邱君君,華克勤
·綜述·
婦科腫瘤研究長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA及其在婦科腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展中的作用
邱君君,華克勤△
長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA(long non-coding RNA,lncRNA)曾被認(rèn)為是基因組轉(zhuǎn)錄過(guò)程中的“噪音”而被科學(xué)界忽視。然而,近年來(lái)的許多研究表明lncRNA并非是“垃圾”,而是具有功能的RNA分子,故而受到廣泛重視。相比于短鏈非編碼RNA,lncRNA可謂是“后起之秀”,相關(guān)研究剛嶄露頭角,但就目前已有的研究表明,lncRNA在基因表達(dá)調(diào)控方面發(fā)揮著十分重要的作用,在臨床疾病尤其是腫瘤的診治方面有著不可估量的科學(xué)價(jià)值。綜述lncRNA的功能、作用機(jī)制及其在婦科相關(guān)腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展中的意義。
RNA;生殖器腫瘤,女(雌)性;長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼RNA
【Abstract】Long non-coding RNA(lncRNA),once regarded as"noise"in genomic transcription process,were ignored by the scientific community.However,more attentions are paid to lncRNA nowadays because recent studies have shown that they are not"junk"but functional RNAs.Although researches regarding to lncRNA are less because they are just"rising stars"in comparison to short non-coding RNA,these literatures have shown that lncRNA play important roles in the regulation of gene expression and provide immeasurable scientific value for future diagnosis and treatment of clinical disease especially for cancer.In this review,we summarized researches in the current status of the functions,mechanisms of lncRNA and their roles in the development of gynecological tumors.
【Keywords】RNA;Genital neoplasms,female;Long non-coding RNA
(J Int Obstet Gynecol,2015,42:75-78,90)
長(zhǎng)鏈非編碼 RNA(long non-coding RNA,lncRNA)曾被認(rèn)為是基因組轉(zhuǎn)錄過(guò)程中的“噪音”,是RNA聚合酶Ⅱ轉(zhuǎn)錄的副產(chǎn)物,并不具有任何生物學(xué)功能[1]。但近年來(lái)的研究表明lncRNA并非是“垃圾”,而是具有功能的RNA分子,與物種進(jìn)化、胚胎發(fā)育、物質(zhì)代謝以及腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展密切聯(lián)系。對(duì)其功能和機(jī)制進(jìn)行深入研究可能會(huì)使人們對(duì)細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)網(wǎng)絡(luò)和調(diào)控網(wǎng)絡(luò)的認(rèn)識(shí)帶來(lái)革命性的變化,也為臨床疾病尤其是腫瘤診治以及腫瘤相關(guān)標(biāo)記物和治療靶點(diǎn)的探索提供新的思路。
傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為,基因是編碼蛋白的基本單位,然而隨著人類基因組測(cè)序計(jì)劃的完成,學(xué)者們驚奇地發(fā)現(xiàn)在人類基因組中僅有約20 000個(gè)編碼蛋白的基因,只占全部基因的1%~2%,也就是說(shuō)絕大部分的基因組都是非編碼蛋白的。非編碼RNA(noncoding RNA,ncRNA),即那些由DNA轉(zhuǎn)錄卻不翻譯成蛋白的RNA,分為以微小 RNA(microRNA,miRNA)、小干擾RNA(small interfering RNA,siRNA)和Piwi蛋白相作用的RNA(Piwi-interacting RNA,piRNA)等為代表的短小RNA和lncRNA。lncRNA是一類轉(zhuǎn)錄本長(zhǎng)度超過(guò)200核苷酸(nt)的RNA,本身并不編碼蛋白,但能以RNA的形式在多種層面上調(diào)控基因的表達(dá)水平[2]。根據(jù)其與編碼基因的親向性分為5類:正義鏈、反義鏈、雙向、內(nèi)含子及基因間lncRNA[2]。目前認(rèn)為lncRNA可能的來(lái)源是[2]:①由編碼基因結(jié)構(gòu)中斷轉(zhuǎn)變而來(lái),即在早期進(jìn)化過(guò)程中,編碼基因可能由于開放閱讀框(open reading frame,ORF)的突變而失去原有功能,使殘留片段轉(zhuǎn)變成了lncRNA;②在復(fù)制過(guò)程中,由非編碼基因的反移位產(chǎn)生;③由染色體重排產(chǎn)生,即染色體中原先相距較遠(yuǎn)的非轉(zhuǎn)錄片段彼此靠近形成新的含有多個(gè)外顯子的lncRNA;④由基因中插入轉(zhuǎn)座成分產(chǎn)生;⑤鄰近的lncRNA由局部的串聯(lián)復(fù)制子產(chǎn)生。
在整個(gè)基因組轉(zhuǎn)錄產(chǎn)物中,lncRNA所占的比例遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)編碼RNA。與編碼RNA不同的是,lncRNA序列保守性較低,表達(dá)具有時(shí)空特異性。此外,lncRNA在細(xì)胞能耗方面存在優(yōu)勢(shì),因其不需要翻譯,耗能較少,加之容易降解,故可通過(guò)多種機(jī)制在體內(nèi)行使重要的生理生化功能。
lncRNA的直接作用模式主要是通過(guò)染色質(zhì)修飾、轉(zhuǎn)錄和轉(zhuǎn)錄后水平調(diào)控基因表達(dá)。lncRNA的功能主要包括:①通過(guò)在蛋白編碼基因上游啟動(dòng)子區(qū)發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)錄或通過(guò)抑制RNA聚合酶Ⅱ、介導(dǎo)染色質(zhì)重構(gòu)以及組蛋白修飾,影響下游基因表達(dá);②與蛋白編碼基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄本形成互補(bǔ)雙鏈,干擾mRNA的剪切;③與蛋白編碼基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄本形成互補(bǔ)雙鏈,在Dicer酶作用下產(chǎn)生內(nèi)源性siRNA調(diào)控基因表達(dá);④與特定蛋白質(zhì)結(jié)合,調(diào)節(jié)相應(yīng)蛋白的活性或改變?cè)摰鞍椎陌|(zhì)定位;⑤作為結(jié)構(gòu)組分與蛋白質(zhì)形成核酸蛋白質(zhì)復(fù)合體;⑥作為短鏈RNA(如miRNA)的前體分子[3-4]。
雖然lncRNA功能多樣,但其較為重要的功能是參與表觀調(diào)控,因?yàn)?0%來(lái)自基因間序列的lncRNA都能與染色質(zhì)修飾復(fù)合物發(fā)生作用。在表觀調(diào)控過(guò)程中,與短小ncRNA不同的是:①lncRNA常通過(guò)順式作用影響相鄰基因從而奠定不同區(qū)域的甲基化,而短小ncRNA多通過(guò)反式作用;②lncRNA有時(shí)能與轉(zhuǎn)錄位點(diǎn)結(jié)合,進(jìn)行獨(dú)特的等位調(diào)節(jié);③lncRNA擁有更多的序列空間,更易提供精細(xì)及特異性的調(diào)控[5-6]。近兩年,關(guān)于lncRNA在表觀調(diào)控方面的研究逐漸增加。Lee[7]報(bào)道在女性的2個(gè)X染色體中,一個(gè)X染色體失活基因(Xist)進(jìn)行ncRNA轉(zhuǎn)錄的同時(shí)生成了新的Polycomb蛋白質(zhì)組(PcG),可調(diào)控組蛋白修飾,使得此X染色體失活。Tsai等[8]研究表明HOX轉(zhuǎn)錄反義RNA(HOX transcript antisense RNA,HOTAIR)可作為腳手架,聯(lián)合2個(gè)表觀修飾的酶(甲基化酶和去甲基化酶),調(diào)控基因轉(zhuǎn)錄,并借助不同的區(qū)域結(jié)合不同的蛋白復(fù)合物,動(dòng)態(tài)控制與發(fā)育和疾病有關(guān)的基因變化。