賈艷菊,王海燕,廖 幸,陳秋馨,衛(wèi)佳敏,鄭曉彤,宋瑞雪,李 健
(河北經(jīng)貿(mào)大學(xué)生物科學(xué)與工程學(xué)院,石家莊050061)
淀粉預(yù)糊化對中華鱉生長和飼料利用的影響
賈艷菊*,王海燕,廖 幸,陳秋馨,衛(wèi)佳敏,鄭曉彤,宋瑞雪,李 健
(河北經(jīng)貿(mào)大學(xué)生物科學(xué)與工程學(xué)院,石家莊050061)
探討生淀粉替代預(yù)糊化淀粉對中華鱉(Pelodiscus sinensis)生長和飼料利用的影響.試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)了等氮、等能、等淀粉含量,不同生淀粉替代預(yù)糊化淀粉比率(0%、33%、67%和100%)的4種飼料,測定了各試驗(yàn)組稚鱉的攝食率、生長速度、消化率、體組成.結(jié)果顯示,各試驗(yàn)組稚鱉的特定生長率、肝體指數(shù)、臟體指數(shù)、鱉體組成、飼料干物質(zhì)、蛋白質(zhì)和脂肪的消化率均無顯著差異;隨著生淀粉替代預(yù)糊化淀粉比率的增高,攝食率逐漸增加,蛋白質(zhì)效率逐漸降低;生淀粉完全替代預(yù)糊化淀粉,飼料系數(shù)顯著增高.研究結(jié)果表明,中華鱉對生淀粉具有較高的利用能力,飼料淀粉預(yù)糊化可以增加稚鱉的飼料利用率,但是對生長性能沒有影響.
淀粉;預(yù)糊化;生長;消化率;中華鱉
SummaryCarbohydrate is considered the least expensive form of dietary energy for animals.The ability of farmed fish to use dietary carbohydrates as an energy source is generally lower than that of terrestrial livestock.The relative efficiency of dietary carbohydrate utilization by fish has been associated with dietary carbohydrate level,molecular complexity and the technological treatments applied.Starch is the main source of dietary carbohydrate in aquafeed,and pre-gelatinization is a widely used method to improve the starch utilization.Many researches showed that gelatinized starch is more significant in carnivores to improve feed digestion and utilization.However,some experiments reported that total gelatinization of diet starch would not has positive effect on the growth of some fish. Chinese soft-shelled turtle(Pelodiscus sinensis)is carnivore,which was reported had low ability to use dietary carbohydrates.Pre-gelatinized starch is used universally in Chinese turtle diet now,but the ability to use raw starch is still unknown.This experiment was conducted to evaluate if starch pre-gelatinization could increase the growth and feed utilization of P.sinensis.
Four test diets were designed with adding the same level of cassava starch(20%),but different replacement ratio of pre-gelatinized starch by raw starch(0%,33%,67%and 100%).Nutritional compositions of four test diets were similar,with about 46%protein,9%fat and 16 kJ/g energy.The feeding experiment lasted for 7weeks.Chinese turtles with initial average body mass of 6.5 g were fed twice a day at(30±1)℃.The feeding rate,specific growth rate,feed conversion ratio,protein efficiency ratio,viscera-somatic index,hepatosomatic index,nutrient digestibility,and body composition of turtle were analyzed.
Differences in specific growth rate,viscera-somatic index,hepatosomatic index,digestibility of dry mass,protein and fat of Chinese turtle fed different diets were all insignificant(P<0.05).However,starch pregelatinization affected feeding rate,feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio.Feeding rate increased with the replacement ratio of pre-gelatinized starch by raw starch,and protein efficiency ratio decreased linearly.Feeding rate of turtle fed diet 1 was significantly higher than those fed diet 3 and 4.Protein efficiency ratio of turtle fed diet 1 and 2 were both significantly lower than those fed diet 3 and 4,differences in protein efficiency ratio of the groups between diet 1 and 2 and between diet 3 and 4 were both insignificant.Feed conversion ratio increased significantly with the total replacement of pre-gelatinized starch by raw starch.Feed conversion ratio of turtle fed diet 1 and 2 were both significantly higher than those fed diet 3 and 4.Contents of body water,protein,fat,ash and energy of turtle fed different diets were all different insignificantly.
