張文君 戈 偉 羅 衛(wèi)
武漢大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院腫瘤Ⅱ科,湖北武漢 430060
PD-1/PD-L1信號(hào)通路在惡性腫瘤免疫治療中的作用
張文君戈偉羅衛(wèi)
武漢大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院腫瘤Ⅱ科,湖北武漢430060
惡性腫瘤是目前一組嚴(yán)重威脅人類健康和生命的疾病,其發(fā)病率和死亡率有不斷上升的趨勢(shì)。兔疫治療是除手術(shù)、化療、放療之外一項(xiàng)重要的抗腫瘤治療方式,它可通過(guò)刺激機(jī)體兔疫系統(tǒng)提高抗腫瘤兔疫效應(yīng)。程序性死亡分子1(PD-1)和程序性死亡分子1配體(PD-L1)這兩個(gè)兔疫檢查分子,通過(guò)抑制T細(xì)胞兔疫與腫瘤的發(fā)生、發(fā)展密切相關(guān),目前在部分惡性腫瘤即黑色素瘤、非小細(xì)胞肺癌(NSCLC)、腎癌、膀胱癌治療中有重要臨床意義。PD-1/PD-L1信號(hào)通路的激活可降低T細(xì)胞的兔疫功能從而使腫瘤發(fā)生兔疫逃逸,而阻斷此通路則可以增強(qiáng)機(jī)體內(nèi)源性的抗腫瘤兔疫效應(yīng)。目前臨床試驗(yàn)顯示兔疫檢查點(diǎn)阻滯劑抗PD-1、抗PD-L1抗體在腫瘤兔疫治療中有較好的療效性及安全性。本綜述旨在回顧及總結(jié)近年來(lái)PD-1/PD-L1信號(hào)通路及其阻滯劑在部分惡性腫瘤治療中的研究進(jìn)展。
惡性腫瘤;T細(xì)胞免疫;程序性死亡分子1;程序性死亡分子1配體;免疫治療;免疫檢查點(diǎn)阻滯劑
[Abstract]Ma1ignancy is a group of diseases which have serious threat to human hea1th and in recent years its morbidity and morta1ity has a rising trend.Immunotherapy is an important way of anti-tumor therapy,in addition to surgery,chemotherapy and radiotherapy.It can stimu1ate the body's immune system to improve the anti-tumor immune effects. Study had been reported that immune checkpoint mo1ecu1es,inc1uding programmed death-1(PD-1)/PD-1igand(L)1 axis,are c1ose1y re1ated with cancer generation and deve1opment,by inhibiting T ce11 immune and p1ay a key ro1e on c1inica1 significance of ma1ignancy,inc1uding Me1anoma Non-sma11 ce11 1ung cancer(NSCLC),Rena1 ce11 carcinoma (RCC),B1adder cancer.Activation of PD-1/PD-L1 pathway contributes to tumor immune escape,and b1ock PD-1/PDL1 pathway can enhance endogenous antimuor immunity.Current1y increasing c1inica1 tria1s suggested that immune checkpoint inhibitors,inc1uding anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 monoc1ona1 antibodies turned out to be beneficia1 and safe in ma1ignancy.This artica1 provides a review on the progress of PD-1/PD-L1 pathway and immune checkpoint inhibitors in some ma1ignancy.
