顧曉霞 李潔 吳梅紅 彭小波 湛先保
·論著·
阿帕替尼對胰腺癌細胞株AsPC-1增殖、遷移和凋亡的影響
顧曉霞 李潔 吳梅紅 彭小波 湛先保
目的 探討阿帕替尼(Apatinib)對體外培養(yǎng)的胰腺癌AsPC-1細胞增殖、凋亡、遷移的影響。方法 以不同濃度Apatinib干預胰腺癌AsPC-1細胞,采用CCK-8法和流式細胞技術檢測細胞的增殖和凋亡,通過劃痕實驗觀察Apatinib對胰腺癌細胞遷移能力的影響。結果 對照組及10、20、30、40、50μmol/L Apatinib處理組AsPC-1細胞的增殖抑制率分別為0、(1.45±0.68)%、(16.92±0.70)%、(23.84±0.84)%、(34.35±1.55)%、(37.33±0.81)%,細胞增殖隨Apatinib濃度的增加而顯著被抑制,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。對照組及20、40 μmol/L Apatinib處理組AsPC-1細胞的凋亡率分別為(9.44±0.18)%、(16.62±0.19)%、(25.42±0.41)%,細胞凋亡數(shù)量隨Apatinib濃度增加而顯著增多,差異具有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。對照組及20、40 μmol/L Apatinib處理組AsPC-1細胞的遷移率分別為(29.5±0.7)%、(17.4±0.9)%、(6.6±0.5)%,細胞遷移能力隨Apatinib濃度增加而顯著下降,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。結論 Apatinib能有效抑制胰腺癌AsPC-1細胞的增殖、遷移,并誘導其凋亡。
阿帕替尼; 胰腺腫瘤; 細胞增殖; 細胞運動; 細胞凋亡
胰腺癌是高度惡性的腫瘤,5年生存率低于5%[1],這主要與它早期局部或者遠處轉移、臨床癥狀出現(xiàn)較晚、對傳統(tǒng)的化療和放射治療高度抵抗等因素有關[2-3]。吉西他濱是目前用于局部進展和轉移性胰腺癌患者的標準化療藥物,但也只能延長患者幾周的生存期[4]。Apatinib是一種新的、通過口服給予的血管上皮生長因子受體-2(VEGFR-2)的選擇性抑制劑,可以有效抑制細胞內VEGFR-2的磷酸化,也能抑制c-Kit和c-Src的激酶活性以及c-Kit和血小板源生長因子受體(platelet derived growth factor receptor,PDGFR)的磷酸化[5]。研究顯示[6-9],Apatinib在體外能抑制多種腫瘤細胞,如非小細胞肺癌、乳腺癌、膽管細胞癌等的增殖,也能明顯減緩裸鼠移植瘤的生長,且毒性較小。但目前尚未見其對胰腺癌的研究報道。本研究應用Apatinib干預胰腺癌AsPC-1細胞,觀察其對癌細胞增殖、凋亡、遷移的影響。
一、CCK-8法測定細胞增殖抑制率
人胰腺癌AsPC-1細胞由上海長海醫(yī)院消化內科實驗室提供,常規(guī)復蘇、培養(yǎng)、傳代。取對數(shù)生長期細胞,調整細胞密度為5×104/ml,在96孔板每孔中加入100 μl細胞懸液,培養(yǎng)至細胞貼壁后更換含1% FBS的DMEM饑餓培養(yǎng)過夜,然后加入10、20、30、40、50 μmol/L的Apatinib,以不加Apatinib作為對照組,每組設6個復孔。培養(yǎng)24 h后每孔加入10 μl CCK-8液繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)2 h,上酶標儀測定450 nm處的吸光度值(A450值),繪制細胞生長曲線。Apatinib由恒瑞醫(yī)藥有限公司提供,CCK-8試劑盒購自上海威奧生物科技有限公司。
二、流式細胞技術檢測細胞凋亡
取對數(shù)生長期細胞,以每孔5×105個AsPC-1細胞接種于6孔板,培養(yǎng)至細胞80%融合后饑餓培養(yǎng)過夜,然后加入20、40 μmol/L的Apatinib,以不加Apatinib作為對照組。培養(yǎng)24 h后用胰酶消化收集細胞,PBS清洗1次后重懸于300 μl PBS,加入300 μl的binding buffer、3μl AV-FITC和3 μl PI,混均后避光10 min,上流式細胞儀檢測細胞的凋亡比例。
三、細胞劃痕實驗檢測細胞遷移能力
取對數(shù)生長期細胞,以每孔5×105個AsPC-1細胞接種于6孔板,培養(yǎng)至細胞90%融合后饑餓培養(yǎng)過夜,用200 μl的移液槍頭在每孔中間劃一條橫線, PBS沖洗3次,然后加入20、40 μmol/L Apatinib,以不加Apatinib作為對照組。在培養(yǎng)即刻(0 h)及培養(yǎng)24 h時置顯微鏡下照相,每個樣本測量3個劃痕距離。細胞遷移率= [(0 h劃痕距離-24 h劃痕距離)/0 h劃痕距離]×100%。實驗重復3次,取均值。