Those results indicate that Chinese turtle has a good ability to use raw starch,and the growth performance of P.sinensis is not affected by starch pre-gelatinization,but feed utilization can be enhanced.Since the price of pregelatinized starch is higher than that of the raw starch,the raw cassava starch can be used and totally replace the pre-gelatinized cassava starch in the Chinese turtle diet.
糖類是水產(chǎn)飼料中廉價的供能物質(zhì),很多研究表明糖類具有節(jié)約蛋白質(zhì)的作用[1].充分發(fā)揮水產(chǎn)動物對糖的利用能力,可以在一定程度上減少水產(chǎn)動物對蛋白質(zhì)的需要.然而,很多水產(chǎn)動物如魚類對糖的利用能力較差[2].淀粉是水產(chǎn)飼料中常用的糖源飼料原料[3].為了提高水產(chǎn)動物對淀粉的利用能力,人們一方面是選擇適宜來源的淀粉[45],另一方面是通過一定的加工方式(如預(yù)糊化、膨化等)改變淀粉的結(jié)構(gòu)和性狀[67].
中華鱉是肉食性水產(chǎn)動物,和肉食性魚類相似,對糖類利用能力較差[8].以往的研究報(bào)道淀粉糊化在提高一些肉食性魚類的淀粉消化率、蛋白質(zhì)節(jié)約作用和能量利用方面的效果顯著[910],但飼料淀粉全部為糊化淀粉時對某些魚類的生長并不利[1112].目前,中華鱉飼料中使用較多是預(yù)糊化淀粉(α-淀粉).中華鱉是否能夠有效地利用生淀粉尚未見到相關(guān)報(bào)道.本試驗(yàn)以生淀粉和預(yù)糊化淀粉作為飼料的糖源,研究在等氮、等能、等淀粉含量條件下,生淀粉替代預(yù)糊化淀粉對中華鱉攝食、生長、營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)消化和鱉體組成的影響,為生淀粉和預(yù)糊化淀粉在中華鱉飼料中的應(yīng)用提供科學(xué)依據(jù).
1.1 試驗(yàn)飼料
以生木薯淀粉替代預(yù)糊化木薯淀粉,設(shè)計(jì)了總淀粉含量相同(20%)、生淀粉含量不同的4個飼料組.飼料組1~4的生淀粉替代預(yù)糊化淀粉比率分別為100%(Diet 1)、67%(Diet 2)、33%(Diet 3)、0%(Diet 4).各飼料組營養(yǎng)組成相近(表1).為了測定消化率,飼料中添加了0.5%的三氧化二鉻.木薯生淀粉和預(yù)糊化淀粉購自廣西隆安銀豐淀粉有限公司,預(yù)糊化淀粉的糊化度為91.08%、水分<8%、灰分0.5%.
表1 試驗(yàn)飼料的原料組成和營養(yǎng)組成Table1 Ingredient and chemical composition of experimental diets
續(xù)表1Continuation of Table 1
1.2 養(yǎng)殖管理與樣品采集
試驗(yàn)所用動物為中華鱉稚鱉(體質(zhì)量約6.5 g),購自石家莊市李村中華鱉養(yǎng)殖場.稚鱉養(yǎng)殖在直徑為50-cm圓形桶內(nèi),為了避免稚鱉之間相互打斗造成死亡,在桶中央懸掛直徑為1 cm的網(wǎng)片.試驗(yàn)采用群養(yǎng)的方式,每個養(yǎng)殖桶養(yǎng)8只稚鱉.每個試驗(yàn)組設(shè)置8個重復(fù).養(yǎng)殖水深為10 cm.馴化期共進(jìn)行了14 d,馴化期的養(yǎng)殖管理和正式試驗(yàn)期相同.
