“失?！睗O民養(yǎng)老保險銜接方案研究

趙青青

(河海大學公共管理學院,江蘇 南京 210098)

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“失?！睗O民養(yǎng)老保險銜接方案研究

趙青青

(河海大學公共管理學院,江蘇 南京 210098)

在吸取前人研究成果以及現行養(yǎng)老保障體系的基礎上,借鑒日趨完善的被征地農民養(yǎng)老保險政策,參照過渡性、責任共擔、相對生活水平不降低的原則,試圖設計“失?！睗O民養(yǎng)老保險與現有養(yǎng)老保險體系的銜接方案:根據年齡、性別的不同劃分參保對象;由政府、項目業(yè)主、集體和個人四方共同籌集資金;借鑒被征地農民養(yǎng)老保險辦法及不同參保對象對養(yǎng)老保險的需求設定繳費標準;參照現行社會養(yǎng)老保險政策確定給付方式及水平。以此將“失?！睗O民納入現有的養(yǎng)老保險體系中,以保障“失?！睗O民的基本生活水平。

“失?！睗O民;養(yǎng)老保險;政策銜接

近年來,隨著我國城鎮(zhèn)化的不斷推進,近海海域和灘涂被大量占用,漁民“失海”現象日漸突出。然而,海域之于漁民,猶如土地之于農民,漁民“失海”猶如農民“失地”和工人“失業(yè)”[1],將會使許多漁民陷入“種地無田、養(yǎng)殖無海、轉業(yè)無崗、社保無份”的困難境地,生活受到極大的影響。

目前我國學術界對“失海”漁民這一特殊群體缺乏系統的研究。在實踐方面,多數地區(qū)在收回海域使用權后,對“失?！睗O民重補償輕安置,多采用一次性貨幣補償的方式[2],并沒有切實考慮漁民關注的養(yǎng)老等問題。僅有部分地區(qū)對“失海”漁民養(yǎng)老保險政策進行了實踐,但也存在著政策供需不平衡、政策缺乏統一性和權威性、政策不成體系的弊端[3]。因此,筆者在吸收和借鑒前人研究成果以及現行養(yǎng)老保障體系的基礎上,借鑒日趨完善的被征地農民養(yǎng)老保險政策,分析了“失?！睗O民養(yǎng)老保險方案的設計依據和原則,從劃定參保對象、資金籌集、確定繳費標準及繳費比例、給付方式及水平4個方面,設計了“失?！睗O民養(yǎng)老保險與現有養(yǎng)老保險的銜接方案,通過一次性繳費的方式將“失海”漁民養(yǎng)老保險過渡到現有的社會保障體系中,以期為保障“失?！睗O民的基本權益提供一定的借鑒。

1 設計原則

1.1 過渡性原則

長期以來,我國針對不同的人群采用不同的養(yǎng)老保險辦法?，F行社保制度已經具有逐漸走向碎片化的傾向[4],這不僅使得不同人群的養(yǎng)老待遇差異巨大,而且增加了管理上的難度。

隨著養(yǎng)老保險體制改革的深入,解決“碎片化”問題、逐步走向統一是我國養(yǎng)老保險體制的發(fā)展趨勢。然而,目前我國城鄉(xiāng)存在很大的差異,不同群體之間采用的養(yǎng)老保險辦法也不盡相同,要一次性建立覆蓋所有群體的統一制度是不現實的,要將“失?！睗O民直接納入現有的養(yǎng)老保險體系中,在繳費標準、資金來源等方面存在很大的困難。在此前提下設計“失?！睗O民養(yǎng)老保險方案,特別是建立可以轉換、可以過渡的養(yǎng)老保險方案[5],在資金籌集模式、繳費機制與計發(fā)辦法上做到統一[6],是進行養(yǎng)老保險方案設計的基本出發(fā)點。