Heo等[9]發(fā)現(xiàn)lncRNA在植物中能與聚梳蛋白抑制性復(fù)合物2(polycomb repressive complex 2,PRC2)相互作用,調(diào)控開花控制基因座位染色體的甲基化,從而調(diào)控花芽發(fā)育。除此之外,lncRNA還參與基因組印跡、劑量補(bǔ)償效應(yīng)、核質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)、細(xì)胞分化及結(jié)構(gòu)完善、細(xì)胞周期調(diào)控、干細(xì)胞程序再編以及熱休克反應(yīng)等調(diào)節(jié)著細(xì)胞分化發(fā)育和物種進(jìn)化[10]。
隨著對(duì)lncRNA生理生化功能研究的不斷深入,lncRNA與疾病尤其是腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展關(guān)系的研究也取得了令人矚目的成果。最近,文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道了人肺腺癌轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子1(metastasis associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1,MALAT1)在多種腫瘤如肺癌、肝癌、腸癌、前列腺癌、膀胱癌中表達(dá)增高,可作為腫瘤診斷與預(yù)后的新指標(biāo),同時(shí)還發(fā)現(xiàn)lncRNA-MALAT1表達(dá)的變化與腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展及生存率有關(guān)[11-16]。研究表明,在前列腺癌中多種lncRNA如:前列腺癌基因表達(dá)標(biāo)記1(prostate cancer gene expression marker 1,PCGEM1)、新型前列腺癌抗原3 (prostate cancer antigen 3,PCA3,也稱DD3)及前列腺癌相關(guān)融合基因TMPRSS2-ERG可能是未來(lái)較有前景的腫瘤標(biāo)記物[17-19];此外,還發(fā)現(xiàn)前列腺癌相關(guān)的非編碼RNA的轉(zhuǎn)錄本1(prostate cancer-associated ncRNA transcript-1,PCAT-1)可能與前列腺癌亞型有關(guān)[20],前列腺癌非編碼RNA1(prostate cancer noncoding RNA1,PRNCR1)可能與前列腺癌易感性和致癌作用有關(guān)[21]。在肝癌中,肝癌高表達(dá)轉(zhuǎn)錄本(highly up-regulated in liver cancer,HULC)受到較多關(guān)注,并發(fā)現(xiàn)其與腫瘤預(yù)后密切相關(guān)[22-24]。另外,還發(fā)現(xiàn)lncRNA-HOTAIR、母本印跡表達(dá)基因3(materally expressedgene3,MEG3)及肝癌微血管侵犯相關(guān)lncRNA (long noncoding RNA associated with microvascular invasion in HCC,lncRNA-MVIH)也參與肝癌的發(fā)生發(fā)展[25-27]。有研究證實(shí),在惡性黑色素瘤中萌芽同源物4內(nèi)含子轉(zhuǎn)錄本1(sprout homolog 4 intronic transcript 1,SPRY4-IT1)的高表達(dá)與腫瘤細(xì)胞動(dòng)力有關(guān)[28]。在胰腺癌中,除一些內(nèi)含子lncRNA(PPP3CB,MAP3K14及DAPK1 loci)[29]外,lncRNA-HOTAIR、MALAT1及生長(zhǎng)停滯特異性轉(zhuǎn)錄本5(growth arrestspecific transcript 5,GAS5)的異常表達(dá)也與其惡性形成有潛在聯(lián)系[30-32]。盡管大量臨床和基礎(chǔ)研究表明lncRNA的異常表達(dá)與腫瘤的生物學(xué)過(guò)程關(guān)系密切,但對(duì)于lncRNA的致瘤機(jī)制還知之甚少。有觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為,根據(jù)對(duì)腫瘤發(fā)生所起的作用是促進(jìn)或抑制,可將lncRNA分為促癌lncRNA和抑癌lncRNA[33]。正常情況下,兩者能達(dá)到平衡,機(jī)體能通過(guò)某些途徑及時(shí)修復(fù)DNA損傷,或促進(jìn)異常細(xì)胞凋亡。但在促癌因子的作用下,這種平衡往往被打破(包括其數(shù)量和功能),最終導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞癌化。隨著對(duì)lncRNA的重新解讀及深入研究,其在腫瘤中的作用將得到進(jìn)一步揭示。
