué)氮甚至比20世紀50年代時期農(nóng)民使用氮肥還要多。這給自然界的平衡帶來了真正的問題，即生物多樣性正在被侵略性的物種所破壞，這些侵略性的物種控制著我們地表的草本植物層。2017年，我被邀請到英國上議院討論為了保護英國橡樹（Quercus robur）免于消亡，我們能做些什么？年輕與年老的英國橡樹，有的橡樹甚至已經(jīng)有幾百年的樹齡，在突然面對大量繁殖的某些肉食昆蟲以及一系列植物病害時，出現(xiàn)突然的倒伏、死亡。這是一次高層次的會議，但它卻回避了對一些自然常識思考，即我們管理景觀的方式的根本缺陷，無機肥料和各種殺蟲劑、除草劑、殺菌劑的大量、隨意使用造成的自然系統(tǒng)彈性的損失。推動農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展背后的科學(xué)是聰明的，但還沒有足夠聰明。我們很大一部分農(nóng)業(yè)耕作系統(tǒng)建立在壓制自然系統(tǒng)的力量之上。如果我們要確保糧食的可持續(xù)生產(chǎn)，迫切需要轉(zhuǎn)變我們的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)方式，要積極利用自然系統(tǒng)的力量（圖2）。我預(yù)測，我們正在進入可能會拯救人類的生物科學(xué)的新時代，仿生學(xué)和基因安全管理將為我們的許多問題提供可持續(xù)的解決方案。

4 建立保護多功能鄉(xiāng)村的政策框架

作為一個國土面積相對較小、人口密度很高的島國，英國不能把鄉(xiāng)村環(huán)境和城鎮(zhèn)、城市看成是截然分開的不同部分。對于城市地區(qū)，我們有完善的土地利用規(guī)劃體系和相關(guān)擴展計劃，但是我們還沒有明確的鄉(xiāng)村景觀的相關(guān)政策。

在過去的40年中，我們的鄉(xiāng)村管理一直受到歐盟共同農(nóng)業(yè)政策（Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union）的限制。這些善意的支持發(fā)展農(nóng)村社區(qū)的措施已經(jīng)產(chǎn)生了一系列未曾預(yù)想的結(jié)果，包括脆弱的糧食生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)和鄉(xiāng)村地區(qū)整體彈性的損失。受保護的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品市場和價格體系幾乎一夜之間就將大部分英國低地地區(qū)的耕牧混合農(nóng)業(yè)消除?，F(xiàn)在我們已經(jīng)失去進行混合農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的技能和相關(guān)的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施。我們需要投資來幫助農(nóng)業(yè)恢復(fù)健康的景觀，并建立可持續(xù)的糧食生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)。農(nóng)場上的樹木與森林已經(jīng)失去了管理它們的勞動力，使得幾乎80%的樹木和森林缺少管理。城市擴張也造成了農(nóng)田的損失。與預(yù)期一樣，定居點、城鎮(zhèn)、城市的建設(shè)總是位于肥沃農(nóng)田旁邊，這些居住區(qū)的擴張不可避免地造成肥沃農(nóng)田的損失，但是這種狀況被不可持續(xù)的糧食生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展以及大量的糧食進口所掩蓋，被全社會所忽視。地球氣候正在發(fā)生變化，我們正處在一個穩(wěn)定氣候的轉(zhuǎn)換期。沒有人能夠準確預(yù)測氣候會變化到哪個階段，同樣，沒有人能夠準確預(yù)測我們是否還會再擁有穩(wěn)定的氣候條件，擁有穩(wěn)定的自然系統(tǒng)。當(dāng)務(wù)之急是我們需要探索管理鄉(xiāng)村地區(qū)的新方式，確保我們的城鎮(zhèn)、城市免于洪澇災(zāi)害，確保每個人都能夠獲得清潔的水。上述和其他鄉(xiāng)村地區(qū)的功能說明必須要形成一種城鎮(zhèn)與鄉(xiāng)村之間的健康、共生的關(guān)系。英國政府剛剛宣布了一系列關(guān)于鄉(xiāng)村的新政策；其中，“25年環(huán)境規(guī)劃”（25 Year Environment Plan）包含了大量政府公共部門介入、管理鄉(xiāng)村地區(qū)事務(wù)方法的改變。

英國的鄉(xiāng)村對于塑造英國的景觀特色具有作用。但是，我們不得不接受這樣一個事實，鄉(xiāng)村仍舊是我們選擇居住地與管理土地的副產(chǎn)品。每種鄉(xiāng)村景觀都具有自身特色；這些特色是人類根據(jù)鄉(xiāng)村地區(qū)的土壤、地質(zhì)、地形、小氣候條件與生態(tài)系統(tǒng)特點進行開發(fā)、作用的結(jié)果。風(fēng)景園林專業(yè)可以發(fā)現(xiàn)、繪制出這些景觀特色的變化；對于英國來說就是已經(jīng)完成了159種國家特色地區(qū)（National Character Areas）的識別（圖3）。

在漢普郡議會倡議下，我的景觀團隊在20世紀80年代中期開始了英國鄉(xiāng)村景觀特色的評估工作；20世紀90年代，由英國自然和鄉(xiāng)村署（English Nature and the Countryside Agency）的前身——自然英格蘭的創(chuàng)始機構(gòu)（Natural England’s founding bodies），首次出版發(fā)行的新英格蘭地圖就是基于這一開創(chuàng)性工作的成果。英國皇家風(fēng)景園林學(xué)會正在建議國家政府使用國家特色地區(qū)圖（National Character Area Map）作為制定以景觀為尺度的政策框架，以確保對公共資金使用負責(zé)、新政策能得以實施。由于國家特色地區(qū)圖將具有相似特點和特性的景觀組合在一起，針對性介入措施會更有效率和效果。此外，通過對特色地區(qū)進行命名，公眾也會易于接受與認同他們。