1.2 責任共擔原則

作為公民的一部分,“失?！睗O民理應享受到與其他公民同等的待遇,因此在保障其他公民養(yǎng)老權益的同時,政府理應以公平的態(tài)度保障“失?！睗O民的養(yǎng)老權益。另外,政府在收回海域使用之后,實際上間接剝奪了海域對于漁民的經濟功能和保障功能,政府在給予一定的海域補償費的同時,還要為漁民提供必要的經濟和生活保障。

目前,“失?！睗O民養(yǎng)老保險的繳費主體是個人,農村集體經濟組織實際上并未承擔相關責任與義務,使得“失海”漁民的繳費負擔大,養(yǎng)老金難以提高,因此,必須強調農村集體的繳費責任。

另外,漁民由于項目業(yè)主用海而“失去”了海域使用權,項目的投入會給業(yè)主帶來可觀的經濟收益,因此用海項目業(yè)主也應該為“失?！睗O民養(yǎng)老保險負擔一定的責任,繳納一定的養(yǎng)老保險費。

綜上所述,在與現有養(yǎng)老保險體系的銜接過程中,“失?！睗O民養(yǎng)老保險的一次性繳費應該遵循以政府為主導的集體、業(yè)主及個人的責任共擔原則,其中政府和集體代表著群眾利益,應當擔負主要責任。因此,可借鑒被征地農民養(yǎng)老保險的相關政策,將個人、村集體、項目業(yè)主、政府的繳費比例確定為2∶3∶2∶3。

1.3 相對生活水平不降低原則

《國務院辦公廳轉發(fā)勞動保障部關于做好被征地農民就業(yè)培訓和社會保障工作指導意見的通知》(國辦發(fā)[2006]29號)中指出,要確保被征地農民生活水平不因征地而降低。對于漁民而言,在被收回海域使用權后,理應享受到保障其生活水平不降低的權益。由此,各地政府在確定養(yǎng)老金水平時,多數以城市最低生活保障線為基準,使養(yǎng)老保險的待遇水平偏低,難以維持農民進城后的基本生活水平,并未真正達到保障其生活水平不降低的目標。此外,采用目前各地實行的此種養(yǎng)老保險方案,也難以與現有養(yǎng)老保險體系進行銜接。在確定養(yǎng)老金水平時,應該確保相對生活水平不降低的原則[7],使“失?！睗O民在失去海域使用權后能夠保障其相對的生活水平不降低。

2 方案設計

2.1 參保對象

根據年齡、性別的不同對養(yǎng)老保險需求的區(qū)別,對“失?！睗O民進行了分類,見表1。

表1 “失?！睗O民年齡分段

對于被撫養(yǎng)對象,可以直接給予一次性生活補助費,等其達到勞動年齡后,可以根據實際情況直接參與到城鎮(zhèn)職工基本養(yǎng)老保險中。因此,這一部分人員可以不在“失?！睗O民養(yǎng)老保險的參保對象中。

綜上所述,參照目前已經日漸成熟的被征地農民養(yǎng)老保險的相關政策,“失?！睗O民養(yǎng)老保險的參保對象可大概定義為由于直接或者間接原因失去海域作業(yè)權利后,家庭人均海域作業(yè)面積不足當地人均面積的30%,并且在征海協議簽訂時已年滿16周歲的漁民。

2.2 資金籌集

筆者認為“失?！睗O民應納入現有的養(yǎng)老保險體系中,并且其養(yǎng)老保險繳費應該由政府、項目業(yè)主、集體和個人共同承擔。資金主要來源于以下3個方面:①海域補償費。海域補償費不足失海漁民參加基本養(yǎng)老保險所需資金的50%,則由當地海洋行政主管部門負責補足。②地方政府海域使用金。地方政府按照當地的相關規(guī)定,把海域使用金按照一定的比例提留作養(yǎng)老保險費用,納入社會統籌賬戶。③項目投資。項目的投入運營具有周期性,而“失?！睗O民的安置補償工作必須在前期落實,因此項目業(yè)主的資金在前期投資概算時就應列入,減輕“失?！睗O民個人和集體的繳費負擔。