四、統(tǒng)計學處理
一、Apatinib對AsPC-1細胞增殖的影響
對照組及10、20、30、40、50 μmol/L Apatinib處理組AsPC-1細胞的增殖抑制率分別為0、(1.45±0.68)%、(16.92±0.70)%、(23.84±0.84)%、(34.35±1.55)%、(37.33±0.81)%,細胞增殖隨Apatinib濃度的增加而顯著被抑制,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。
二、Apatinib對AsPC-1細胞凋亡的影響
對照組及20、40 μmol/L Apatinib處理組AsPC-1細胞培養(yǎng)24 h后的凋亡率分別為(9.44±0.18)%、(16.62±0.19)%、(25.42±0.41)%,細胞凋亡數(shù)量隨Apatinib濃度增加而顯著增多,差異具有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05,圖1)。
圖1 對照組(1A)及20、40 μmol/L Apatinib處理組(1B、1C)AsPC-1細胞的凋亡
三、Apatinib 對AsPC-1細胞遷移能力的影響
對照組及20、40 μmol/L Apatinib處理組AsPC-1細胞培養(yǎng)24 h后的遷移率分別為(29.5±0.7)%、(17.4±0.9)%、(6.6±0.5)%,細胞遷移能力隨Apatinib濃度增加而顯著下降,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05,圖2)。
血管形成是腫瘤的標志之一,能夠促進惡性腫瘤的生長和轉移[10],而腫瘤轉移是引起腫瘤相關死亡的主要原因。胰腺癌預后不良也和腫瘤轉移密切相關,大約50%的胰腺癌患者被確診時已有遠處轉移。促進腫瘤血管形成的通路主要有3條:VEGF/VEGFR、血管生成素(ANGPT)家族以及Notch-Notch配體通路,其中VEGF是血管形成的重要調節(jié)因子。VEGF通過和VEGFR-2結合發(fā)揮促血管生成的作用以及誘導VEGFR-2的下游分子的激活。VEGFR-2主要是在血管內皮細胞上表達的,在很多腫瘤表達都是上調的,包括胰腺癌[11]。VEGF和VEGFR的過表達與腫瘤生長速率加快、微血管密度增加、腫瘤增殖和轉移能力增強以及不良預后相關[12]。
圖2 對照組(2A)及20、40 μmol/L Apatinib處理組(2B、2C)AsPC-1細胞的遷移
近年來拮抗血管形成成為腫瘤治療的研究熱點之一,抗血管藥物在很多實體腫瘤,如肺癌、乳腺癌、結腸癌、胃癌等的治療中效果顯著,目前很多抗血管藥物也已用于胰腺癌患者,如貝伐單抗(抗VEGF的單克隆抗體)。貝伐單抗聯(lián)合吉西他濱用于晚期胰腺癌患者的Ⅱ期臨床研究顯示,聯(lián)合治療的總生存期、無進展生存期、客觀反應率均較單用吉西他濱有較明顯改善,但隨后的Ⅲ期研究結果顯示在總生存期方面并沒有明顯改善[13]。多種VEGF信號通路抑制劑,如sunitinib、axitinib、sorafenib、vatalanib等也已在晚期胰腺癌患者中開展Ⅱ或Ⅲ期臨床研究。Apatinib在胃癌的Ⅲ期以及非小細胞肺癌的Ⅱ期試驗中顯示有生存效益,且不良反應較少,在肺癌、乳腺癌患者中能明顯改善患者預后。Peng等[14]研究結果顯示,Apatinib通過VEGF/VEGFR-2/PI3K/AKT信號通路抑制肝內膽管癌細胞的增殖并誘導其凋亡。Doi等[15]也報道VEGF-A/VEGFR-2信號在多個胰腺癌細胞系的遷移和侵襲中起到了重要的作用。本研究結果顯示,Apatinib在體外可以抑制AsPC-1細胞的增殖、遷移并誘導其凋亡,且濃度越高,抑制作用越明顯。
[1] Hidalgo M. Pancreatic cancer[J]. New Engl J Med, 2010, 362(17): 1605-1617.DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra0901557.
[2] 趙玉沛.外科醫(yī)師要重視胰腺癌的臨床研究[J].中華消化外科雜志,2016,15(6):534-536.DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-9752.2016.06.002.
[3] 張?zhí)?曹喆,趙玉沛.胰腺癌的化療與放療[J].中華消化外科雜志,2015,14(8):619-622.DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-9752.2015.08.006.