卵巢癌、宮頸癌、子宮內(nèi)膜癌、乳腺癌已成為當(dāng)今女性健康的主要?dú)⑹?,也是女性腫瘤研究的重中之重。關(guān)于lncRNA在這些領(lǐng)域的文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道不多,主要集中在乳腺癌。
4.1lncRNA與乳腺癌早在2008年,一項(xiàng)大規(guī)?;蚪M研究結(jié)果顯示RNA聚合酶Ⅲ轉(zhuǎn)錄的BC200(即 brain cytoplasmic RNA 1,人腦中表達(dá)的ncRNA)、Xist、MALAT1、RNA聚合酶Ⅲ轉(zhuǎn)錄的BC1(與 BC200同源的小鼠腦中表達(dá)的 ncRNA)等lncRNA在乳腺癌發(fā)生發(fā)展過(guò)程中的表達(dá)水平與正常乳腺組織差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[34]。隨后,Cooper等[35]研究表明編碼和(或)非編碼類固醇受體RNA激活因子(steroid receptor RNA activator,SRA)轉(zhuǎn)錄子之間的平衡不僅影響著乳腺癌的特定表型,還調(diào)控著乳腺癌發(fā)生發(fā)展中特定基因的表達(dá)。Foulds等[36]發(fā)現(xiàn)SRA可調(diào)控細(xì)胞信號(hào)通路及腫瘤侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移,干擾或過(guò)表達(dá)SRA ncRNA能對(duì)某些靶基因啟動(dòng)子進(jìn)行調(diào)控并影響共調(diào)解蛋白的活性。另外,Mourtada-Maarabouni等[37]報(bào)道lncRNA-gas5在乳腺癌中低表達(dá),與腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡有關(guān)。最近在乳腺癌中受關(guān)注較多的是lncRNA-HOTAIR,其在乳腺癌原發(fā)灶和轉(zhuǎn)移灶中均呈高表達(dá),其表達(dá)增高與PRC2的基因組重編程有關(guān),目前認(rèn)為lncRNA-HOTAIR可作為乳腺癌最終轉(zhuǎn)移及死亡相關(guān)的重要指標(biāo)[38]。
4.2lncRNA與卵巢癌胰島素樣生長(zhǎng)因子2 (insulin-like growth factor 2,IGF2)的印跡基因的產(chǎn)物H19是卵巢癌領(lǐng)域最早發(fā)現(xiàn)的lncRNA[39]。而后,隨著對(duì)lncRNA認(rèn)識(shí)的進(jìn)一步增進(jìn),Rangel等[40]通過(guò)基因表達(dá)數(shù)據(jù)系列分析及公共數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)鑒定發(fā)現(xiàn),在5個(gè)新的人卵巢癌特異性轉(zhuǎn)錄子(HOST1~5)中,HOST1作為編碼基因,與卵巢癌標(biāo)記物 CA125 (MUC 16)等同,而HOST2作為一種非編碼基因,可能成為轉(zhuǎn)錄子家族中的新成員,其包含多個(gè)拷貝的逆轉(zhuǎn)錄病毒相關(guān)序列,但缺乏明顯的ORF。RNA印跡(Northern blot)分析表明,HOST2在正?;蚍锹殉舶┙M織中幾乎無(wú)表達(dá),但在卵巢癌中有表達(dá)。實(shí)時(shí)定量聚合酶鏈反應(yīng)(PCR)也顯示HOST2在卵巢漿液性癌、黏液性癌、子宮內(nèi)膜樣癌及透明細(xì)胞癌中均呈明顯高表達(dá)。此外,lncRNA-HOTAIR及應(yīng)激誘導(dǎo)長(zhǎng)非編碼轉(zhuǎn)錄本 5(long stress-induced noncoding transcript 5,LSINCT5)也是新近發(fā)現(xiàn)的參與卵巢癌發(fā)生發(fā)展的lncRNA[41-42]。雖然目前關(guān)于lncRNA在卵巢癌中的致瘤機(jī)制尚不清楚,但其很可能是今后卵巢癌診治的新靶點(diǎn),值得深入研究。