為了說明我們試圖解決的問題的類型，我將介紹一個國家特色地區(qū)面臨的一系列問題及其解決方案，這個特色地區(qū)涵蓋了英格蘭南部的白堊紀時期形成的地區(qū)（Chalk Formation）。我將以英國新劃定的南唐斯（South Downs）國家公園為例進行說明。南唐斯國家公園風(fēng)景秀麗毋庸置疑，但是，景觀體驗不僅僅是遠距離欣賞鄉(xiāng)村的風(fēng)景，它是景觀的顏色、氣味、聲音、味道和運動體驗的綜合，也包括其中的野生動物、氣候條件以及它的健康狀況的綜合體驗。從本質(zhì)上說，淺層白堊土壤相對貧瘠。它的保水性很差，但是對無機肥料和各種農(nóng)藥的投入都有很好的產(chǎn)出效應(yīng)。盡管這種農(nóng)耕景觀的糧食產(chǎn)量提升明顯，但這種農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)方式的后果還沒有被研究與繪制出來。在過去的60年里，英國鄉(xiāng)村地表景觀以一種人們還沒有完成理解的方式發(fā)生了劇烈的變化。一系列殺蟲劑的使用殺死了土壤中的天然微生物，導(dǎo)致土壤中沒有任何自然肥力。這些土壤的結(jié)構(gòu)很差，它們正面臨著侵蝕、流失，而且它們的碳含量很低。除蛞蝓農(nóng)藥的使用不僅殺死了蛞蝓，還殺死了其他生物；包括食蛞蝓的甲殼蟲、刺猬、小型哺乳動物和它們的捕食者。草甘膦等除草劑殺死了無脊椎動物的食物。殺蟲劑的使用正在殺死蜜蜂。數(shù)以百萬噸的由天然氣生產(chǎn)的硝酸鹽正在從土壤中析出到含水層，所以在英國的一部分地區(qū)正進口水來稀釋他們的飲用水。根據(jù)濕度的不同，25%的硝酸鹽以一氧化二氮的形式污染空氣，一氧化二氮對氣候變化的影響要比二氧化碳高300倍。盡管許多景觀已經(jīng)被列為在冊的古代遺跡（Scheduled Ancient Monuments），但是這些歷史景觀正被農(nóng)業(yè)耕作侵蝕。并且，這些農(nóng)業(yè)其實并不賺錢，51%的利潤來自于公共投資。更應(yīng)該令社會擔(dān)憂的是，英國糧食生產(chǎn)的很大比例是不可持續(xù)的。英國皇家風(fēng)景園林學(xué)會的示范農(nóng)場［由亨利·埃德蒙茲（Henry Edmunds）所有和耕種］非常好地展示了利用自然系統(tǒng)的力量同樣可以生產(chǎn)足夠的糧食（圖4）。在南唐斯國家公園同樣的淺層白堊土上，亨利在一個綜合農(nóng)作物管理系統(tǒng)中種植漢普郡紅豆草（Onobrychis Viciifolia）和其他豆科作物固定空氣中的氮。由于采用了亨利的方法，南唐斯國家公園的景觀中充滿了野生動物。例如，在亨利的農(nóng)場中已發(fā)現(xiàn)了英國擁有23種黃蜂中的18種。他的混合農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)方式使農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)保持了一定水平的彈性，而現(xiàn)在大部分的英國農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)不具備這種彈性。

在英國，我們必須重新思考我們的食品生產(chǎn)政策，并與其他對社會有重要作用的產(chǎn)品聯(lián)系起來。我們正在探索一個從維持生命的基本要素開始的自然資產(chǎn)核算的方法。我們必須把清潔的空氣和干凈的水看作是公共產(chǎn)品。我們必須恢復(fù)具有豐富微生物的土壤，并將具有自然生產(chǎn)力的土壤留給我們的下一代。我們必須對無法控制的諸如氣候、生物多樣性變化等具一定的彈性適應(yīng)能力。我們必須確保土壤的碳封存能力，我們需要對土壤的碳封存性能進行檢查。我們需要恢復(fù)曾經(jīng)創(chuàng)造出英國鄉(xiāng)村豐富生物多樣性的自然系統(tǒng)，并使鄉(xiāng)村實現(xiàn)現(xiàn)代化；這不但有關(guān)在鄉(xiāng)村生活的人們的健康與福祉，對發(fā)展鄉(xiāng)村旅游也同樣重要。我們需要將人們的生活與糧食生產(chǎn)重新聯(lián)系起來，我們必須減少食物浪費。我們必須將糧食生產(chǎn)與飲食習(xí)慣聯(lián)系起來，這意味著農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)會更多地轉(zhuǎn)向園藝種植和水果、蔬菜和堅果生產(chǎn)。我們還需要評估動物的健康和福祉，并從集中的牧場生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)轉(zhuǎn)向分散的系統(tǒng)。英國目前40%的糧食來自進口，確保糧食安全是一個挑戰(zhàn)。我們需要建立可持續(xù)的農(nóng)業(yè)方式來生產(chǎn)我們所需的糧食；同時，改變?nèi)藗兊娘嬍沉?xí)慣和減少食物浪費也是一種途徑。

5 綠帶

英國的土地利用規(guī)劃體系成功地保留了城鎮(zhèn)與鄉(xiāng)村的區(qū)別。但是正如你所預(yù)料那樣，隨著人口增加以及相應(yīng)土地使用需求的增加，土地資源不斷減少，城市與鄉(xiāng)村空間保護面臨著巨大的壓力。比如，綠帶法就面臨巨大的壓力（圖5）。綠帶法（Green Belt）保護了開敞空間，防止城市蔓延和帶狀發(fā)展。但是，這一立法在早于現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)被廣泛接受的可持續(xù)發(fā)展理念之前。在全英國范圍內(nèi)，綠帶法并沒有得到均等的應(yīng)用；隨著發(fā)展壓力越來越大，綠帶法中的許多不足開始顯現(xiàn)出來。例如，由于綠帶法的約束，一些城鎮(zhèn)和城市在發(fā)展空間拓展上受到限制。此外，還有許多城鎮(zhèn)與城市的實踐表明，綠帶法影響了城市基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施最大功效的發(fā)揮。最初，制定的綠帶法是給郡（縣）議會的戰(zhàn)略規(guī)劃部門使用，但是這一級別的規(guī)劃管理機構(gòu)已經(jīng)取消。并且，由于綠帶法與土地利用相關(guān)，綠帶法應(yīng)該被戰(zhàn)略性地重新評估。我們正在發(fā)起關(guān)于土地綜合利用的討論，特別是針對臨近城市人口聚居地的土地。我們希望鄉(xiāng)村開放空間、綠帶提供的公共產(chǎn)品能夠更加突出彈性建設(shè)，如洪水管理、公眾健康和社會福祉獲取，生物多樣性質(zhì)量和數(shù)量的改變等。我們也在大力推動綠帶轉(zhuǎn)型，通過法定的管理計劃確保急需的景觀功能和質(zhì)量的改進。