2.3 繳費標準

對于中青年勞動力以及“4050”人員中能夠實現再就業(yè)的人員,可借鑒被征地農民養(yǎng)老保險的相關規(guī)定,將“失?！睗O民養(yǎng)老保險的繳費基數確定為全省上年度在崗職工月平均工資的60%,繳費比例為20%,個人、村集體、項目業(yè)主、政府的繳費比例為2∶3∶2∶3;對于養(yǎng)老年齡段人員以及“4050”人員中不能實現再就業(yè)的人員,繳費基數可定為現有城鄉(xiāng)居民社會養(yǎng)老保險繳費標準中某一檔次,具體檔次可由參保人自行選擇,繳費比例為100%,個人、村集體、項目業(yè)主、政府的繳費比例為2∶3∶2∶3。

繳費年限以收回海域使用權時“失?！睗O民在海域上的勞動年限(最低年滿16周歲起算),每滿兩年補繳一年的社會保障費(不滿兩年按兩年計算),最高為15年。

在一次性繳費方面,按照每滿2年補繳一年養(yǎng)老保險費的規(guī)則,具體辦法如下:

2.3.1 中青年勞動力

該階段人員為男、女均年滿16周歲、不滿45周歲。躉繳養(yǎng)老保險費的標準為:繳費基數×費率(20%)×本人應繳費年限,其中應繳年限是根據參保人參加勞動的年限確定,即上文所述的每滿2年補繳一年養(yǎng)老保險費。本人應該繳費年限:年滿17周歲不滿18周歲補繳1年;年滿19周歲不滿20周歲補繳2年,以此類推,年滿44周歲不滿45周歲補繳14年;年滿45周歲不滿46周歲補繳15年;46周歲以上補繳15年。中青年勞動力人員一次性繳納基本養(yǎng)老保險費的年限計算為城鎮(zhèn)職工基本養(yǎng)老保險的繳費年限,繳費基數按1計算,并按規(guī)定補建個人賬戶。個人完成一次性繳費后,可以直接參加城鎮(zhèn)職工養(yǎng)老保險,繳費的總年限至少為15年。

表2 MZW地區(qū)“失?！睗O民參加城鎮(zhèn)職工基本養(yǎng)老保險躉繳費用

2.3.2 “4050”人員

該階段人員為男年滿45周歲不滿60周歲,女年滿45周歲不滿55周歲。根據上文計算,本階段人員需要一次性補繳15年的養(yǎng)老保險費。

對于收回海域使用權后能夠實現再就業(yè)的人員,躉繳養(yǎng)老保險費的標準為:繳費基數×費率(20%)×15。其一次性繳納的基本養(yǎng)老保險費作為15年繳費年限,繳費基數按1計算,并補建個人賬戶。

對于收回海域使用權后不能實現再就業(yè)的人員,躉繳養(yǎng)老保險費的標準為:繳費基數×費率(100%)×15。繳費基數可由“失海”漁民自行選擇當地城鄉(xiāng)居民社會養(yǎng)老保險的某一檔次進行繳費。

2.3.3 養(yǎng)老年齡段人員

該階段人員為男年滿60周歲、女年滿55周歲。躉繳養(yǎng)老保險費的標準為:繳費基數×費率(100%)×15。繳費基數可由“失海”漁民自行選擇當地城鄉(xiāng)居民社會養(yǎng)老保險的某一檔次進行繳費。

2.4 給付方式及水平

將“失?！睗O民納入現有的養(yǎng)老保險體系之后,在養(yǎng)老保險的給付上,可以按照城鄉(xiāng)居民社會養(yǎng)老保險或者城鎮(zhèn)職工基本養(yǎng)老保險的標準進行養(yǎng)老金給付,只需要調整統籌賬戶養(yǎng)老金的發(fā)放標準即可。