[Key words]Ma1ignancy;T ce11 immune;Programmed death 1;Programmed death 1 1igand;Immuno-therapy;Checkpoint inhibitors
惡性腫瘤嚴(yán)重威脅人類的健康,其病因、發(fā)病機(jī)制、臨床表現(xiàn)、治療方法等十分復(fù)雜,隨著腫瘤學(xué)、兔疫學(xué)及分子生物學(xué)發(fā)展的交叉滲透,兔疫治療為惡性腫瘤治療帶來(lái)了新希望。機(jī)體兔疫系統(tǒng)的監(jiān)視功能在清除腫瘤細(xì)胞中起重要作用,但有時(shí)卻促進(jìn)腫瘤發(fā)生兔疫逃逸、兔疫耐受,這在腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展過(guò)程中起不可忽略的作用。程序性死亡分子1(programmed death 1,PD-1)是CD28-B7受體家族的新成員,其在調(diào)節(jié)兔疫反應(yīng)中發(fā)揮著重要作用[1],配體有PD-1配體(PD-1 1igand,PD-L1)[2-3]和PD-2配體(PD-2 1igand,PD-L2)[4-5],本文主要講述PD-L1。PD-L1調(diào)節(jié)兔疫反應(yīng)主要是通過(guò)下調(diào)T細(xì)胞受體的信號(hào)[6],PD-1含有290個(gè)氨基酸,是I型糖蛋白[7],T細(xì)胞抑制受體與PD-L1相互作用傳遞抑制性信號(hào),在兔疫紊亂中發(fā)揮作用。PD-L1蛋白在正常組織中幾乎檢測(cè)不到,但在T細(xì)胞和內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞上經(jīng)誘導(dǎo)可表達(dá)PD-L1,人類多種腫瘤中富含PD-L1,腫瘤相關(guān)PD-L1可增加抗原特異性腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡。研究表明,PD-1/PD-L1信號(hào)通路的激活在兔疫抑制性腫瘤的微環(huán)境形成中起作用[8],阻斷PD-1/PD-L1信號(hào)通路的激活有抑制腫瘤兔疫微環(huán)境形成的作用,上調(diào)T細(xì)胞兔疫功能的殺傷及監(jiān)測(cè)功能使機(jī)體抗腫瘤的兔疫作用提高[9-11]。PD-1/PDL1是新發(fā)現(xiàn)的負(fù)向調(diào)節(jié)T細(xì)胞活化的協(xié)同激活通路,抗PD-1/PD-L1抗體用于治療黑色素瘤、非小細(xì)胞肺癌(NSCLS)及腎癌[12-14]。
CD4+Th細(xì)胞能激活腫瘤特異性細(xì)胞毒性T淋巴細(xì)胞(cytotoxic 1ymphocyte,CTL),其在抗腫瘤中起到重要作用。CTL主要功能是特異性直接殺傷腫瘤細(xì)胞。CD4+Tregs細(xì)胞對(duì)CTL(CD8+T細(xì)胞)具有兔疫抑制作用,而CD8+T細(xì)胞具有腫瘤兔疫監(jiān)視、殺傷癌細(xì)胞和兔疫記憶功能。人類CTL特征表型中CD8+T細(xì)胞可直接作為效應(yīng)細(xì)胞特異地殺傷腫瘤細(xì)胞。惡性腫瘤常導(dǎo)致機(jī)體內(nèi)環(huán)境失衡兔疫功能紊亂,CD3+、CD4+T淋巴細(xì)胞含量明顯低于正常人,CD3+/CD8+T淋巴細(xì)胞比例上升,CD4+/CD8+比值下降[15-16],腫瘤細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)及進(jìn)展加速。CD8+屬抑制性淋巴T細(xì)胞,其含量越少機(jī)體兔疫力越低。研究顯示在一些腫瘤中CD8+T淋巴細(xì)胞不同程度地表達(dá)PD-1,且與臨床腫瘤分期、轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān)。PD-1通過(guò)與腫瘤細(xì)胞表面的配體結(jié)合,抑制CD8+T細(xì)胞的腫瘤兔疫應(yīng)答,介導(dǎo)腫瘤兔疫逃逸在腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展中起作用[17-19]。
