大學英語被動語態(tài)的譯法探析

【摘要】在大學英語中，被動語態(tài)使用范圍較廣。在英譯漢的常用的方法和技巧中，被動語態(tài)的譯法需要英語學習者熟練掌握和運用。英語被動語態(tài)的句子，翻譯成漢語時，有一些可以保持被動句，但也有一些可以翻譯成漢語主動句。本文通過英漢兩種語言的對比和一些譯例，探討了英語中被動語態(tài)的常用方法和技巧。

【關(guān)鍵詞】被動 主動 語態(tài) 翻譯

英語和漢語都有被動結(jié)構(gòu)。英語是形合語言，其被動語態(tài)是通過改變動詞的形式來實現(xiàn)的，漢語是意合語言，其被動語態(tài)則由有表明被動的意思或靠含被動之義的詞來實現(xiàn)的。英語中被動語態(tài)使用范圍很廣。凡是在不必說出主動者，不愿說出主動者，無從說出主動者或是為了便于連貫上下文等等場合，往往都用被動語態(tài)。并且，被動語態(tài)把要說明的問題放在句子的主語位置上，一是更能喚起人們的注意，二是簡潔客觀.英語被動語態(tài)的句子，翻譯成漢語時，很多情況下都可翻譯成主動句，但也有一些可以保持被動語態(tài)。

一、譯成漢語被動句

漢語也有用被動形式來表達的情況，這一類句子，都是著重被動的動作，有些說出了動作的主動者，有些則不說出動作的主動者。英語被動句譯為漢語被動句的時候往往用以下幾種方式：

1.‘被……或‘給……。

（1） The supreme happiness in life is the conviction that we are loved.

人生至高無上的幸福，莫過于確信自己被人所愛。

（2）All resistance will be conquered by a firm resolution：man，once his goal is set，should not shift himself from his resolution of struggling for it.

一切阻力都會被堅決的心所折服。人，一旦樹立了自己的目標，就不應(yīng)再動搖為之奮斗的心。

（3）He was dismissed by the manager of the company.

他被（或：給）公司經(jīng)理開除了。

（4）as long as we can keep in mind firmly the continent of hope，the winds and waves will certainly be conquered by us.

只要我們能把希望牢牢地裝在心里，風浪就一定會被我們戰(zhàn)勝。

（5） The first survivor was rescued early Wednesday morning，67 hours after being buried by a landslide on Sunday at an industrial park in Shenzhen.

周三凌晨，深圳工業(yè)園山體滑坡事故首名幸存者被救，此時距離事故發(fā)生已過去了67小時。

（6） Our clothes were soaked with sweat.

我們的衣服給汗水濕透了。

2.（遭）受。

（1）Last year the city was visited by the worst flood in 30 years.

去年這個城市遭受到三十年來最嚴重的洪水災(zāi)害。

（2）seven people were shot yesterday in two apparently unrelated incidents.

昨天七人在兩起貌似不相關(guān)的事件中遭到槍擊。

（3） Chairman Mao was greatly respected by everyone.

毛主席深受大家的尊敬.

（4） I was seized with sadness as I thought of how the ancient city had been spared during the Second World War and now might be destroyed by an impending riot.

我想到了這座古城在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)時得到幸免而現(xiàn)在卻要遭到即將來臨的暴亂的破壞，內(nèi)心感到悲傷.

（5） His foreign policy is supported by the people all over the world.

他的對外政策受到全世界人民的支持.

3.“為……所”。

（1）The Martian has now been loved by audience.

火星救援為觀眾們所喜愛。

（2）we were so moved by this song that we couldn't stop listening to it again.

我們?yōu)檫@首歌所深深感動，以致于我們?nèi)滩蛔∮致犃艘槐椤?/p>

（3）These views have now been adopted by all students in class six.

這種觀點現(xiàn)在已為六班的全體同學所采納。

（4）The house was destroyed by the big fire.

房子為大火所毀。

（5）They are intoxicated with sweet words.

他們?yōu)榛ㄑ郧烧Z所陶醉。

（6）The ship was destroyed by the autumn storm.

船為秋風所破。

（7）Socialist ideology has been accepted by the people of the whole country.

社會主義思想體系已為全國人民所接受。

二、譯成“把”，“使”和“由”字句

（1）Only if beauty is integrated with modesty can it deserve the name. beauty without modesty is not beautiful but，at most，good-looking.

只有把美麗和謙虛結(jié)合，才配稱為美麗。沒有謙虛的美麗，不是美麗，只是好看。

（2）Thinking is strength. The door of wisdom is to be opened by the key of thinking.

思想就是力量。智慧之門，要由思索的鑰匙打開。

（3）How much trouble in this life is caused by idle talk.

生活中有多少麻煩都是由閑談引起的。

（4）The industrial park had been practically destroyed by the landslide.

山體滑坡使工業(yè)園幾乎全部毀滅.

（5）He was regarded as a Republican by everybody，even though he had always thought of himself as an ‘independent.