城鄉(xiāng)居民基礎養(yǎng)老金參照中央制定的最低標準,各地根據自身經濟情況略有提高;個人賬戶養(yǎng)老金包括一次性繳費個人賬戶和參加城鄉(xiāng)居民社會養(yǎng)老保險建立的個人賬戶,發(fā)放標準為本人基本養(yǎng)老保險個人賬戶累計儲存額本息除以計發(fā)月數。

城鎮(zhèn)職工基礎養(yǎng)老金的發(fā)放基數為退休時上年度全省在崗職工月平均工資和本人指數化平均工資的平均值,繳費每滿一年發(fā)給1%,上不封頂;而“失海”漁民無法計算本人指數化月平均工資。因此,基礎養(yǎng)老金按照城鎮(zhèn)企業(yè)退休人員最低基礎養(yǎng)老金的標準按月發(fā)放,以保證“失海”漁民基本的養(yǎng)老需求。對于“4050”人員中能夠實現再就業(yè)的人員,在其達到法定退休年齡前,繼續(xù)繳納城鎮(zhèn)職工基本養(yǎng)老保險費不足5年的,從達到法定退休年齡的次月起,可領取養(yǎng)老金待遇=城鎮(zhèn)企業(yè)退休人員最低養(yǎng)老金×(1+繼續(xù)繳費月數×1%);繼續(xù)繳納城鎮(zhèn)職工基本養(yǎng)老保險費5年以上的,按照城鎮(zhèn)職工基本養(yǎng)老保險辦法計發(fā)基礎養(yǎng)老金。個人賬戶養(yǎng)老金包括一次性繳費個人賬戶和參加城鎮(zhèn)職工基本養(yǎng)老保險建立的個人賬戶,發(fā)放標準為本人基本養(yǎng)老保險個人賬戶累計儲存額本息除以計發(fā)月數。

3 可行性分析——以MZW地區(qū)為例

2012年MZW地區(qū)所在省在崗職工月平均工資為2 338元。根據本文設計的方案,“失海”漁民養(yǎng)老保險繳費基數為全省上年度在崗職工月平均工資的60%,則2012年MZW地區(qū)“失?！睗O民養(yǎng)老保險的繳費基數為1 403元。根據本文設計的“失?！睗O民養(yǎng)老保險方案,MZW地區(qū)不同年齡段“失海”漁民的一次性繳費標準如表2、表3所示。

根據收回海域使用權面積、影響人口及當地海域征收補償辦法計算所得,該項目的人均海域補償費為4 025元,2012年MZW地區(qū)農民人均純收入為9 967元。從上述表格可以看出,筆者設計的養(yǎng)老保險方案繳費標準較低,除“4050”人員中已經實現再就業(yè)人員的一次性繳納費用略超過2012年農民人均純收入外,其他年齡段的人員一次性繳納的費用均低于2012年的農民人均純收入。加之收回海域使用權后獲得的海域補償費,“失?！睗O民個人繳費部分資金來源有所保障。

表3 MZW地區(qū)“失?！睗O民參加城鄉(xiāng)居民社會養(yǎng)老保險躉繳費用

根據MZW地區(qū)“失?！睗O民的人員結構情況,該地區(qū)“失?！睗O民養(yǎng)老保險費用需要政府出資約5 823.65萬元,項目業(yè)主出資約3 731.08萬元,見表4。

表4 MZW地區(qū)“失海”漁民養(yǎng)老保險政府、項目業(yè)主出資情況

MZW地區(qū)共收回海域面積約518.3 hm2,按照當地的海域使用金征收管理辦法中海域使用金的征收規(guī)定,經計算可得當地政府海域使用金收入為13 993.2萬元,足夠支付“失?！睗O民養(yǎng)老保險政府出資金額。