生長試驗(yàn)共進(jìn)行7周.水溫控制在(30±1)℃;光周期隨著外界環(huán)境條件的變化而變化;每天更換1/2的養(yǎng)殖水體;p H值維持在7~8.稚鱉1 d投喂2次,分別在8:00和16:00.投喂0.5 h后用虹吸法收集殘餌,將殘餌在干燥箱中65℃下烘干,稱量并記錄.為了校正殘餌質(zhì)量,將定量的飼料置于沒有鱉的養(yǎng)殖水體中,再按照相同的方法回收處理殘餌,從而得到了各飼料在水中的溶失率,以校正殘餌量.采用虹吸法收集新鮮的糞便.生長試驗(yàn)開始前和結(jié)束后稚鱉均禁食24 h后,稱量,用以計(jì)算稚鱉的生長量.
生長試驗(yàn)結(jié)束后分別從各處理組隨機(jī)抽取16只鱉,未解剖前先稱質(zhì)量;其中8只稚鱉進(jìn)行解剖,斷頭法處死,取內(nèi)臟、肝稱量,以計(jì)算肝體和臟體指數(shù);8只用于鱉體營養(yǎng)成分分析,60℃下烘干至恒量,以計(jì)算鱉體含水量,烘干的鱉體樣品放在-20℃冰箱中保存.
1.3 樣品分析
飼料和糞便樣品測定蛋白質(zhì)、脂肪、灰分和Cr2O3的含量,鱉體樣品測定蛋白質(zhì)、脂肪、灰分的含量.蛋白質(zhì)的測定采用凱氏定氮法;粗脂肪的測定以石油醚為溶劑,采用索氏提取法;灰分是在550℃下,通過灼燒而測的;Cr2O3通過濕法消化后,用原子吸收光譜進(jìn)行測定.
1.4 數(shù)據(jù)分析
各試驗(yàn)指標(biāo)通過以下公式求得:
攝食率/%=攝入干物質(zhì)質(zhì)量×2/[(初始體質(zhì)量+終末體質(zhì)量)×試驗(yàn)時間]×100;
特定生長率/%=[ln(終末體質(zhì)量)-ln(初始體質(zhì)量)]/試驗(yàn)時間×100;
飼料系數(shù)=攝入干物質(zhì)質(zhì)量/(終末體質(zhì)量-初始體質(zhì)量);
蛋白質(zhì)效率=(終末體質(zhì)量-初始體質(zhì)量)/蛋白質(zhì)攝入質(zhì)量;
臟體指數(shù)/%=內(nèi)臟質(zhì)量/體質(zhì)量×100;
肝體指數(shù)/%=肝質(zhì)量/體質(zhì)量×100;
營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)表觀消化率/%=(1-飼料中Cr2O3含量×糞便中營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)含量)/(糞便中Cr2O3含量×飼料中營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)含量)×100;
采用Statistica 6.0軟件對試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,所有數(shù)據(jù)均采用平均值±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差進(jìn)行.采用單因素方差分析(one-Way ANOVA)和鄧肯多重比較分析不同試驗(yàn)組間各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)的差異,取P<0.05為差異顯著水平.
2.1 攝食生長
不同飼料組稚鱉的特定生長率(F(3,28)=0.75,P=0.53)、臟體指數(shù)(F(3,28)=0.069,P=0.96)和肝體指數(shù)(F(3,28)=0.24,P=0.87)均沒有顯著差異,但各組間攝食率(F(3,28)=4.66,P=0.00)、飼料系數(shù)(F(3,28)=9.18,P=0.00)和蛋白質(zhì)效率(F(3,28)=12.10,P=0.00)3個指標(biāo)均存在顯著差異(表2).稚鱉攝食率隨著飼料中生淀粉替代預(yù)糊化淀粉比率的增加而增加,二者間存在正線性相關(guān)關(guān)系(圖1),但是蛋白質(zhì)效率隨著生淀粉替代預(yù)糊化淀粉比率的增加而線性降低(圖2).飼料組1的攝食率顯著高于飼料組3和4,飼料組1和2、飼料組2和3、飼料組3和4之間差異均不顯著.飼料組1和2的蛋白質(zhì)效率顯著低于飼料組3和4,飼料組1和2、飼料組3和4之間差異均不顯著.飼料組1和2的飼料系數(shù)顯著高于飼料組3和4,飼料組1和2、飼料組3和4之間差異均不顯著.
