王曉霞
高考英語(yǔ)“完形填空”主要考察考生的綜合學(xué)習(xí)能力,其中包括識(shí)詞能力、閱讀和理解能力、邏輯推理和判斷能力等。筆者嘗試把一些實(shí)用的方法和技巧編成口訣用以解讀高考完形填空試題。
“完形填空不容易,擺正心態(tài)是前提,認(rèn)真讀和仔細(xì)選,心里不能太著急。”描述了應(yīng)試的心態(tài)。很多學(xué)生在考試中一遇到“完形”就亂了方寸,主要表現(xiàn)為:急于求成,匆忙答題,沒(méi)有篇章意識(shí);忽略語(yǔ)篇首尾段, 割裂文章上下文;字詞辨別不清,邏輯關(guān)系不明,往往是思維定式,生搬硬套。因此,擺正心態(tài),坦然面對(duì)就顯得十分重要。
“讀全文明大意,整體把握要牢記,關(guān)鍵詞和首尾段,這些信息很關(guān)鍵。”強(qiáng)調(diào)整體感知和對(duì)文章從語(yǔ)義上的整體把握??忌紫纫姓w意識(shí),不能見(jiàn)空就填、主觀臆斷。首先,跳躍空格,通讀文章,抓住首尾句,體會(huì)文章的主題。其次,判斷文章體裁,梳理文章脈絡(luò)。各類體裁的文章都有著它自身的特點(diǎn),如果是記敘文,考生就要了解文章的描述形式,是順序、倒敘還是二者兼而有之,弄清它的六要素:時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物、事件、發(fā)展和結(jié)果。如果是議論文,就要弄明白論點(diǎn)是什么,文章用什么方法圍繞論點(diǎn)展開(kāi)論證,是“歸納法(分——總)、演繹法(總——分)還是(總——分——總)”,是通過(guò)“正反對(duì)比”還是“列舉實(shí)例”等等。只有抓住了貫穿始終的主線,才能把握作者行文的走向,調(diào)整并定位自己的解題思路,從而做出最終的判斷。
“字詞句篇環(huán)環(huán)扣,認(rèn)真推敲找聯(lián)系,詞義搭配和復(fù)現(xiàn),句法邏輯也要看。文化背景和常識(shí),語(yǔ)篇情景之構(gòu)建,都能幫你定答案?!睆摹霸~、句、篇”概括描述了做“完形填空”的方法和技巧。
一、在詞匯層面上,詞語(yǔ)辨析、固定搭配和詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)是選出最佳答案的三種技巧
1.詞語(yǔ)辨析主要包括詞義辨析和詞形辨析。
例如:Given the right tools, we can train our brains to act like what they did when
we were younger. All thats 50 is the practice designed just for the purpose: a few exercises for the mind. 備選:A. required B. inquired C. acquired D. requested答案:A解析:考查形近詞辨析。acquire“獲得”;inquire“詢問(wèn),打聽(tīng)”;request“請(qǐng)求,要求”;require“需要”。根據(jù)句意“所需要的就是為了這個(gè)目的而設(shè)計(jì)的練習(xí)”可知required合適。
2.固定搭配主要以動(dòng)詞的搭配和介詞習(xí)語(yǔ)為主。
例如:“You can get a computer to 51 multiple-choice assessments, but you cannot get the computer to produce of assess essays, can you?” asked Michael.(2008江西) 備選: A. point out B. take out C. hand out D. print out 答案:D 解析:考查動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)的辨析。point out意思是“指出”;take out是“帶(某人)去(某處),獲得”;hand out意為“分發(fā)”; print out意思是“打印出”。結(jié)合句意,答案應(yīng)選D。
3.詞匯復(fù)現(xiàn)包括原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)、同義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)。
例如:From the time each of my children started, I packed their lunches. Since I was 34 making lunch for his younger brother, I 35 one for Mare, too.(08全國(guó)卷) 34備選: A. once B. again C. still D. even 35備選:A. packed B. fetched C. bought D. filled 答案:34. C 35. A 解析:34考查副詞詞義辨析。 once“曾經(jīng)”;again“再,又”;still“仍,還”;even“甚至”。此處意為Mare的弟弟在上學(xué),我還要給他包午餐,故選C。 35屬于原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)。pack“包”;fetch“拿來(lái)”;buy“買”;fill“裝滿”。在文章的第一段就提到了“我”每天要給孩子們包午餐,所以此處的句意是:再給Mare的弟弟包午餐時(shí),也給Mare包了一個(gè),故選A。