4 結 語

“失?！睗O民的養(yǎng)老問題是保證城鎮(zhèn)化發(fā)展進程、保障“失?！睗O民長遠生計的關鍵問題。然而,目前各地并未將“失?！睗O民養(yǎng)老保險納入現有的保障體系中,僅有的也只是參照被征地農民養(yǎng)老保險相關規(guī)定執(zhí)行,保障水平偏低,不能滿足“失?！睗O民日益增長的消費成本。更為重要的是,目前實施的政策脫離了現有的養(yǎng)老保險體系,“碎片化”嚴重,不符合城鄉(xiāng)一體化的發(fā)展趨勢。因此,在城鄉(xiāng)二元結構逐漸解體的大背景下,參照過渡性、責任共擔、相對生活水平不降低的原則,根據年齡、性別的不同劃分參保對象,由政府、項目業(yè)主、集體和個人四方共同籌集資金,借鑒被征地農民養(yǎng)老保險辦法及不同參保對象對養(yǎng)老保險的需求設定繳費標準,參照現行社會養(yǎng)老保險政策確定給付方式及水平,以此將“失?！睗O民納入現有的養(yǎng)老保險體系中,將有助于保障“失?！睗O民的基本生活水平,有利于社會和諧發(fā)展。

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Decoupling analysis of water resources and economic development in Jiangsu Province/YOU Haixia, et al (Business School, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China)

Abstract: Based on the statistics of 13 cities in Jiangsu Province from 2000 to 2010, the relationship between water use and economic growth in various cities and the regional differences are described from four aspects of the whole industry, the primary industry, the secondary industry and the tertiary industry respectively bye using the decoupling methods ofIPATequation. The results show that the relationship between economic growth and water use is in a weak decoupling state in most of the years from 2000 to 2010. The development of the primary industry is roughly the same as that of Jiangsu Province. The relationship between economic growth and water use in the second industry has been gradually achieved a stable and strong decoupling state. While the relationship between economic growth and water use in the tertiary industry has been in a weak decoupling state. At the same time, the relationship between economic growth and water use has regional differences in 13 cities to some extent. In this regard, Jiangsu Province should actively adjust the industrial structure, increase efforts to protect water resources, give full play of regional synergy and achieve strong decoupling in the relationship between water use and economic growth steadily so as to promote the establishment of water-saving society.

Key words: water use; economic development; decoupling; Jiangsu Province

Economic critical point of protection and utilization of Gaoyou Lake/MENG Lingfang, et al (College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China)

Abstract: The economic critical point of protection and utilization of a lake is the maximum scale of development and utilization without excessive destruction of ecological service function. The standard of development and utilization is that the sum of the economic benefit and the ecological benefit compatible with the development projects must be greater than or equal to that of the ecological benefit incompatible or conditionally compatible with the development projects. The main exploitation mode of Gaoyou Lake is aquaculture. The ecosystem service which is basically incompatible with the aquaculture is water purification. The ecosystem service which is conditionally compatible with the aquaculture is water supply, water storage, flood drainage, maintenance of biodiversity and scientific culture and education. The ecosystem service which is fully compatible with the aquaculture is carbon fixation and oxygen release, and transpiration endothermic. The results show that, in 2009, the economic benefit of the aquaculture of Gaoyou Lake is 35 062 RMB yuan/(hm2·a), and the economic critical point of the aquaculture of Gaoyou Lake is -2 427 RMB yuan/(hm2·a), implying that the development and utilization of Gaoyou Lake exceeds the development and utilization of the economic criteria and is in the state of excessive development.

Key words: lake protection and utilization; ecological service function; economic critical point; Gaoyou Lake

Decision-making of concession period of hydropower station projects under government and social capital cooperation/WEI Xing, et al (Jiangsu Coastal Development and Protection Center, Nanjing 211100, China; Water Resources and Sustainable Development Research Center of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 211100, China)

Abstract: Under the satisfaction of requirements of the social capital investment returns, by setting the handover point as the origin, a new net present value-operating time coordinates for the government departments is established, and the choice range of transfer of the concession period simultaneously satisfies the government departments for the nonnegative net present value. It is applied to hydropower station PPP projects. Considering the influences of characteristics of hydropower projects and risk factors on the concession period, the cash flow statement of the projects is calculated. Under the circumstance of gaining both sides’ satisfaction, the choice range of the concession period is obtained so as to negotiate the concession transfer period of the projects.