表2 不同試驗(yàn)組中華鱉的生長指標(biāo)Table2 Growth performances of Pelodiscus sinensis fed with different diets
圖1 中華鱉攝食率與飼料生淀粉替代預(yù)糊化淀粉比率的關(guān)系Fig.1 Relationship between feeding rate of P.sinensis and the ratio of raw starch replacing pre-gelatinized starch in diet
圖2 蛋白質(zhì)效率與飼料生淀粉替代預(yù)糊化淀粉比率的關(guān)系Fig.2 Relationship between protein efficiency ratio of P. sinensis and the ratio of raw starch replacing pregelatinized starch in diet
2.2 營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的消化率
各試驗(yàn)組飼料干物質(zhì)(F(3,28)=1.77,P= 0.21)、蛋白質(zhì)(F(3,28)=0.48,P=0.71)和脂肪(F(3,28)=1.30,P=0.32)的表觀消化率沒有顯著差異(表3),飼料組4的3個指標(biāo)均略低于飼料組1.
2.3 鱉體營養(yǎng)組成
不同試驗(yàn)組稚鱉體的水分(F(3,28)=0.52,P= 0.67)、粗蛋白質(zhì)(F(3,28)=0.44,P=0.73)、粗脂肪(F(3,28)=0.44,P=0.73)、粗灰分(F(3,28)=0.90,P=0.45)和能量含量(F(3,28)=0.10,P=0.96)沒有顯著差異(表4).
表3 不同試驗(yàn)組中華鱉營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的消化率Table3 Nutrient digestibility of P.sinensis fed with different diets ______________________________________________________________%
表4 不同試驗(yàn)組中華鱉體的營養(yǎng)組成Table4 Body chemical compositions of P.sinensis fed with different diets
淀粉糊化可以提高淀粉的溶解度、吸水性,進(jìn)而提高魚類的消化率和利用率[13].預(yù)糊化淀粉(pregelatinized starch,也稱為α-淀粉)是完全糊化淀粉在高溫下迅速干燥脫水得到的氫鍵斷開、多孔狀的、無明顯結(jié)晶現(xiàn)象的淀粉顆粒.由于預(yù)糊化淀粉具有高黏結(jié)性、易溶于冷水、易消化等特點(diǎn),被廣泛應(yīng)用于水產(chǎn)飼料中,特別是作為甲魚和鰻魚飼料[6].本試驗(yàn)研究了生淀粉替代預(yù)糊化淀粉對中華鱉生長性能的影響.
有研究報(bào)道淀粉糊化會降低水產(chǎn)動物的攝食量[14].如WU,等[15]2007比較了不同類型(玉米、木薯、馬鈴薯)和淀粉糊化(生淀粉、預(yù)糊化淀粉)對黃鰭鯛(Sparus latus)生長的影響,結(jié)果是生淀粉組的攝食率顯著高于預(yù)糊化淀粉組;FIGUEIREDOSILVA,等[16]的研究報(bào)道在高蛋白質(zhì)水平下(45%),生淀粉組的黑斑小鯛(Pagellus bogaraveo)的攝食量顯著高于糊化淀粉組.本試驗(yàn)結(jié)果與以往研究結(jié)果一致,稚鱉的攝食率隨著生淀粉替代預(yù)糊化淀粉水平的增加而逐漸增加,完全生淀粉的飼料組攝食率顯著高于完全預(yù)糊化淀粉組. WU,等[15]認(rèn)為這種現(xiàn)象可能是由于飼料淀粉糊化后,魚胃排空時間延長;或者是由于淀粉消化吸收率提高,增加了可利用率.本試驗(yàn)中沒有測定淀粉消化率,但各飼料組間干物質(zhì)、蛋白質(zhì)和脂肪消化率沒有顯著差異,因此推測淀粉糊化可能是通過影響飼料在稚鱉的胃排空時間來提高攝食率.