6 政府的關(guān)鍵盟友

在我審視景觀專業(yè)為城市發(fā)展和城市人口問題服務(wù)之前，我先解釋一下英國皇家風(fēng)景園林學(xué)會與英國政府之間的關(guān)系。正如你所知道的一樣，英國皇家風(fēng)景園林學(xué)會是代表景觀專業(yè)的專業(yè)組織，通過專業(yè)培訓(xùn)、專業(yè)進修、專業(yè)研究和制定發(fā)展政策來賦予這個專業(yè)的力量。作為一個正式注冊的公益性組織，英國皇家風(fēng)景園林學(xué)會開展的活動限定在為公眾提供服務(wù)上。如今，英國人開始意識到，過去未能在財富創(chuàng)造和公共支出之間維持合理的平衡。因此，在人們壽命延長造成的社會保障成本持續(xù)增加的情況下，每次減少公共開支都面臨巨大的壓力。我們認為，我們有責(zé)任仔細審視政府的行為，面對由于政府的錯誤措施造成的景觀改變使公眾利受損時，當(dāng)好政府的關(guān)鍵盟友。當(dāng)然以這種方式與政府打交道時，平衡各種利益沖突通常也是很困難的。

7 空間規(guī)劃

3 英國國家特色地區(qū)圖，根據(jù)人數(shù)活動對自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng)影響確定了159種英國國家特色地區(qū)National Character Map of England, 159 Landscaper Character Areas defined by human activity impacting on natural systems

今天，英國的許多城鎮(zhèn)、城市的可用住房都出現(xiàn)了巨大的缺口，這并不局限于英國東南部或者大倫敦地區(qū)（圖6）。同時，在全英國范圍內(nèi)，房產(chǎn)價值也存在巨大的差異。造成可用住房短缺的原因并不簡單；但是，規(guī)劃體系具有的局限作用已經(jīng)受到很大的批評。另一種批評則指責(zé)開發(fā)商沒有足夠快的完成土地開發(fā)、住房建造。還有一些批評指向了二套住房的所有者以及大量存在的空置住房。有一種比較普遍的觀點認為，由于英國的規(guī)劃體系過于死板，規(guī)劃的作用在過去的幾年里被現(xiàn)任政府大大弱化了。我們的規(guī)劃體系是基于國家政策，通過國家規(guī)劃政策框架構(gòu)建；規(guī)劃實施是通過地方政府制定的相應(yīng)地方規(guī)劃實現(xiàn)，更詳細的社區(qū)規(guī)劃是由當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū)制定實現(xiàn)。其中，英國規(guī)劃體系的一個不足是：景觀并不是土地使用規(guī)劃的法定內(nèi)容。唯一涉及景觀內(nèi)容的法定規(guī)劃是針對我們受保護的景觀，包括大約占鄉(xiāng)村地區(qū)面積23%的國家公園、優(yōu)美的自然風(fēng)景區(qū)。由于景觀不是法定規(guī)劃內(nèi)容，政府的財政緊縮已經(jīng)導(dǎo)致英國的規(guī)劃系統(tǒng)消減了大約50%的景觀設(shè)計師職位。

空間規(guī)劃及其管理的變化趨勢已經(jīng)來到了這樣一個時間節(jié)點：整個英國都開始理解高品質(zhì)多功能景觀的重要性，它有利于每個人的健康和幸福，同時還能增加人們的財富。100年前，80%的人口生活在農(nóng)村。今天，這個數(shù)字已經(jīng)顛倒過來了，80%的人生活在我們的城鎮(zhèn)和城市里。我們的城鎮(zhèn)和城市因此面臨著巨大的空間拓展壓力，以容納更大的人口密度。這時，一項新的重要任務(wù)開始出現(xiàn)，即管理我們的城鎮(zhèn)和城市中心，以應(yīng)對不斷變化的環(huán)境。在我們的許多城市里，空氣質(zhì)量是不可接受的。僅在倫敦，每年就有10000人由于空氣質(zhì)量差而死亡。由于地表被不透水面層覆蓋，過度抽取地下水已經(jīng)導(dǎo)致地下水正在被耗盡，同時水質(zhì)也直接受到了影響；在很多城市里，上述情況已經(jīng)達到不可持續(xù)的狀況。同時，我們的大部分開放空間質(zhì)量都很差；地方政府要求降低公園管理成本，這使其變得更糟。因此，我們面臨著改變我們的城市和鄉(xiāng)村景觀命運的巨大挑戰(zhàn)。

英國政府正在探索可能的方法，為那些過去難以量化的資產(chǎn)計算價值。自然資產(chǎn)核算（Natural Capital Accounting）仍處于起步階段，還不能確保應(yīng)用于對投資預(yù)算系統(tǒng)的重組，比如零基預(yù)算法（zero base budgeting）。我們確實有許多實例，即將某一空間改造成多功能的空間后帶來的收益進行量化，這種長期收益包括社區(qū)居民健康與幸福生活節(jié)省的當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū)的公共支出。如果我們對投資預(yù)算系統(tǒng)進行根本性的改革，那么這些賬戶需要由政府財政部門進行審計。

景觀專業(yè)對應(yīng)對這些新挑戰(zhàn)的策略非常有信心，我們將掌握包括藝術(shù)和科學(xué)領(lǐng)域的廣泛技能以推動變革。社會科學(xué)知識和生物科學(xué)知識一樣重要。我們已經(jīng)有了新的構(gòu)想，即為公共部門裝備必要的“智能客戶端”，使其可以方便獲得私營景觀部門提供的景觀實施績效數(shù)據(jù)。我們正在推動使景觀成為法定土地利用規(guī)劃體系中的重要內(nèi)容，使景觀發(fā)揮更加重要的作用。我們正利用城市更新規(guī)劃和相關(guān)發(fā)展規(guī)劃，積極推廣高質(zhì)量景觀/綠色基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的標準。我們通過投入與收入測算，展示了最佳景觀實踐措施對實施城市可持續(xù)排水計劃（Sustainable Urban Drainage schemes）的作用。同時，在鄉(xiāng)村地區(qū)使用最佳景觀實踐措施，能夠提升城鎮(zhèn)與城市的彈性，提升其對不可預(yù)測氣候變化的抵御能力。我們正通過制定開發(fā)政策和日常管理作為英國皇家風(fēng)景園林學(xué)會與政府相關(guān)部門的首要任務(wù)，以推動景觀轉(zhuǎn)型。與此同時，我們是社會變革的觀察者，我們需要對運用景觀專業(yè)解決社會問題的機遇保持警醒。抓住這些機遇，我們的專業(yè)技能就可以發(fā)揮更大作用。對此，利用景觀改善英國兒童的狀況就是一個例子。