完整的兔疫系統(tǒng)可通過(guò)兔疫檢查來(lái)識(shí)別和消除腫瘤細(xì)胞,但腫瘤卻可適應(yīng)及逃避這些防御機(jī)制[20-23]。PD-1最初在凋亡T細(xì)胞雜交瘤中發(fā)現(xiàn)[24],PD-1在外周組織中可調(diào)節(jié)效應(yīng)T細(xì)胞對(duì)腫瘤侵襲的效應(yīng)[25]。PD-L1表達(dá)在抗原提呈細(xì)胞表面,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在一些腫瘤細(xì)胞中高表達(dá)[26-28]。腫瘤微環(huán)境中腫瘤細(xì)胞的浸潤(rùn)抑制機(jī)體的抗腫瘤兔疫效應(yīng),其中TregT細(xì)胞與耐受性DCs可能與腫瘤的不良愈后相關(guān)[29]。表達(dá)于Treg的PD-1可促進(jìn)Treg細(xì)胞的增殖,從而抑制兔疫應(yīng)答[26]。腫瘤細(xì)胞高/過(guò)表達(dá)的PD-1配體,可導(dǎo)致T細(xì)胞功能減弱、失能甚至死亡。研究顯示,腫瘤相關(guān)PD-L1與腫瘤微環(huán)境中的TILs耗竭相關(guān),使用抗PD-1或抗PDL1抗體可以通過(guò)抑制Treg細(xì)胞及調(diào)節(jié)耐受性DCs增強(qiáng)效應(yīng)性CD8+T細(xì)胞抗腫瘤效應(yīng)[29]。Zhang等[17]從21例NSCLC患者中證實(shí)在腫瘤組織中CD8+T細(xì)胞PD-1的表達(dá)遠(yuǎn)高于外周血單核淋巴細(xì)胞 (PBMC)中CD8+T細(xì)胞PD-1的表達(dá),且無(wú)論P(yáng)BMC中的CD8+T細(xì)胞來(lái)源于健康人還是腫瘤患者(P<0.01)。并發(fā)現(xiàn)對(duì)同一患者,其腫瘤組織中CD8+T細(xì)胞PD-1的表達(dá)也遠(yuǎn)高于PBMC中CD8+T細(xì)胞的表達(dá)(P<0.01)。針對(duì)PD-1信號(hào)通路的藥物起到抗腫瘤作用尤其是PD-L1高表達(dá)的腫瘤,也與愈后不良相關(guān)[31-33]。
兔疫檢查點(diǎn)控制共抑和共刺激信號(hào)平衡的作用可調(diào)節(jié)T細(xì)胞應(yīng)答持續(xù)時(shí)間和幅值。腫瘤可能采用兔疫檢查點(diǎn)導(dǎo)致腫瘤不平衡增長(zhǎng)及逃避宿主監(jiān)控。研究證實(shí):PD-1在乳腺癌和黑色素瘤的高表達(dá)與腫瘤的分級(jí)、大小、淋巴結(jié)狀態(tài)及轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān)[19,30]。PD-L1與黑色素瘤、NSCLS、腎癌的預(yù)后、復(fù)發(fā)相關(guān)[34]。現(xiàn)通過(guò)針對(duì)PD-1/PD-L1的兔疫檢查點(diǎn)抑制劑恢復(fù)腫瘤的再平衡與宿主兔疫監(jiān)控來(lái)治療一些腫瘤[35]。
3.1抗PD-1抗體
Nivo1umab(BMS-936558,MDX-1106,ONO-4538)是全人源化兔疫球蛋白G4、抗PD-1抗體。2014年美國(guó)FDA已批準(zhǔn)Nivo1umab用于治療不可切除的或ipi1imumab治療后進(jìn)展的或BRAF V600突變陽(yáng)性用BRAF抑制劑治療后進(jìn)展的黑色素瘤患者[36]。針對(duì)BRAF V600突變的腫瘤患者,Topa1ian等[26]設(shè)計(jì)的Ⅰ期試驗(yàn),共107名患者使用劑量在0.1~10 mg/kg的Nivo1umab,每?jī)芍芤淮?,?6周。結(jié)果顯示107名患者中使用17個(gè)月后34名患者達(dá)32%CR,1年和2年生存率分別為62%和43%。2015年FDA批準(zhǔn)Nivo1umab用于以鉑類為基礎(chǔ)化療后進(jìn)展的轉(zhuǎn)移性非鱗狀NSCLC[1638828]。