Key words: PPP Mode; hydropower station project; concession period

Application of firefly algorithm-projection pursuit model in evaluation of flood disasters in Yunnan Province/DAO Haiya, et al (Yunnan Water Conservancy and Hydropower Survey and Design Institute, Kunming 650021, China)

Key words: flood disaster assessment; projection pursuit; firefly algorithm; Yunnan Province

Calculation of profit and loss ad benefit distribution mechanism of optimal scheduling of small cascade hydropower stations/YANG Fan, et al (Business School, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China)

Abstract: Based on the analysis of benefit distribution and historical data of regional small hydropower station groups in Longyan, a model for calculating profit and loss and benefit distribution of hydropower station groups is proposed using the particle swarm optimization, and the partition coefficient is calculated. The results show that the distribution mechanism can drive stations to actively participate in joint scheduling so as to rationally use the water resources.

Key words: small cascade hydropower station; optimal scheduling; benefit distribution; calculation of profit and loss

Choice of development paths of water culture industry in China/LI Dan, et al (School of Public Administration, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China)

Abstract: The “Planning outline for water culture construction (2011-2020)” issued by the Ministry of Water Resources of P. R. China suggests to vigorously promote water cultural undertakings and to actively cultivate the water culture industry, and the water culture industry as an important part of the cultural industry begins to enter people’s vision. On the basis of discussing the connotation of water culture industry, the predicament of the development of water culture industry in China is analyzed as follows: weak industry awareness, single water culture product, imperfect government support system and single industry body. The development path for the water culture industry is proposed from four aspects of strengthening propaganda, mining resources, strengthening government support and improving financing system so as to provide feasible methods for the development of water culture industry in China.

Key words: water culture industry; water culture product; industrial policy; development path

Multi-agent cooperation mechanism of water resource exploitation in Lancang River-Mekong River basin/HU Xingqiu, et al (Business School, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China; International River Research Centre, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China)

Abstract: The social and economic situations and the current cooperative foundation of water resource exploitation in Lancang River-Mekong River basin are analyzed. Based on the successful international experience, the multi-agent cooperation mechanism concerning water resource exploitation in Lancang River-Mekong River basin is proposed. It covers four levels: state, locality, society and market. It may provide a new way for the promotion of the cooperation of water resource exploitation in Mekong River basin.

Key words: Lancang River-Mekong River basin; water resource exploitation; multi-agent cooperation; cooperation mechanism

Primary researches on asset management of water scenic resources/XU Zengrang, et al (Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China)

Abstract: The asset management of water scenic resources is not only the effective adaption by water industry to the severe scarcity of natural resources and the growing demand for the ecological products, but also the positive response to the enhancing of production capability of ecological products initiated by the 18th National Congress of CPC. It aims to highlight the ecological and cultural superiority of water scenic parks and to realize the value of their material products, culture products and ecological products. The difficulty is to identify and display the ecosystem services of water scenic parks and to realize their value. The patterns of asset management of water scenic resources mainly include (1) development of environment-friendly agricultural products both in reservoir-based and irrigation system-based water scenic parks, (2) development of ecological tourism in river and lake-based water scenic parks, (3) ecological compensation in water and soil conservation-based water scenic parks, and (4) market transaction of water ecosystem services in the wetland-based water scenic parks. Different policy measures should be gradually improved with regard to different patterns of asset management of water scenic resources.