4 喬爾德頓莊園（Cholderton Estate）利用自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng)和土壤的自然肥力生產(chǎn)優(yōu)質(zhì)的糧食。亨利（Henry）種植漢普郡紅豆草（Onobrychis Viciifolia）固定空氣中的氮，然后將其緩慢釋放到土壤中The Cholderton Estate harnesses the power of natural fertility and ecosystems to produce good food. Henry in a field of Hampshire Sanfoin (Onobrychis Viciifolia) which fixes airborne nitrogen for slow release to the soil

5 臨近城市中心的綠帶需要改造成多功能型景觀Green Belt close to urban centres needs transforming to produce multi-functional landscapes

8 兒童的狀況

現(xiàn)在英國年輕一代面臨的一系列新壓力正在造成長期問題，其后果尚未得到充分研究（圖7）。這些問題包括：兒童失蹤的新聞刺激父母對兒童的過度保護；教育系統(tǒng)不能完全適應(yīng)學(xué)習(xí)方式的差異；兒童日常生活與大自然的隔離；社交媒體的吸引；兒童反社會的風(fēng)險沒有被充分關(guān)注，并且兒童面臨的最大危險是無法從冒險行為中獲得教訓(xùn)；食品安全問題；家庭破碎問題……這些問題只是導(dǎo)致英國兒童形成非常不好乃至糟糕的童年經(jīng)歷一部分。肥胖和心理不健康也是上述問題造成的后果，如果不解決，將導(dǎo)致長期的社會成本。

長久以來，社會已經(jīng)習(xí)慣把孩子們的游戲活動驅(qū)逐到設(shè)計的運動場上。這些運動場都是由那些自認為知道兒童需要什么的成年人設(shè)計。我相信大家都知道游戲是兒童學(xué)習(xí)和成長的一種先天機制。各種各樣的游戲需求一直都在變化，它是原始的、掠奪性的。我們需要積極鼓勵創(chuàng)造性和想象力的游戲、領(lǐng)域性和社會性游戲、啟發(fā)性和冒險性游戲。如何提供，以及提供什么樣的最適宜環(huán)境才能使兒童通過游戲獲得最大的成長收益，這些都需要進行全面探索或研究。這個話題因為英國所面對的文化多樣性而變得更加復(fù)雜?，F(xiàn)在，在任何一所學(xué)校里，有40多種不同的語言在使用都是很常見的情況。今天，很大一部分兒童只在學(xué)校運動場上游戲，運動場是父母認為安全的游戲場地。在過去的40年里，由于人們對“危險的陌生人”和道路上存在致命危險的認同，兒童從家步行到學(xué)校的距離被大大縮短了。太多的年輕人處于精神和身體雙重亞健康狀態(tài)。我們主張景觀專業(yè)可以比其他專業(yè)做更多的事情來改變兒童們的生活。當(dāng)然，并不是所有影響兒童的負面因素都可以由我們來解決。

6 建設(shè)家園的可持續(xù)排水系統(tǒng)Sustainable Urban Drainage in building homes

我們的起始關(guān)注點是改善兒童生活最明顯的地方—學(xué)校。直到最近，我們的正規(guī)教育系統(tǒng)關(guān)注的中心仍舊是兒童們在教室里的集中學(xué)習(xí)，沒有全國性的學(xué)校設(shè)計指南關(guān)注室外對于兒童成長的重要性。在風(fēng)景園林師的推動下，并且經(jīng)過20世紀80年代的研究之后，政府出臺了71號建筑公告：“戶外教室”（Out Door Classroom）政策。盡管如此，太多的學(xué)校未能利用室外景觀為兒童的成長提供最優(yōu)的機會。也許我們在為兒童設(shè)計時面臨的最大挑戰(zhàn)之一是如何為兒童大多數(shù)課程提供體驗式學(xué)習(xí)的一系列戶外設(shè)施（圖8）。這不但對每個兒童都很重要，而且對于提高使用最受歡迎的體驗式學(xué)習(xí)的比例同樣重要。我已經(jīng)說過復(fù)雜的景觀對于最大限度地發(fā)揮游戲在促進兒童發(fā)展方面的潛力。這些鼓勵兒童交往的戶外設(shè)施對他們的心理健康和社會穩(wěn)定非常重要。讓兒童重新與自然、生態(tài)系統(tǒng)接觸具有的改善兒童心理健康的重要作用，這已經(jīng)獲得大家共識。同樣重要的是，戶外景觀可以創(chuàng)造出多樣化、具有挑戰(zhàn)性的環(huán)境，可以激發(fā)兒童通過正規(guī)運動或者自由的肢體活動來使用戶外場地的熱情（圖9）。與此同時，我們必須制定一種景觀標準，其中包括設(shè)定一定程度模式化和圖像的學(xué)習(xí)場所。

設(shè)計針對兒童景觀的另一個挑戰(zhàn)是，滿足社會文化的多樣性以及兒童的各種特殊需求。在這里，讓我有機會介紹一下英國皇家風(fēng)景園林學(xué)會的下一任主席—亞當(dāng)·懷特（Adam White），他對設(shè)計適合自閉癥兒童和其他發(fā)育障礙兒童的景觀展現(xiàn)出杰出的敏感性。

設(shè)計兒童需要的景觀不應(yīng)當(dāng)局限于學(xué)校。我們必須將關(guān)注與設(shè)計兒童需要的景觀拓展到靠近他們居住的地方、他們可以很容易到達的地方。從城市中心到城市邊緣區(qū)，從城市公園到鄉(xiāng)村國家公園。如果我們現(xiàn)在不以這種方式改變兒童的生活，那么將來的社會代價將是巨大的；不僅僅是恢復(fù)精神和身體健康的代價，還包括由于錯失兒童潛能開發(fā)對國家未來經(jīng)濟發(fā)展造成的巨大損失。我正在尋求合作和資金支持，大家一起尋找證明上述內(nèi)容的證據(jù)；同時，設(shè)計實施一個商業(yè)案例，引導(dǎo)社會公眾關(guān)注兒童的生活狀態(tài)。這種做法就像斯特恩爵士（Lord Stern）轉(zhuǎn)變英國財政部對氣候變化的態(tài)度、接受氣候變化可能對世界經(jīng)濟長期潛在的影響一樣。