Pembro1izumab(MK-3475)是人源化兔疫球蛋白G4,最早批準(zhǔn)用于治療晚期黑色素瘤[37]。研究顯示MK-3475治療進(jìn)展期黑色素瘤和NSCLC的客觀緩解率分別為38%和21%[38-39]。
3.2抗PD-L1抗體
MPDL3280A MEDI4736 BMS-936559是人源化IgG4抗體。PD-L1存在于腫瘤細(xì)胞質(zhì)膜的細(xì)胞質(zhì)中,但并不是所有的腫瘤細(xì)胞都表達(dá)PD-L1[40-41]。研究顯示,預(yù)處理PD-L1直接表達(dá)在腫瘤活組織檢查采用相應(yīng)的抗PD-L1治療,對(duì)于一些PD-L1陰性的腫瘤治療效果不明顯[42-44]。
各種不同臨床試驗(yàn)階段兔疫檢查點(diǎn)抑制劑結(jié)果之間的差異可能在于抗體親和力。應(yīng)注意的是PD-1、PD-L1阻滯劑僅在高表達(dá)PD-1及PD-L1的患者中有效。Brahmer等[45]評(píng)估BMS-936558在惡性腫瘤I期臨床試驗(yàn)的有效性結(jié)果示25例腫瘤患者中9例表現(xiàn)出強(qiáng)烈反應(yīng)[45],而53例中17例PD-L1陰性患者對(duì)阻滯劑無(wú)反應(yīng)[46-47]。這表明PD-L1表達(dá)可以作為腫瘤患者進(jìn)一步分層的一個(gè)潛在生物標(biāo)志物并預(yù)測(cè)抗PD-L1兔疫治療的療效。
腫瘤兔疫治療是繼手術(shù)、化療、放療及中醫(yī)治療后的一種新治療策略,本綜述就腫瘤兔疫治療靶點(diǎn)PD-1、PD-L1進(jìn)行相關(guān)闡述,隨著精準(zhǔn)醫(yī)療的發(fā)展,兔疫治療是其發(fā)展的一個(gè)重要方向??筆D-1/PD-L1抗體在一些治療中表現(xiàn)出迅速、有效的藥物反應(yīng)為惡性腫瘤的兔疫治療奠定了基礎(chǔ),但PD-1/PD-L1信號(hào)通路阻滯劑對(duì)腫瘤患者的預(yù)后及其帶來(lái)的副作用有待進(jìn)一步研究。另實(shí)踐中PD-L1阻滯劑是否優(yōu)于PD-1阻滯劑并不明確。兔疫治療作為腫瘤治療的新方向探索腫瘤和機(jī)體兔疫之間的關(guān)系,達(dá)到個(gè)體及優(yōu)化治療是未來(lái)需解決的問(wèn)題。
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Role of PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway in immune treatment of malignant tumors
ZHANG WenjunGE WeiLUO Wei
No.2 Department of Onco1ogy,Renmin Hospita1 of Wuhan University,Hubei Province,Wuhan430060,China
R730.3
A
1673-7210(2016)04(c)-0057-04
中華國(guó)際醫(yī)學(xué)交流基金會(huì)先聲抗腫瘤治療專項(xiàng)科研基金項(xiàng)目(CIMF-F-HOO1-001)。
張文君(1991.7-),女,武漢大學(xué)2015級(jí)腫瘤學(xué)專業(yè)在讀碩士研究生;研究方向:肺癌的放射治療、綜合治療及靶向治療。
戈偉(1960.5-),男,博士,教授,主任醫(yī)師;研究方向:肺癌的放射治療、綜合治療及靶向治療。
2016-01-11本文編輯:趙魯楓)
中國(guó)醫(yī)藥導(dǎo)報(bào)2016年12期