二、在單句層面上,做題的技巧是句子結(jié)構(gòu)和邏輯
1.句子結(jié)構(gòu)。
例如:I had an auto-repair man once, who, on these intelligence tests, could not 38 have scored more than 80. (NMET2002) 備選:A. always B. possibly C. certainly D. frequently 答案 B 解析:這個(gè)句子中,介詞短語(yǔ)以插入語(yǔ)的形式把定語(yǔ)從句割裂開(kāi)來(lái),進(jìn)而使得整個(gè)句子松散影響整體理解,因而考生首先要在腦海中理清句子結(jié)構(gòu)才能有一個(gè)準(zhǔn)確的理解。
2.邏輯關(guān)系主要包括并列、對(duì)比、轉(zhuǎn)折、時(shí)間、條件、讓步、原因和結(jié)果等。
例如:“Youre right, Josh. He may have a small build, 46 he certainly well knows
his job…….備選: A. but B. however C. so D. therefore答案:A解析:考察句子的邏輯關(guān)系。前面提到,他可能有瘦小的體格,而后文講,但是,他很了解自己的工作,前后應(yīng)是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。
三、在語(yǔ)篇層面上,可以把文化常識(shí)、語(yǔ)篇結(jié)構(gòu)和情景構(gòu)建歸納為解決問(wèn)題的技巧
1.文化常識(shí)。
例如:She was competing against very talented girls, and she knew it would be difficult for her to be selected. Two hours later, the 19 read a list of the girls of for a second tryout.備選: A. editor B. boss C. candidate D. judge 答案:D解析:根據(jù)常識(shí)可知,在競(jìng)賽時(shí),宣布第二輪選拔賽名單的人最有可能的“裁判員”,故選D。
2.語(yǔ)篇結(jié)構(gòu)。
例如:Supporters claim that there are many benefits of service learning. Perhaps most importantly, students are forced to think beyond their own interests and become aware of the needs of others. Students are also able to learn real-life skills that include responsibility, problem-solving, and working as part of a team. 45 , students can explore possible careers through service learning.備選: A. Gradually B. Finally C. Luckily D. Hopefully答案:B 解析:根據(jù)第一個(gè)好處的 “most importantly”到第二個(gè)好處的 “also”可以推斷出連接最后一個(gè)好處的副詞應(yīng)選 “finally”。
3. 情景構(gòu)建。
例如:“They are experienced laborers who know how to spread the weight of the rocks they carry . See how the man positions the rock just at the slope of his 43 . Some of the rocks weight is set 44 his head, some on the right hand and some on the left hand. His body isnt bent. His legs are well 45. ” (08江西)43備選: A. shoulder B. back C. chest D. arms 44備選:A. on B. against C. toward D. under45備選:A. supported B. grasped C. placed D. strengthened答案:43.A 44. B 45. C 解析:43、44、45三空所在的這個(gè)段落給我們表述了搬用工人“搬運(yùn)石頭”的情景。作為有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的搬運(yùn)工,他們知道如何均衡石頭的重量。他們把石頭放在肩膀上,石頭抵著頭,一部分重量在左手上,一部分重量在右手上,身子不是彎著的,雙腿的放置也很合適。
本文通過(guò)口訣的方式來(lái)解讀高考完形填空,希望能對(duì)考生們有所裨益。
(作者單位:河南省鄭州市第十二中學(xué))