9 關(guān)愛老人

推動景觀轉(zhuǎn)型以滿足老年人多樣和復(fù)雜的需求同樣重要。通過各種景觀方案讓老年人保持身體健康和心態(tài)積極樂觀，這也應(yīng)該是社會關(guān)愛老人戰(zhàn)略的一部分內(nèi)容。創(chuàng)造有助于交往、互動的景觀很簡單，但很少被真正付諸實踐；甚至可以懷疑，這些景觀真正是為盲人、聾人和殘疾人設(shè)計的嗎（圖10）。最近的研究還揭示景觀也具有維持癡呆癥人群生活質(zhì)量的作用。

10 家園而不是房子

我們想盡快為所有人提供住房，這使得英國處于一種危險的狀況中；人們采用快捷方式非常迅速地建造房子，破壞了我們的監(jiān)管體系。英國皇家風(fēng)景園林學(xué)會正在敦促政府通過強調(diào)家園建設(shè)的重要性來保證房子的質(zhì)量，即家園建設(shè)要滿足可持續(xù)生活的需要。家園是我們生活和工作的地方。家園不但要滿足年輕人和老年人的需求，還要達到許多其他的標準；其中的有些標準需要由新家園建造過程中的景觀結(jié)構(gòu)實現(xiàn)。家園必須是安全的，有干凈的水和空氣；它們應(yīng)該處在安靜的地方。家園應(yīng)該把人們的生活和糧食生產(chǎn)重新連接起來；家園應(yīng)該能夠接觸到豐富的野生動物，對極端氣候事件有抵抗力，是能源的凈輸出方，能夠控制小氣候，能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)雨水的可持續(xù)排放，是合適生活的優(yōu)美場所（圖11）。恰當(dāng)?shù)囊?guī)劃還將確保這些新社區(qū)能夠依賴于當(dāng)?shù)厣a(chǎn)的糧食和服務(wù)實現(xiàn)生存與發(fā)展。如果這些新社區(qū)要成為優(yōu)良的居所，那么各種不可持續(xù)的被迫出行的需求會大大減少。

11 風(fēng)景園林與實現(xiàn)彈性

風(fēng)景園林從業(yè)人員受到的專業(yè)訓(xùn)練、具備的技能和專業(yè)特性非常有助于我們建立人們生活社區(qū)的彈性。將藝術(shù)的創(chuàng)造力與不斷發(fā)展的諸如生物學(xué)、社會學(xué)等相關(guān)知識結(jié)合起來，就會找到解決方案。作為一種專業(yè)，我們有機會、有責(zé)任去面對我們世界面臨的挑戰(zhàn)。最后，我們希望這可以成為中英兩國風(fēng)景園林專業(yè)之間長期合作關(guān)系的開始，我們期待長期的合作。中國現(xiàn)在的發(fā)展非?？?，發(fā)展過程中伴隨著環(huán)境的巨大變化。我們有很多可以相互學(xué)習(xí)的地方?，F(xiàn)在是人類面臨共同挑戰(zhàn)的時代，而不是競爭的時代，我們需要共同努力解決所面臨的共同問題。

注釋（Notes）：

圖1來自環(huán)境署（拍攝者名字不確定）；圖2為自然英格蘭；圖3、4來源于梅里克·丹頓·湯普森；圖5來源于奧雅納；圖6來源于詹姆斯勛爵；圖7～9來自景觀學(xué)習(xí)基金會；圖10來源自樸茨茅斯市議會；圖11來自皮特·穆林。

Fig. 1?Environment Agency (artist name being sought);Fig. 2?Natural England; Fig. 3, 4?M.Denton-Thompson;Fig. 5?ARUP; Fig. 6?James Lord; Fig. 7～9?The Learning Through Landscapes Trust; Fig. 10?Portsmouth City Council; Fig. 11?Pete Mullin.

I was honoured and delighted when Professor Xiangrong Wang of the Beijing Forestry University invited me to visit your country and speak to students at the University. This article is based on that presentation. Professor Wang very kindly delivered an outstanding lecture to the Landscape Institute’s annual conference held in Manchester in 2017,when we debated the importance of Landscape as Infrastructure, driving economic performance,health and wellbeing in society. We learnt a great deal from Professor Wang, but one of the most powerful lessons was the authority he gained from reaching deep into ancient Chinese culture every time, as the foundation for place making.

It was my first visit to your great country.My childhood was spent in East Africa and the Falkland Islands, consequently I am very aware of the huge cultural and geographic diversity of this world of ours. My colleagues and I learnt a great deal from meeting so many outstanding professionals and we had a glimpse of the sort of challenges you are facing in China. You are transforming and developing your country at huge pace, you are tackling the challenges with fortitude and innovation.

We in the UK have much to learn from China. The circumstances we face in the United Kingdom are very different; in particular, we are a small, heavily populated island where the potential conflicts between population growth and natural resources come into sharp focus. The sustainability of the way we manage our people,our economy and our land is coming under considerable scrutiny.

I have based this article on my observations of where things are going wrong in my great country. But at the same time, I wish to demonstrate how the landscape profession will contribute to changing the fortunes of the UK and its people. My hope is that some of what I am about to tell you is of interest to you and might be relevant to your own future contributions to this fascinating world we share.

1 International Responsibility

As a strategic foreword, I have to reflect on a little of the recent past. The United Kingdom has, in effect, exported its pollution problems to China and India, and we import much of the food we consume. Our economic strategy, which depends on the strength of the financial services and technology sectors, might be attractive, but has left us vulnerable. We have banished practical skills by failing to value them, and in so doing, we have left large areas of the community disabled.In effect, we have ignored both the diversity that exists in humanity, and the symbiotic relationship that diversity creates. Observers from outside the UK might wonder why a democracy is producing such unpredictable events, such as leaving the European Union. In part, this is explained by our failure to value diversity. So our resilience is made more fragile. I am delighted that China has just rejected taking waste plastic from the UK, which has coincided with my friend David Attenborough’s television series alerting the world to the dangerous state of waste plastic in the world’s oceans.Suddenly, our government announces a series of new policies on restricting the use of plastics in everyday life.