在淀粉糊化對水產(chǎn)動物生長速度影響的研究方面與本研究的結(jié)果并不完全一致.一些文獻(xiàn)記載飼料淀粉糊化能促進(jìn)水產(chǎn)動物生長,且糊化或者預(yù)糊化淀粉與生淀粉之間有一個適宜比例,飼料中淀粉全部為糊化淀粉有可能對動物的生長不利[11,17-18]. JEONG,等[11]報(bào)道飼料中淀粉含量為30%、糊化率高于40%時,虹鱒的生長表現(xiàn)良好;KUMAR,等[17]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)飼料中糊化淀粉與生淀粉比例為1∶4時鯪(Labeo rohita)的生長速度和飼料消化率最高;潘鳳蓮,等[18]研究認(rèn)為烏龜配合飼料中α-淀粉/生淀粉的最適比例為1∶1.另外一些文獻(xiàn)則報(bào)道水生動物對生淀粉具有較高的利用能力,淀粉糊化并不能促進(jìn)水產(chǎn)動物生長[12,19-20];PERES,等[12]研究報(bào)道糊化淀粉飼料組舌齒鱸(Dicentrarchus labrax)仔魚的生長速度顯著低于生淀粉飼料組和生/糊化淀粉混合(1∶1)飼料組;STONE,等[19]研究了澳洲銀鱸(Bidyanus bid yanus)對小麥淀粉及其降解產(chǎn)物的利用能力,發(fā)現(xiàn)淀粉糊化率對生長沒有影響;WU,等[20]研究了不同生淀粉/預(yù)糊化淀粉比對黃鰭鯛生長特性、飼料利用和魚體組成的影響,發(fā)現(xiàn)完全生淀粉組的特定生長率最高,且隨著比值的降低而降低.本試驗(yàn)研究結(jié)果與后者類似,不同飼料組稚鱉的特定生長率、肝體指數(shù)和臟體指數(shù)、鱉體組成均無顯著差異.
隨著生淀粉替代預(yù)糊化淀粉比例的增加,稚鱉的飼料系數(shù)逐漸降低,蛋白質(zhì)貯積率逐漸增加,即淀粉預(yù)糊化提高了稚鱉的飼料利用率.這一結(jié)果與烏龜[18]、舌齒鱸[19]的研究報(bào)道一致,但是與黃鰭鯛[20]的研究報(bào)道不同.WU,等[20]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在20%總淀粉含量下,隨著生淀粉/預(yù)糊化淀粉比值的增加,黃鰭鯛的蛋白質(zhì)效率增加、飼料系數(shù)降低.縱觀本試驗(yàn)所有結(jié)果可以看出,對于飼料淀粉預(yù)糊化,中華鱉是通過提高攝食量來彌補(bǔ)飼料利用率的降低,生長性能維持不變.
在水生動物利用生淀粉能力的研究方面,物種差異是現(xiàn)有試驗(yàn)結(jié)果不同的一個重要原因.從本試驗(yàn)結(jié)果來看,中華鱉對生淀粉具有較高的利用能力,生長表現(xiàn)不受其限制.一般陸生動物對糖類的利用率比魚類要高[21].中華鱉屬于次生性水生爬行動物[22],這可能是其對生淀粉利用率較高的進(jìn)化學(xué)原因.
預(yù)糊化淀粉的價格比生淀粉價格要高好多.盡管飼料淀粉糊化在一定程度上提高稚鱉的飼料利用效率,但鑒于本實(shí)驗(yàn)中各試驗(yàn)組中華鱉的生長速度沒有差異,作者認(rèn)為在中華鱉飼料中生淀粉可以完全取代預(yù)糊化淀粉.
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JIA Yanju*,WANG Haiyan,LIAO Xing,CHEN Qiuxin,WEI Jiamin,ZHENG Xiaotong,SONG Ruixue,LI Jian
(College of Biology Science and Engineering,Hebei University of Economics and Business,Shijiazhuang 050061,China)
starch;pre-gelatinization;growth;digestibility;Pelodiscus sinensis
S 963.7
A
10.3785/j.issn.1008-9209.2016.03.073
河北省科技支撐計(jì)劃(14236602D-17[2015]);河北省高等學(xué)校科學(xué)技術(shù)研究項(xiàng)目(QN2015146).
*通信作者(Corresponding author):賈艷菊(http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5785-597X),E-mail:jiayanju@163.com
(Received):2016- 03- 07;接受日期(Accepted):2016- 06- 15;
日期(Published online):2016- 09- 18 URL:http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/33.1247.S.20160918.1521.002.html