4.3lncRNA與宮頸癌隨著MALAT1在包括肺癌、肝癌、乳腺癌等多種腫瘤中作用的揭示,其在宮頸癌中的作用近年來(lái)也受到了關(guān)注。Guo等[43]用小發(fā)夾RNA(small hairpin RNA,shRNA)抑制宮頸癌細(xì)胞株中MALAT1的表達(dá),通過(guò)逆轉(zhuǎn)錄PCR技術(shù)分析基因表達(dá)的變化,發(fā)現(xiàn)MALAT1可通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)某些基因(如caspase-3,caspase-8,Bax,Bcl-2)的表達(dá)參與宮頸癌細(xì)胞增生、細(xì)胞周期進(jìn)展以及侵襲過(guò)程,進(jìn)而揭示了MALAT1在宮頸癌發(fā)生發(fā)展中的生物學(xué)意義,并為MALAT1可能作為宮頸癌預(yù)防及治療的靶點(diǎn)提供新的證據(jù)。另外,Qin等[44]報(bào)道了MEG3可通過(guò)調(diào)控細(xì)胞周期和凋亡抑制宮頸癌細(xì)胞的增生,這也為宮頸癌的病因及治療提供了新的靶點(diǎn)。
4.4lncRNA與子宮內(nèi)膜癌目前關(guān)于子宮內(nèi)膜癌相關(guān)lncRNA的報(bào)道不多。Tanos等[45]通過(guò)原位雜交發(fā)現(xiàn)在正常子宮內(nèi)膜組織中H19不表達(dá),但在子宮內(nèi)膜增生組織及子宮內(nèi)膜癌中的表達(dá)分別為15%和60%,提示H19或許能成為組織病理診斷的輔助指標(biāo)及預(yù)后指標(biāo)。另外,最新研究報(bào)道了HOTAIR在子宮內(nèi)膜癌組織中高表達(dá),并與腫瘤的生存率有關(guān),提示HOTAIR可能作為子宮內(nèi)膜癌預(yù)后的新指標(biāo)[46],值得深入研究。
功能基因組學(xué)的飛速發(fā)展將越來(lái)越多的目光引向了對(duì)非編碼轉(zhuǎn)錄產(chǎn)物功能的研究。相對(duì)于蛋白編碼序列以及各種小分子RNA,lncRNA的研究還處于起步階段,所鑒定出的功能性lncRNA也僅僅是冰山一角,對(duì)lncRNA的了解還十分有限,尤其在lncRNA與腫瘤的關(guān)系及其致瘤機(jī)制方面還存在很多空白,而對(duì)于其在婦科腫瘤中的研究更是一個(gè)相對(duì)未開發(fā)的領(lǐng)域。因此,重新解讀lncRNA,深入研究其在婦科腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展中的作用將有助于全面地闡釋婦科腫瘤的發(fā)生機(jī)制,為尋找治療的新靶點(diǎn)提供重要的突破口和思路,也為全面揭開lncRNA生物學(xué)功能的神秘面紗提供新的途徑。這其中,以下方向值得重點(diǎn)考慮:①lncRNA與小分子RNA如miRNA之間的交互作用;②婦科腫瘤中甾體激素對(duì)lncRNA的調(diào)控及影響;③特定lncRNA參與的信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)通路。隨著更多新一代測(cè)序技術(shù)及生物信息學(xué)技術(shù)的迅猛發(fā)展,更多與婦科腫瘤相關(guān)的lncRNA將得到詮釋。如果說(shuō)miRNA是當(dāng)下最耀眼的“明星”,那么lncRNA必將成為“后起之秀”,為婦科腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展復(fù)雜分子網(wǎng)絡(luò)機(jī)制的研究迎來(lái)曙光。
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Long Non-Coding RNAs and Their Roles in the Development of Gynecological Tumors
QIU Jun-jun,HUA Ke-qin.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University,Shanghai 200011,China
HUA Ke-qin,E-mail:huakeqin@126.com
2014-06-09)
[本文編輯 王琳]
·綜述·
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(81370689)
200011上海,復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬婦產(chǎn)科醫(yī)院婦產(chǎn)科
華克勤,E-mail:huakeqin@126.com
△審校者