2 The Landscape Profession

We stand at the interface between people and natural systems. It is an almost unique position as we are trained in the sciences – social and biological, as well as being remarkably creative through the arts. Through an understanding of our land, its soils, its climate, its biological diversity and its geological origins, we are only too aware of its limitations(Fig. 1). I would argue that we are best placed to direct the transformation of our land to meet the needs of people and society itself, while at the same time ensuring the sustainability of the outcome. You may have noticed my use of the words ‘Landscape Profession’ – 40 years ago we made a critical decision to rename the Institute of Landscape Architects to the Landscape Institute,and in so doing we acknowledged that transforming landscapes was not confined to the construction of places in a capital programme, not confined to the process of design. Indeed the process of design touches less than 1% of the land at any one time;the remaining 99% is being transformed all the time through management processes. We aspire to be the lead profession in the transformation of both town and country. We include in our skill base Landscape Scientists (biological and social),Landscape Planners, Landscape Architects and Landscape Managers. These are all deeply creative professions in their own right and I hope to illustrate examples of this.

3 Semi-Natural Britain

We can argue that nothing in the UK is natural: that the entirety of Great Britain is a legacy of human activity. Even the most remote places hold evidence of human interventions; you will be interested to hear that we have to remind some of our ecologist colleagues that the richest terrestrial habitats have been created by farming - and that their existence depends on the continuation of human management. It would be an interesting debate to discuss what proportion of your great country can be described as un-touched by human activity. In the United Kingdom scientists tell us that more nitrogen is falling as rain today than was applied by farmers in the 1950s. This is now causing real problems in the balance of fertility,where the biological diversity is being lost by aggressive species dominating our herb layer. 2017,I was invited to our House of Lords to discuss urgently what we can do about the demise of the English Oak (Quercus robur). Trees young and old, some that are many hundreds of years old,are suddenly failing and being subjected to blooms in populations of specific predatory insects and a range of diseases. This was a high level meeting,and yet it avoided the obvious: the fundamental flaw in the way we manage the landscape; the huge loss of resilience caused by the unintended consequences of inorganic fertilizers and pesticides of all sorts – insecticides, herbicides and fungicides.The science behind agricultural developments has been clever, but not clever enough. A very high proportion of our farming systems have focussed on supressing the power of natural systems and we urgently need to transform our agriculture to harness this power if we are to secure sustainably produced food(Fig. 2). I predict that we are entering a new era of biological sciences that might just save the human race, where bio-mimicry and safe genetic management provide us with sustainable solutions to many of our problems.

4 Setting the framework to secure a multi-functional countryside

As a small, heavily populated island, the UK can no longer see our rural environments and our towns and cities as distinctly separate. We have a refined land use planning system for our urban areas and associated expansion programme, but for our rural landscapes there is no clear policy.

The management of our countryside has been constrained for the last 40 years by the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union. Well-meaning interventions to support the farming community, have had a series of unintended consequences, including fragile food production systems and the loss of resilience for the country as a whole. The guaranteed market and guaranteed price removed mixed farming from much of lowland Britain almost overnight.We have lost the skills and the infrastructure for mixed farming, and we will need to invest to help the industry restore a healthy landscape and adopt food production systems that are sustainable.On-farm woods and forestry have lost the farm labour needed to manage them, with almost 80%of woods and forests not being managed. Urban expansion has also taken its toll on our farmland.As you would expect, the origins of settlements,of towns and cities, were always located close to fertile land. The inevitable expansion of those same settlements secured the loss of that fertile land, but this fact has been hidden from society by the development of unsustainable food production systems and by the importation of food. Our climate is changing, we are in a period of transition from a stable climate, no-one can accurately predict the stages we are going to go through nor can they predict if we are ever to have a stable climate again and of course they are unable to predict the nature of that stability. As a matter of urgency, we have to explore the way we manage the countryside; to protect many of our towns and cities from flooding while at the same time ensuring that everyone has access to clean water. These and many other rural functions demonstrate the need to develop a healthy symbiotic relationship between town and country. Our Government has just announced a new range of policies for our country, the 25 Year Environment Plan, which includes changes to the way the public sector intervenes in countryside management.

The British countryside helps define our nation but we have to accept that it is a by-product of the way we have chosen to settle and manage our land. One of its defining images is the great variety in character created by human activity on the variations in soil type, geology, topography,micro-climate and ecosystems. The Landscape Profession has mapped these distinct variations and for England has identified 159 different National Character Areas(Fig. 3).

My landscape team in Hampshire County Council pioneered landscape character assessments in the mid-1980s, and the new map of England–first published by Natural England’s founding bodies(English Nature and the Countryside Agency) in the 1990s - was based on that pioneering work. The Landscape Institute is recommending that the UK Government makes use of the National Character Area Map as the framework for setting new policy at a landscape scale, for being accountable in the use of public money, and for securing delivery of new policies. As National Character Areas group together landscapes with similar features and characteristics, the targeting of specific interventions for specific results should be more efficient and effective. By giving names to these different places, the public can easily identify with them.

7 讓孩子的生活能夠重新接觸到土地以及其生命支持系統(tǒng)，改善孩子的身心健康Reconnecting children with the earth and its life support systems to improve both mental and physical health

8 孩子的學(xué)習(xí)偏好存在差異，許多孩子喜歡體驗式學(xué)習(xí)的方式Learning preferences differ amongst children, many prefer experiential learning

9 各種游戲?qū)⒆拥某砷L都至關(guān)重要，比如在游戲過程中可以培養(yǎng)孩子的交往能力、領(lǐng)域感、冒險精神、想象力等All aspects of play are crucial to the development of children – social, territorial, risk, imaginative amongst many others

To illustrate the type of problems we are trying to resolve I will describe a range of issues and solutions for one group of National Character Areas covering the Chalk Formation of Southern England. I will focus attention on one of the UK’s National Parks, the newly designated South Downs National Park. Although scenically outstanding the National Park does not merit close examination.The landscape experience is more than long views over rolling countryside: it is a landscape’s colour,smell, sound, taste, and movement; its wildlife,its climate, and its health. By its nature, shallow chalk soil is relatively infertile. It dries out quickly and responds very well to agricultural inputs of inorganic fertilizer and all kinds of pesticide.Although food production levels from these landscapes has risen, the consequences have not been mapped. Changes to the landscape have been dramatic over the last 60 years but have happened in a way that the public have not fully understood.The unintended consequences of the use of a range of pesticides have destroyed the natural microbial content of the soils leaving the soil without any natural fertility. These soils are being lost through erosion, they are poor in structure, and their carbon content is very low. The application of slug pellets has killed not just slugs, but everything else: slug-eating beetles, hedgehogs, small mammals and their predators. Herbicides such asglyphosate have killed the food plants of invertebrates. The use of insecticides is killing our bees. The application of millions of tons of nitrates manufactured from natural gas is leaching into aquifers, so in parts of the country we are importing water to dilute our drinking water. Depending on humidity, 25% of applied nitrates pollute the air with nitrous oxide,which is 300 times worse than carbon dioxide as a climate change gas. Despite many of them having protected status as Scheduled Ancient Monuments, our historic landscapes are being eroded through ploughing. But this is not profitable farming: 51% of the profits are made up of public investment. More worrying to society is the fact that a very high proportion of food production is not sustainable. The Landscape Institute’s demonstration farm owned and farmed by Henry Edmunds demonstrates how perfectly adequate food production can be achieved by harnessing the power of natural systems(Fig. 4). On the same shallow chalk soil of the South Downs, Henry uses Hampshire Sanfoin (Onobrychis Viciifolia) and other legumes to fix nitrogen from the air in an integrated crop management system. As a result of his approach the landscape is teeming with wildlife:for example, he has 18 different species of bumble bee on his farm (out of only 23 species in the UK).His mixed farming system has sustained a level of resilience that has been stripped away from much of UK agriculture.