Key words: water scenic resource; water scenic park; ecosystem service; eco-compensation; ecological product

Support mechanism of scientific and technological innovation for construction of water ecological civilization/WU Zhaodan, et al (School of Business Administration, Hohai University, Changzhou 213022, China; Jiangsu Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of World Water Valley and Water Ecological Civilization, Nanjing 211100, China)

Abstract: The support mechanism of scientific and technological innovation for the construction of water ecological civilization is analyzed. It is systematically discussed from three aspects, that is, demand, condition and conduction path of the construction of water ecological civilization supported by the scientific and technological innovation. The results show that the support of fundamental science innovation, applied technology and method innovation, and scientific and technological practice innovation is necessary to the construction of water ecological civilization. The play of this support needs the premise of ecological science and technology, the internal motives such as interest driving, entrepreneurs’ innovation spirit and internal system as well as the external motives like demand-driving force, police-driving force, social cooperation, legal safeguard and cultural leading force. The support conduction paths include the soft power improvement of construction of water ecological civilization, the allocation optimization of water resources, the water saving management and the protection of water ecological environment.

Key words: scientific and technological innovation; construction of water ecological civilization; support mechanism; water saving; protection of water ecological environment

Establishment of incentive-constrained-supervised mechanism for industrial water environment regulation based on principal-agent relationship of regulatory subjects/ZHAO Shuang, et al (College of Economics and Management, Zhejiang Radio & Television University, Hangzhou 310030, China)

Abstract: The principal-agent relationship in stakeholders of industrial water environment in China is analyzed, and some principal-agent risks and the relevant reasons are gained. Then, the environmental administrative contract of industrial water environment regulation is proposed. Moreover, three mechanisms are established: the incentive mechanism by environmental subsidies, the constraint mechanism by supervision and law enforcement and administrative penalty, and the supervision mechanism by the central supervision and public participation. Furthermore, a model for the industrial water environment regulation is proposed to get the operating mechanism of the incentive-constrained-supervised mechanism. Finally, a regulatory contract implementation process is designed for promoting the efficient operation of industrial water environment regulation.

Key words: industrial water environment regulation; principal-agent; environmental administrative contract; incentive-constrained-supervised mechanism; implementation process

Dynamic relationship between industrial waste water pollution and process of urbanization China/MA Hailiang, et al (Institute for Low Carbon Economy of Hohai University, Changzhou 213022, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of World Water Valley and Water Ecological Civilization, Nanjing 210098, China)

Abstract: By selecting five types of pollutants in industrial waste water in China from 2003 to 2012, Kuznets curve fitting for the relationship between the industrial waste water pollution and urbanization rate is conducted. On this basis, the cubic exponential smoothing method is used to forecast the emissions of industrial waste water pollutants. The results show that with the speeding up of urbanization construction, the emissions of petroleum and lead in the industrial waste water pollutants in China first decrease and then increase, but the chemical oxygen demand, ammonia nitrogen and volatile phenol do not conform to the shape of typical environmental Kuznets curve. By 2020, it is expected that the emissions of chemical oxygen demand and ammonia nitrogen will be reduced to negative values, but those of volatile phenol, petroleum and lead will increase sharply.

Key words: industrial waste water pollutant; urbanization; Kuznets curve; exponential smoothing method

Evaluation of sustainable utilization of water resources in China/TONG Jixin, et al (Business School, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China)

Abstract: By selecting the latest data from 31 provincial units, seven kinds (25 in total) of evaluation indexes of sustainable utilization of water resources are extracted. The principal component analysis and DEA are employed to evaluate the sustainable utilization of water resources in China. The research results show that the sustainable utilization capability of water resources of nearly 74.2% of China’s provinces is poor, and it is distributed like a ladder. The reason is mainly resulted from the non-coordination of sustainable use of water resources and socio-economy, water environment capacity, agricultural irrigation, urban development and ecological protection. However, there is still a large development potential.

Key words: water resource; sustainable utilization; DEA model; principal component analysis

Characteristics and suggestions of regional development of the seawater desalination industry in China/CHEN Aihui, et al (Institute of Seawater Desalination and Multipurpose Utilization, SOA (Tianjin), Tianjin 300192, China)

Abstract: Based on the current development of the desalination industry in China, the characteristics of desalination industry in the coastal regions of Bohai Rim Area, Yangtze River Delta and Pan-Pearl River Delta and the existing problems are analyzed. The factors such as regional distribution and industrial development are considered for the large-scale regional development. The relevant suggestions are put forward for the regional development of the seawater desalination industry in terms of the desalinated seawater to municipal water distribution system, brand establishment and island classification demonstration.