所有人都把他看作共和黨人，盡管他一直認為自己是“無黨派人士”。

（6）Rivers are controlled by dams.

攔河壩把河流控制住了。

漢語有一種“是……的”結(jié)構(gòu)，是一種形式主動，實際上是不用“被”字的被動句，著重說明一件事情是如何產(chǎn)生或在何時何地產(chǎn)生的。在翻譯英語被動結(jié)構(gòu)的時候，可以利用這種形式為主動的“是……的”構(gòu)，表示被動的實際意義。

This five star hotel was built in 1999 for Macaos return to the motherland.

這家五星級酒店是為迎接澳門回歸祖國而于1999年建成的。

The growth of wisdom may be gauged accurately by the decline of ill temper.

性情由暴而順，表示是智慧的增長。

War is invented by the human mind. The human mind can also invent peace with justice.

戰(zhàn)爭是人的智慧發(fā)明的，人的智慧亦可發(fā)明有正義的和平。

The school is named after a donator who made a contribution of 70 million RMB yuan.

這所學校是以一名出資七千萬元人民幣的捐贈人的名字命名的。

Those machines have been introduced from France for the newly established company.

那些機器是為新建公司而從法國引進的。

三、譯成漢語主動句

英語中被動結(jié)構(gòu)的句子譯成漢語主動句可以有幾種不同情況：

1.原文中的主語在譯文中仍作主語。

（1）It should have been obvious that the project would have to be completed.

本來就很明顯，這項工程得完成。

（2）Art was created to uplift the mind and the spirit.

藝術(shù)創(chuàng)作旨在陶冶情操。

（3）With the outbreak of the war，flights were stepped up.

隨著戰(zhàn)爭的爆發(fā)，飛行任務(wù)日益增加。

（4）If the technology and techniques are really advanced，cooperation can be prolonged.

如果技術(shù)確實先進，合作期限可以延長。

（5）New high-tech achievements have been applied to agricultural production.

高新科技的成果已應(yīng)用于農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)。

2.原文中的主語在譯文中作賓語。

（1）The students were seen reciting the new words and phrases.

有人看見學生們在背新單詞和短語。

（2） A large sum of money has been put aside for that purpose.

已經(jīng)為那樁事?lián)芰艘淮蠊P款項。

（3） A plan was needed to strike the enemy right where he lived.

必須有一個襲擊敵人所在地的計劃。

（4）We are loved not because we are good. We are good because we are loved.

別人愛我們，并不是因為我們善良。而因為別人惠愛，我們就善良了。

（5）Life can only be understood backward，but it must be lived forward.

回顧過去方能了解人生，展望未來方不虛度人生。

（6）To develop economy，different kinds of talented people should be organized. People of real ability should be especially promoted and given raise.

要發(fā)展經(jīng)濟應(yīng)當組織使用各種各樣的人才。對那些真正有本事的人，在工資級別上可以破格提高。

3.譯成帶表語的主動句。

（1）The bus was destined for railway station.

這輛公交車是去火車站的。

（2）Her first twenty years were spent in western china.

她的前二十年是在中國西部度過的。

（3）Rainbows are formed when sunlight passes through small drops of water in the sky.

彩虹是陽光透過天空中的小水滴時形成的。

（4）Eventually，of course，the plan was abandoned.

當然，這項計劃最終是放棄了的。

（5）But the march could not be stopped with bullets now.

但現(xiàn)在游行已經(jīng)不是子彈所能阻止得住的了。

（6）The decision to attack was not taken lightly.

進攻的決定不是輕易作出的。

4.主語謂語合譯。英語的一些動詞短語含有名詞，如pay attention to，take care of，make use of，make reference to，take account of 等等，變成被動語態(tài)時成了名詞作主語的特殊被動語態(tài).譯為漢語的時候，可以把主語和謂語合起來翻譯，譯成漢語無主句的謂語。

Use can be made of these materials to write a report on the delegations visit to Hongkong.

可以利用這些資料寫一份該代表團訪問香港的報告。

Care should be taken at all times to protect the computers and other instruments in the lab from dust and damp.

要始終注意保護實驗室中的電腦和其他儀器，勿使其沾上灰塵，勿使其受潮。

Attention should be paid to sanitation and hygiene by everybody.

要注意清潔衛(wèi)生。

四、常用被動句型的翻譯

以it作為形式主語的英語句子，在翻譯成中文時常要改成主動形式，有時不加主語，有時需要加上不確定的主語，如“有人”，“大家”等。

1.不加主語時。

It is said that... 據(jù)說……

It is said that the lummox has loused up their companys whole business.

據(jù)說那個傻大個兒把他們公司的買賣搞得一團糟。

It is estimated that... 據(jù)估計……

It is estimated that the project will last four years.

據(jù)估計，這項工程將持續(xù)四年。

It must be admitted that... 必須承認……

It must be admitted that computers were often perceived as a threat.

必須承認計算機常被認為是一種威脅。

It will be seen from this that... 由此可見……

It will be seen from this that knowledge can be acquired from books，skills must be learnt through practice.

