細節(jié)決定成敗

籍萬杰

細節(jié)理解題是閱讀理解中的基礎(chǔ)題，占據(jù)閱讀理解題目的半壁江山。解答好細節(jié)題是取得好成績的關(guān)鍵。下面分類講解細節(jié)理解題的解題技巧。

[直接信息題]

如果考查的是直接信息，同學(xué)們可以首先從題干中找到關(guān)鍵詞（一般為名詞、動詞等實詞），然后以關(guān)鍵詞為定位信息，快速在原文中搜索，找到相關(guān)信息作答。

例1 （2017·全國卷I） 21. Where can you buy a souvenir at Pacific Science Center？

A. In Building 1.

B. In Building 3.

C. At the Laser Dome

D. At the Denny Way entrance.

解析 B。題干中的souvenir是關(guān)鍵詞，提問的是地點（where）?？焖偎阉骱笤谖恼碌牡谝欢沃姓业皆撽P(guān)鍵詞：

Dont forget to stop by Pacific Science Centers Store while you are here to pick up a wonderful science activity or souvenir to remember your visit. The store is located（位于） upstairs in Building 3 right next to the Laser Dome.

紀念品在Building 3的商店里可以買到。

例2 （2017·浙江卷） 28. Why does Cojochru have to take a language test？

A. To continue to stay in Italy.

B. To teach her children Italian.

C. To find a better job in Italy.

D. To better mix with the Italians.

解析 A。題干中的a language test是關(guān)鍵詞，提問的是原因（why）。關(guān)鍵詞在文章的第一段：

FLORENCE， Italy—Svetlana Cojochru feels hurt. The Moldovan has lived here seven years as a caregiver to Italian kids and elderly， but in order to stay shes had to prove her language skills by taking a test which requires her to write a postcard to an imaginary friend and answer a fictional job ad.

原文中in order to后面的內(nèi)容回答了why does Cojochru have to take a language test這一問題。為了留在意大利，Cojochru才不得不參加語言測試。

[間接信息題]

有些題目不能直接從某一句得出答案，同學(xué)們需要對原文信息進行綜合梳理，然后再進一步推理或鑒別。這是介于事實細節(jié)題和推理判斷題之間的一種題型，對同學(xué)們來說有一定難度。

例3 （2017·北京卷） 57. Why does Paris say she was lucky？

A. She made a worthy friend.

B. She recovered from shock.

C. She received immediate CPR.

D. She came back on the softball team.

解析 C。原文第7段提到“I know I was really lucky，” Paris says now. Most people dont survive this. My team saved my life。Paris說自己很幸運，大部分人在這種情況下不會幸存下來，是她的團隊救了她的命。結(jié)合第3段Paris had suffered a sudden heart failure. Without immediate medical care， Paris would die. “Does anyone know CPR？”，第5段 ... Taylor had just taken a CPR course the day before ... But when no one else came forward， Taylor ran to Paris and began doing CPR ...，以及倒數(shù)第2段Experts say Paris is right： For a sudden heart failure， the single best chance for survival is having someone nearby step in and do CPR quickly可知，Paris能夠活下來是因為她得到了及時的心肺復(fù)蘇（CPR）救治。

[數(shù)字計算題]

此類題目要求同學(xué)們能根據(jù)閱讀材料中給出的有關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)，通過計算得出正確結(jié)論。這類計算一般來說比較簡單，關(guān)鍵是要弄清各數(shù)據(jù)間的邏輯關(guān)系，選準比較的數(shù)據(jù)，弄清單位換算關(guān)系，確定計算方法。

例4 （2012·福建卷） 64. On the monthly basis of 100 minutes， the Jitterbug weekly rate is about ______.endprint

A. $3.75 B. $4.99

C. $14.99 D. $19.99

解析 B。請看原文表格：

[Monthly Minutes 50 100 Monthly Rate $14.99 S19.99 911 Access FREE FREE Long Distance Calls No additional charge No additional charge Friendly Return Policy 30 days 30 days ]

表格顯示每個月100分鐘的花費是19.99美元，所以每周的花費是4.99美元。解答本題的關(guān)鍵是看清原文的Monthly Rate和題干中的weekly rate的區(qū)別，然后通過計算得出正確答案為B。

例5 （2012·江西卷） 67. A volunteer is usually expected to work within a year for at least ________.

A. 24 hours B. 36 hours

C. 48 hours D. 72 hours

解析 B。相關(guān)計算信息可以從原文第3段中找到：A Big Sister and Little Sister will generally spend between one and four hours together three or four times each month for at least twelve months.