We in the UK must rethink our food production policies and link them directly with other outcomes that are so important to our society. We are exploring a natural capital accounting process that start with the basic ingredients of sustaining life. We have to see clean air and clean water as public goods. We have to secure restored soils, rich in microbial life to secure natural fertility to pass on to our children. We have to build resilience to processes that we have little control over – those of climate change and bio-security. We have to secure the sequestration of carbon in our soils and we need to audit soil performance in that sequestration. We need to restore the sustainable systems that created the rich diversity of the British countryside and modernise access to it, for health and wellbeing as well as for tourism. We need to reconnect people with food growing and we have to reduce food waste. We must link food production to diet which means moving more towards horticulture and the growing of fruit, salads, vegetables and nuts. We also need to review animal health and wellbeing, and move away from intensive systems towards extensive land management. The UK currently imports 40% of its food and it will be a challenge to secure the food we need through farming sustainably, but it can be done by changing diets and removing food waste.

5 The Green Belt

Our land use planning system has successfully retained the distinction between town and country. But as you would expect it is coming under extreme pressure as populations grow and increased demand is placed on an ever decreasing land resource. One such policy, the Green Belt, is coming under huge pressure(Fig. 5). Green Belt legislation keeps land free from development to prevent the coalescence of cities and towns and prevents ribbon development. But this planning legislation pre-dates the new imperative for sustainable development. The designation of Green Belt was not applied evenly across the country and as pressure for development increases, a number of weaknesses in the system have emerged. For example some towns and cities are being ‘strangled’,unable to grow, because of the Green Belt. There are also many examples where the designation is preventing the best use of infrastructure. The designation of Green Belt was left to strategic planning authorities based around county councils and this level of planning administration has disappeared. However, there is another reason why the designation should be strategically reviewed,which has to do with land use. We are leading the debate for multi-functional use of land, especially where that land is close to urban populations. We expect all public goods required from the open countryside, including the Green Belt, to give more emphasis to building resilience, flood elevation,access for health and wellbeing, and transforming the quality and extent of biodiversity. We are also strongly promoting the transformation of the Green Belt through Statutory Management Plans to secure much-needed improvements to both the function and quality of the landscape.

6 Critical Friend to the Government

Before I examine the challenges faced by the Landscape Profession in servicing development and urban populations, I ought to explain the relationship between the Landscape Institute and the UK Government. As you know the Landscape Institute is the professional organisation representing the Landscape Profession. It empowers the profession through training,continuing professional development (CPD),research and policy development. As a registered charity the Institute is restricted in how it campaigns by confining such activity to the services it provides the public. Today in the UK there is a new realisation that in the past, the country has failed to sustain a sensible balance between wealth generation and public expenditure. Consequently,there is enormous pressure to reduce public expenditure at a time when social care costs are rising from people living longer. We believe it is our duty to scrutinize Government actions and act as a‘critical friend’ in instances where the public suffer as a consequence of changes to the landscape caused by failures in government. It can be difficult to balance conflicting interests when dealing with the government in this way.

7 Spatial Planning

Today there is a huge projected shortfall in available housing in many of our towns and cities - and this is not confined to the South East of the UK or Greater London(Fig. 6). There is also a huge disparity in the value of properties across the nation. The reason for shortfall is not simple but the blame has been placed on our planning system being too restrictive, on developers who are not developing land with consent to build quickly enough, on the number of second homes and on the number of empty properties. There is a widely held view that because it was seen to be too restrictive, the UK planning system has been considerably weakened over the last few years by the current government. Our planning system is based on national policy, through the National Planning Policy Framework, and its implementation is achieved through a system of Local Plans prepared by local government (with more detailed Neighbourhood Plans prepared by local communities). One of the weaknesses of our system is that landscape is not a statutory requirement in land use planning. The only statutory reference to landscape is confined to the designation of our protected landscapes: National Parks and Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty,which cover 23% of our countryside.Because landscape is not a statutory function, government austerity has resulted in the loss of over 50% of landscape professionals from our planning system.

These trends in spatial planning and the way it is administered have come at a time when the country as a whole is beginning to understand the importance of high quality, multi-functional landscapes that can transform the health and wellbeing of everyone and, at the same time,improve economic performance of its people.100 years ago 80% of the population lived in the countryside. Today that figure has reversed with 80% living in our towns and cities. There is enormous pressure to extend our towns and cities making them absorb greater densities. There is a new imperative to manage our town and city centres to respond to changing circumstances. In many of our urban conurbations the quality of our air is unacceptable with 10,000 deaths a year in London alone being attributed to poor air quality.Aquifers are being depleted by hard surfaces capping the ground, by over abstraction and water quality is being directly affected. Wildlife in both our towns and countryside has been radically depleted, in many cases to unsustainable levels, as I have already mentioned. With too few exceptions the quality of our open spaces is poor, made worse by the pressure on local government to reduce costs of managing public parks. So we have a huge challenge on our hands to change the fortune of our landscapes of both town and country.

Our Government is in the process of exploring potential ways of giving values to assets that have been difficult to quantify in the past.Natural Capital Accounting is still in its infancy and has yet to secure the necessary restructuring of systems of investment, such as zero base budgeting. We do have a number of examples where transformation of places to be multifunctional have been quantified with long-term pay back arising from savings in the health and wellbeing of local communities.These accounts need to be audited by the Government’s Treasury if we are to secure the fundamental changes to investment that is so desperately needed.