由此可見，知識可以從書本中獲得，技能必需通過練習中學到。

It must be pointed out that... 必須指出……

It must be pointed out that I dont know why people are so excited about the Double 11.

必須指出我不知道為什么人們對雙11如此熱切。

It is hoped that... 希望……

It is hoped that I really want to be focused on what Im doing.

希望我只專注于手頭之事。

It is reported that... 據(jù)報道……

It is stressed that two out of 17 injured people have been discharged from hospital.

據(jù)報道17名傷員已出院2人。

It is found that... 據(jù)發(fā)現(xiàn)……

It is found that chinas smog has made masks and air purifiers the hottest of commodities.

據(jù)發(fā)現(xiàn)中國的霧霾天氣使得口罩和空氣凈化器成了最熱銷產(chǎn)品。

It has been proved that... 已經(jīng)證明……

It has been proved that a pessimist sees only the dark side of the clouds，and mopes； a philosopher sees both sides，and shrugs； an optimist doesnt see the clouds at all-hes walking on them.

已經(jīng)證明悲觀主義者只看到云黑暗的一面，抑郁不樂；哲學家看到了兩面，聳聳肩；樂觀主義者根本沒看見云——他是在騰云駕霧。

It is considered that... 據(jù)估計……

It is considered that happiness is the best facelift.

據(jù)估計快樂是最好的美容術(shù)。

It is well known that... 眾所周知……

It is well known that the difference between a smart man and a wise man is that a smart man knows what to say，and a wise man knows whether or not to say it.

眾所周知聰明人和智者的區(qū)別在于聰明人知道說什么話，智者知道該不該說那句話。

It may be without fear of exaggeration that... 可以毫不夸張地說……

It may be without fear of exaggeration that there are no secrets to success； it is the result of preparation，hard work，learning from failure.

可以毫不夸張地說成功沒有秘密，它是準備，下苦功，從失敗中汲取教訓的結(jié)果。

2.加主語時。

It is asserted that... 有人主張……

It is asserted that the best way to finish an unpleasant task is to get started.

有人主張要搞定一件不想干的活兒，最好的辦法是現(xiàn)在就開始做。

It is believed that... 有人相信（認為）……

It is believed that he was attracted by her beautiful looks.

有人相信他被她的美貌所吸引。

It will be said that... 有人會說……

It will be said that She should not be judged because of where shes from. Hip hop is universal，no color lines.

有人會說英雄不問出處，說唱是全世界的，并沒有種族界限。

It is thought that... 有人認為……

It is thought that a college education should equip one to entertain three things： a friend，an idea and oneself.

有人認為大學教育應(yīng)讓人從三件事上受益：處事，思考和修身。

It is proposed that... 有人提議……

It is proposed that one must study to know，know to understand，understand to judge.

有人提議學而后知，知而后明，明而后斷。

It is expected that... 人們希望……

It is expected that we can buy inexpensive but useful goods.

人們希望可以買到經(jīng)濟而又實惠的物品。

It is regarded that... 人們認為……

It is regarded that laziness misses opportunities and diligence makes opportunities.

人們認為懶惰坐失良機，勤勞制造良機。

It is stressed that... 人們強調(diào)說……

It is stressed that self-control is an instinct of the strong.

人們強調(diào)說自我控制是強者的本能。

五、英語名言中含被動語態(tài)的句子

Dont put off till tomorrow what should be done today.

今日事，今日畢。

He is not laughed at that laughs at himself first.

自嘲者不會讓人見笑。

No man is born wise or learned.

沒有生而知之者。

Lost time is never found again.

歲月既往，一去不回。

What may be done at any time will be done at no time.

明日待明日，明日不再來。

Books，like friends，should be few and well chosen.

讀書如擇友，宜少且宜精。

All things are easy that are done willingly.

做事樂意，諸事容易。

A friend without faults will never be found.

沒有十全十美的朋友。

A good beginning is half done.

良好的開端是成功的一半。

Time past can not be called back again.

時間不能倒流。

There is kindness to be found everywhere.

人間處處有溫情。

Rome is not built in a day.

冰凍三尺，非一日之寒。

A tree is known by its fruit. A bird is known by its note and a man by his talk.

聞其歌知其鳥，聽其言知其人。

Nothing is to be got without pains but poverty.

世上唯有貧窮可以不勞而獲。

參考文獻：

[1]張培基.英漢翻譯教程[M].上海：上海外語教育出版社，2008.

[2]劉瑩瑩.用英語介紹中國[M].化學工業(yè)出版社.

[3]文秋芳.新標準大學英語[M].外語教學與研究出版社.

[4]高瑞武.Treasury of wit and wisdom[M].譯林出版社，2014.

[5]陳定安.英漢比較與翻譯[M].北京：中國對外翻譯出版公司.

[6]陸乃圣.英漢差異與翻譯[M].上海：華東化工學院出版社

[7]外語教學與翻譯.

作者簡介：韓萍（1979-），女，碩士研究生，助教，研究方向為外國語言學及應(yīng)用語言學。