Key words: seawater desalination industry; unconventional water; regional development

Current situation and development trend of reuse of urban waste water in China/LI Yajuan, et al (Beijing Sinoriver Groundwater Protection and Utilization Institute, Beijing 100053, China)

Abstract: The current situation of reuse of waste water in China is summarized from the following aspects of reuse amount, policies and regulations and technology. The existing problems in the process of recycled water are put forward: immature institutional mechanism, deficient policies and regulations, short investment, difficult operation of enterprises, inadequate pipe networks, inadequate recognition of government, low public participation. The development trend of reuse of waste water in China are analyzed from five aspects, that is, market demand, price system, water quality before treatment, water quality after treatment, technical innovation and technological advance.

Key words: urban waste water; reuse; unconventional water; current situation; trend

Livelihood security assessment of rural reservoir resettlement in D County of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region/CHEN Mingyu, et al (National Research Center for Resettlement (NRCR), Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China)

Abstract: Based on the sustainable livelihood analytical framework and the reference pressure-state-response (PRS) model, an evaluation index system for the livelihood security of rural reservoir resettlement is established by taking D County in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. The comprehensive fuzzy hierarchy analysis method is employed to evaluate the livelihood security of resettlements in D County. The results show that the livelihood security of reservoir resettlements in D County is in a critical state. The reservoir construction has great impact on the resettlements. The implementation progress of regional resettlement development policy is very slow. The resettlements lack of their own ability, and the social forces on their livelihood recovery are short. Some suggestions are put forward: strengthening of resettlement agencies, improvement of social security system of landless resettlements and specification of livelihood recovery management operation.

Key words: rural reservoir resettlement; livelihood security; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region

Cohesion scheme for “sea-lost” fishermen’s endowment insurance/ZHAO Qingqing (School of Public Administration, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China)

Abstract: Based on the previous researches, the existing endowment insurance system and the gradually perfect policies of endowment insurance for landless farmers, the cohesion scheme for the “sea-lost” fishermen’s endowment insurance in accordance with the exiting endowment insurance system is designed referring to the principles of transition, shared responsibility and non-reduction of relative life. According to their different ages and genders, the insured “sea-lost” fishermen are divided. The government, the project owner, the collective and the individual jointly raise funds. The collecting standard is determined from the measures for landless farmers’ endowment insurance and the demands for different insured fishermen’ endowment. The payment mode and level are defined with reference to the existing policies for social endowment insurance. Accordingly, the “sea-lost” fishermen are included into the existing endowment insurance system so as to protect their basic living standards.

Key words: “sea-lost” fisherman; endowment insurance; policy cohesion

Based on the target of investment subjects (government, market investors and farmers) of rural drinking water safety projects, the relevant indexes are set, and a weighted multi-attribute grey target decision model is established. An example of the rural drinking water safety project in Huai’an is analyzed. The proposed model is used to evaluate whether the project is suitable for investment by a single subject. The results show that the project is not suitable for a single investor but for the joint investment by the government, market investors and farmers. Finally, some inspirations and suggestions are put forward for the investment of rural drinking water safety projects.

rural drinking water safety project; investment; subject selection

國家社會科學基金重大項目(13&ZD172)

趙青青(1989—),女,山東平度人,碩士研究生,從事土地經濟與管理、征地拆遷與移民管理等研究。E-mail:794615885@qq.com

10.3880/j.issn.1003-9511.2015.06.017

F840.61

A

1003-9511(2015)06-0075-04

2015-06-17 編輯：方宇彤)

Journal of Economics of Water Resources

Selection of investment subjects of rural drinking water safety projects/FENG Jingchun, et al (Business School, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China; Jiangsu Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of World Water Valley and Water Ecological Civilization, Nanjing 211100, China)