[4] Burris HA 3rd, Moore MJ, Andersen J, et al. Improvements in survival and clinical benefit with gemcitabine as first-line therapy for patients with advanced pancreas cancer: a randomized trial[J]. J Clin Oncol, 1997, 15(6): 2403-2413.
[5] Tian S, Quan H, Xie C, et al. YN968D1 is a novel and selective inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 tyrosine kinase with potent activity in vitro and in vivo[J]. Cancer Sci, 2011, 102(7): 1374-1380.DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2011.01939.x.
[6] Roviello G, Ravelli A, Polom K, et al. Apatinib: A novel receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor for the treatment of gastric cancer[J]. Cancer Lett,2016, 372(2): 187-191. DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.01.014.
[7] Langer CJ, Mok T, Postmus PE. Target agents in the third-/fourth-line treatment of patients with advanced(stage Ⅲ/Ⅳ) non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC)[J]. Cancer TreatRev t, 2013,39(3): 252-260. DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2012.05.003.
[8] Zhang H. Apatinib for molecular targeted therapy in tumor [J]. Drug Des Devel Ther, 2015,9(3): 6075-6081. DOI: 10.2147/DDDT.S97235.
[9] Hu X,Zhang J, Xu B, et al. Multicenter phase Ⅱ study of apatinib, a novel VEGFR inhibitor in heavily pretreated patients with metastatic triple-negative breast cancer [J]. Int J Cancer,2014, 135(8): 1961-1969.DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28829.
[10] Folkman J. Angiogenesis in cancer, vascular, rheumatoid and other disease[J]. Nat Med, 1995, 1(1): 27-31.
[11] Doi Y, Yashiro M, Yamada N, et al. Significance of phospho-vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 expression in pancreatic cancer[J]. Cancer Sci, 2010, 101(6): 1529-1535.DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2010.01547.x.
[12] Longo R, Gasparini G. Challenges for patient selection with VEGF inhibitors[J]. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol, 2007, 60(2): 151-170.
[13] Ko AH, Dito E, Schillinger B, et al. A phase II study evaluating bevacizumab in combination with fixed-dose rate gemcitabine and low-dose cisplatin for metastatic pancreatic cancer: is an anti-VEGF strategy still applicable? [J]. Invest New Drugs, 2008, 26(5): 463-471.DOI: 10.1007/s10637-008-9127-2.
[14] Peng H, Li J, Hua Y, et al. Apatinib inhibits VEGFsignaling and promotes apoptosis in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma[J]. Oncotarget, 2016,7(13): 220-229.
[15] Doi Y, Yashiro M, Yamada N, et al. VEGF-A/VEGFR-2 signaling plays an important role for the motility of pancreas cancer cells[J]. Ann Surg Oncol, 2012, 19(8): 2733-2743.DOI: 10.1245/s10434-011-2181-6.
(本文編輯:屠振興)
Effect of apatinib on cell proliferation, migration and apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cell line AsPC-1
GuXiaoxia,LiJie,WuMeihong,PengXiaobo,ZhanXianbao.
DepartmentofOncology,ChanghaiHospital,SecondMilitaryMedicalUniversity,Shanghai200433,China
ZhanXianbao,Email:zhanxianbao@126.com
Objective To investigate the effect of apatinib on the proliferation, apoptosis and migration of pancreatic cancer cell line AsPC-1 in vitro. Methods Pancreatic cancer AsPC-1 cells were treated by apatinib in different concentrations. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were measured by CCK-8 and flow cytometry, and the effect of apatinib on cell migration ability was observed by wound healing assay. Results In control and 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50umol/L apatinib treatment group, the inhibitory rates of AsPC-1 cells were 0,(1.45±0.68)%,(16.92±0.70)%,(23.84±0.84)%,(34.35±1.55)% and (37.33±0.81)%,respectively. Cell proliferation was obviously inhibited by apatinib as the concentration increased, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). In control and 20, 40 umol/L apatinib treatment group, the apoptotic rates were (9.44±0.18)%,(16.62±0.19)% and (25.42±0.41)%, respectively. Number of apoptotic cells was obviously increased by apatinib as the concentration increased, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). In control and 20, 40 umol/L apatinib treatment group, the migration ability was (29.5±0.7)% ,(17.4±0.9)% and (6.6±0.5)%, which was greatly decreased as the concentration increased, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusions Apatinib can effectively inhibit the proliferation and migration of pancreatic cancer AsPC-1 cells and induce apoptosis.
Apatinib; Pancreatic neoplasms; Cell proliferation; Cell movement; Apoptosis
10.3760/cma.j.issn.1674-1935.2017.01.004
200433 上海,第二軍醫(yī)大學長海醫(yī)院腫瘤科
湛先保,Email: zhanxianbao@126.com
2016-11-13)