由該部分信息可知，志愿者每次工作1至4小時，每月至少工作3到4次，并且至少工作12個月，由此可計算出志愿者每年至少工作36個小時（1×3×12=36）。

[排列順序題]

該題型要求同學(xué)們根據(jù)材料對若干個事實按一定的邏輯順序排列組合。此類試題介于細節(jié)理解和邏輯推理題之間，多出現(xiàn)在體裁為記敘文或說明文的閱讀理解中。解答此類試題可使用“比較法”，即先比較四個答案的異同，從而找到突破口。也可使用“排除法”，即先找兩頭——最先發(fā)生和最后發(fā)生的事情，將不符合要求的選項排除，從而逐步縮小范圍，直至得出答案，這樣也可以大大提高解題速度。

例6 （2011·山東卷） 73. Which of the following shows the path of the signals described in Para. 5？

A. scalp→computer→cap→wheelchair

B. computer→cap→scalp→wheelchair

C. scalp→cap→computer→wheelchair

D. cap→computer→scalp→wheelchair

解析 C。排列順序題。請看原文第5段：

The researchers designed a special cap for the user. This head cover picks up the signals from the scalp（頭皮） and sends them to a computer. The computer interprets the signals and commands the motorized wheelchair. The wheelchair also has two cameras that identify objects in its path. They help the computer react to commands from the brain.

由第五段可知，信號從the scalp發(fā)出，然后被a special cap接收，接著傳到了a computer，然后傳到輪椅，由此可知C項正確。

[判斷正誤題]

判斷正誤題主要考查同學(xué)們確認文章涉及的事實之間的關(guān)系和對文章細節(jié)的語義理解能力。這類題需要同學(xué)們掌握文中的信息，對列出的選項作出判斷。這種題目通常包括兩種形式：一類題目提問方式是Which of the following is not true/ right/ mentioned？ 也就是“3正1誤”，通?？梢允褂门懦ǎ舫銎渲信c文章不符的一項即可；另一類題目提問方式是：Which of the following is true/right？ 也就是“3誤1正”，通常對每個細節(jié)都要回到原文不同的段落去驗證真?zhèn)巍?/p>

解判斷正誤題時要理解文章大意，找出段落之間的邏輯關(guān)系，把握文中提及的基本事實，注意文章事實和選項描述的異同，排除與原文矛盾的選項。

例7 （2015·福建卷） 59. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage？

A. The chief prize for the Stilton cheese rolling competition is beer or port wine.

B. More than 10，000 Chinese take part in the Fiery Food and BBQ Festival.

C. Thousands of spicy foods are on show in the Fiery Food and BBQ Festival.

D. An exciting tomato battle takes place at the beginning of La Tomatina.endprint

解析 C。該題屬于“3誤1正”，選擇表述正確的選項。內(nèi)容涉及原文多個段落。請看原文：

Food festivals around the world

Stilton Cheese Rolling

May Day is a traditional day for celebrations， but the 2，000 English villagers of Stilton must be the only people in the world who include cheese rolling in their annual plans. Teams of four， dressed in a variety of strange and funny clothes， roll a complete cheese along a 50-metre course. On the way， they must not kick or throw their cheese， or go into their competitors lane（賽道）. Competition is fierce and the chief prize is a complete Stilton cheese weighing about four kilos （disappointingly， but understandably the cheeses used in the race are wooden ones）. All the competitors are served with beer or port wine， the traditional accompaniment for Stilton cheese.

Fiery Foods Festival

—The Hottest Festival on Earth

Every year more than 10，000 people head for the city of Albuquerque， New Mexico. They come from as far away as Australia， the Caribbean and China， but they all share a common addiction—food that is not just spicy（辛辣）， but hot enough to make your mouth burn， your head spin and your eyes water. Their destination is the Fiery Food and BBQ Festival which is held over a period of three days every March. You might like to try a chocolate-covered habanero pepper—officially the hottest pepper in the world—or any one of the thousands of products that are on show. But one things for sure—if you dont like the feeling of a burning tongue， this festival isnt for you！

La Tomatina

—The Worlds Biggest Food Fight

On the last Wednesday of every August， the Spanish town of Bunol hosts La Tomatina—the worlds largest food fight. A week-long celebration leads up to an exciting tomato battle as the highlight of the weeks events. The early morning sees the arrival of large trucks with tomatoes—official fight-starters get things going by casting tomatoes at the crowd.

The battle lasts little more than half an hour， in which time around 50，000 kilograms of tomatoes have been thrown at anyone or anything that moves， runs， or fights back. Then everyone heads down to the river to make friends again—and for a much-needed wash！

由第1段中的the chief prize is a complete Stilton cheese可知A項錯誤；由第2段中的Every year more than 10，000 people head for ... They come from as far away as Australia ...可知B項中的Chinese錯誤；由第二段中的... or any one of the thousands of products that are on show.可知C項正確；由第3段中的an exciting tomato battle as the highlight of the weeks events可知D項中的at the beginning of錯誤。本題正確答案為C。endprint