10 我們正在步入老齡化社會，恰當(dāng)?shù)尼槍π跃坝^可以改變老人與病人的生活質(zhì)量Our populations are getting older, appropriately designed landscapes can transform the lives of the elderly and sick

11 在我們的家園周圍，把人們的生活與糧食生產(chǎn)重新連接起來Reconnecting our people to food growing around our homes

Our strategy to meet these new challenges are very ambitious, we will be equipping our profession with the breadth of skills across the arts and sciences to drive change. Social sciences being just as critical as the biological sciences. We have new ideas to equip the public sector with the necessary‘intelligent client functions’ needed to obtain the very best results of landscape delivery from the private sector. We are pushing for Landscape to feature as an important change to our statutory land use planning system. We are actively promoting high quality landscape/green infrastructure standards through urban regeneration programmes and associated development. We are demonstrating best practice in delivering Sustainable Urban Drainage schemes through capital and revenue programmes, at the same time as building resilience to unpredictable weather patterns in our rural areas in support of our towns and cities. We are putting the transformation of landscape through policy development and day to day management decisions to the top of our agenda and that of the Government. At the same time we are observers to social changes and remain vigilant to opportunities for the Landscape Profession to resolve issues in society where our skills can make a major contribution. An example of this intervention is how the profession might improve the state of childhood in the UK.

8 The State of Childhood

A range of emerging pressures faced by young people today in the UK are creating long term problems the consequences of which have yet to be fully researched(Fig. 7). These include: the over protective parental controls stimulated by the immediate news of disappearing children, an education system that fails to fully adjust to the differences in learning styles, the severance of children from nature, the attraction of social media, the risk averse society not fully appreciating that the greatest risk to children is not being able to experience from taking risks, the food we eat and family break up – are just a few of the influencing factors leading to a very poor and deteriorating state of childhood in the UK. Obesity and decline in mental health are the consequences which, if not resolved, will lead to long term costs to society.

For too long society has banished play to the designed playground, all too often designed by adults who think they know what children need. As I am sure you all know play is the instinctive mechanism inbuilt in children for learning and development. The great variety in play needs are ever changing,unregulated it is primeval and predatory, we need to actively encourage creative and imaginative play, territorial and social play, developmental and risk play.How it is provided for and what is the optimum environment to maximise the development of children through play has yet to be fully explored or understood. The entire topic is made more complex by the great variety in cultures that we, in the UK, are having to plan for. It is now quite common for more than 40 different languages being spoken in any one school. Today, a very high proportion of our children only experience outside play in the school playground –, which is seen by parents as a safe play environment. The distance from the home that children roam has shrunk enormously over the last 40 years, because of the perception of ‘stranger danger’ and the lethal condition of our roads. Too many of our young people are mentally and physically unfit.Our proposition is that the landscape profession can do more to transform the lives of children than any other. This accepts that not all of the negative elements affecting children can be resolved by us.

Our starting point on improving the lives of children was to focus on the most obvious place – the school grounds. Up until fairly recently, our formal education system concentrated on learning in the class room, with no national school design guidance covering the importance of outside child development.It was the landscape profession that changed Government policy through the publication of the Out Door Classroom, Building Bulletin 71 following research in the 1980s. Despite this too many schools fail to provide a landscape that secures the optimum opportunities for child development. Perhaps one of the greatest challenges that we have in designing for children is how to provide the complex array of facilities for experiential learning across the majority of the curriculum(Fig. 8). This is important not for every child, but for the significant proportion where experiential is the favoured learning style.I have already touched on the complex landscapes to maximise the potential of play in child development. The facilities to encourage the making of friends for life is so important to mental health and social stability.The reconnection of our children to nature and natural systems is beginning to be recognised as playing a vital role in improving mental health.Equally important is the landscape that motivates constant activity by the diversity of a challenging environment either through formal games unstructured physical activity, or both(Fig. 9).At the same time we have to give an order to the landscape that sets a degree of formality and an image of a place of learning.

An added challenge to the design of child–focussed landscapes includes variations because of a multi-cultural society and meeting the variety of special needs that young people have. This gives me the opportunity to mention the next President of the Landscape Institute – Adam White who has demonstrated an outstanding sensitivity to meeting the needs of children with autism and other developmental disabilities.

Meeting the needs of children in this way cannot be confined to the school. We have to spread our attention to deliver child-centred landscapes to places close to where they live, and that they can access easily: from our urban centres to urban fringes, from our urban parks to our rural national parks. If we do not transform the lives of our children in this way, the cost to society will be enormous, not just through the cost of trying to restore both mental and physical health but also the huge loss of potential skills to our economy. I am looking for collaborative support and funding to draw all the evidence together to produce the business case to drive public intervention into the state of childhood in the same way as Lord Stern did in transforming the Treasury’s attitude to Climate Change and the potential long term implications on the world economy.

9 Care for the Elderly

Equally important is the attention needed to drive landscape transformation to meet the variety and complex needs of people at the other end of life. Keeping people fit and mentally active in old age through the variety of landscape solutions should be part of society’s overall strategy in supporting them. Creating landscapes that nurture social interaction is simple yet rarely delivered(Fig. 10). As indeed are those landscapes designed for the blind, the deaf and the disabled.Recent research also shows the power of landscape to sustain the quality of life of those suffering dementia.

10 Homes not Housing

In our haste to recover our ability to house everyone, the UK is in danger of building homes very quickly by taking short cuts and undermining our regulatory system. The Landscape Institute is urging the Government to sustain the quality of housing by emphasising the importance building homes that meet the needs of sustainable living.These are places where so many of us will both live and work. As well as meeting the needs of young and old in the way I have described there are numerous other standards to be achieved by the landscape structure within which new homes are built. They must be safe, with clean water and clean air, they should be tranquil places. They should reconnect people with food growing, they should be teeming with wildlife, resilient to extreme climatic events, they should be net exporters of energy, they should have their micro-climates controlled, they should be drained sustainably and they should be exquisite places to live(Fig. 11).Appropriate planning will also ensure that these new communities rely on locally sourced goods and services. If they are great places the need to travel,unsustainably, will be radically reduced.

11 Landscape and Delivering Resilience

The training, skills and instincts of the landscape profession can contribute so much to building resilience into our people and the places they occupy. Solutions will emerge that combine the imagination of the arts with the evolving disciplines around the sciences – both biological and social. As a profession we have both the opportunity and responsibility to take on the challenges our world is facing.

Finally, it is our hope that this can be the start of a long-term relationship between our countries and we look forward to years of collaboration. In China, you are moving so fast with transforming your environment and we have much to learn from each other. These are challenging times for humanity and rather than competing we need to work together on resolving the common problems we all face.