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      幽門(mén)螺桿菌鞭毛致病機(jī)制

      2015-01-25 19:02:41葉麗娜,谷海瀛
      中國(guó)老年學(xué)雜志 2015年10期
      關(guān)鍵詞:鞭毛幽門(mén)螺桿菌致病性

      幽門(mén)螺桿菌鞭毛致病機(jī)制

      葉麗娜谷海瀛

      (寧波大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院,浙江寧波315211)

      關(guān)鍵詞〔〕幽門(mén)螺桿菌;鞭毛;動(dòng)力;致病性

      中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)〔〕R378.99〔

      基金項(xiàng)目:浙江省自然基金重點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目(LZ14H200001)

      通訊作者:谷海瀛(1968-),男,博士,教授,博士生導(dǎo)師,主要從事臨床微生物學(xué)方面的研究。

      第一作者:葉麗娜(1989-),女,在讀碩士,主要從事臨床微生物學(xué)方面的研究。

      幽門(mén)螺桿菌(H.pylori)是微需氧、革蘭陰性、有鞭毛、螺旋桿菌,在全球可能有一半人胃腸道感染H.pylori〔1〕。盡管有人認(rèn)為它是“共棲菌”〔2〕,但它不是正常菌群,因?yàn)镠.pylori在胃腸部定植的所有感染者都呈現(xiàn)組織學(xué)胃腸炎〔3〕,這種感染可引起慢性胃炎、十二指腸炎、消化性潰瘍(胃與十二指腸潰瘍)、胃黏膜相關(guān)組織(MALT)淋巴瘤、萎縮性胃炎、胃腺癌等疾病。這個(gè)菌種具有廣泛的等位基因多樣化和遺傳變異性,且一個(gè)人的胃內(nèi)可以感染多個(gè)幽門(mén)螺桿菌菌株〔4〕,在感染高發(fā)區(qū),具有很高的混合感染率。H.pylori感染致病機(jī)制由定植因子和毒性因子決定的〔3〕,其鞭毛在胃腸黏膜定植中起重要作用〔5〕。

      1H.pylori鞭毛形態(tài)和結(jié)構(gòu)

      H.pylori具有4~8根單端有鞘鞭毛〔6〕,但鞭毛分布位置單端或雙端存在爭(zhēng)議〔7〕,在電子顯微鏡下可觀察到H.pylori鞭毛有鞘及終端球狀物的存在為特征〔8〕。細(xì)菌鞭毛是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的、含多種蛋白質(zhì)的動(dòng)力器官〔9〕。除蛋白外,聚糖如pseudaminic acid 在鞭毛裝配和動(dòng)力中起重要作用〔10〕,也可能是特有的致病因子。每一根鞭毛由三部分組成,從細(xì)胞質(zhì)內(nèi)到細(xì)胞外分別為:鞭毛基體、鞭毛鉤、鞭毛絲。H.pylori鞭毛結(jié)構(gòu)主要組成及其功能參見(jiàn)文獻(xiàn)〔10~28〕。

      2H.pylori鞭毛功能及致病性

      H.pylori 鞭毛主要功能體現(xiàn)其具有動(dòng)力〔7〕,包括“泳動(dòng)”、擴(kuò)散動(dòng)力和“爬動(dòng)”。其致病性包括三方面:定植性、免疫炎癥性和免疫逃避。

      2.1定植性、定植部位

      2.1.1定植性H.pylori在胃腸黏膜表面存活能力就是定植性,這是由菌株的特殊產(chǎn)物決定的,稱(chēng)為定植因子,包括脲酶、動(dòng)力、趨化性、外膜蛋白和細(xì)菌特殊螺旋形態(tài)〔29~33〕等。H.pylori 最適生長(zhǎng)pH為中性〔34,35〕,在肉湯中生長(zhǎng)最適pH為8.5〔36〕,在胃內(nèi)酸性環(huán)境下不適合其生長(zhǎng),通常認(rèn)為脲酶在定植中起重要作用是由于脲酶水解尿素產(chǎn)生NH3和CO2〔37〕,NH3對(duì)上皮細(xì)胞有損傷性,并且脲酶和胃上皮細(xì)胞CD74受體結(jié)合,參與炎癥反應(yīng),在黏附中起重要作用〔38〕。但脲酶作用被認(rèn)為是產(chǎn)生的NH3中和胃酸,升高菌體周?chē)h(huán)境pH〔31〕,從而促進(jìn)胃內(nèi)定植。但脲酶作為定植因子是有爭(zhēng)議的,原因是 Mine等〔39〕報(bào)道了分離于消化性潰瘍患者H.pylori 脲酶陰性突變菌株能在蒙古沙鼠胃內(nèi)定植并引起潰瘍。除脲酶外,H.pylori定植因子最主要的就是動(dòng)力,其動(dòng)力是由于鞭毛運(yùn)動(dòng)。確定動(dòng)力是H.pylori 重要的定植因子最早由Eaton等〔40〕報(bào)道的H.pylori感染無(wú)菌小豬試驗(yàn),該試驗(yàn)結(jié)果證實(shí)有動(dòng)力菌株比無(wú)動(dòng)力菌株感染率高,并且在無(wú)菌小豬胃內(nèi)定植時(shí)間長(zhǎng)。很多研究都應(yīng)用動(dòng)力缺陷突變菌株在動(dòng)物感染模型定植減少證明動(dòng)力對(duì)定植有非常重要的影響,包括 H.pylori motB突變株〔41〕、FliD突變株〔25〕、putA突變株〔42〕和趨化作用突變菌株〔43,44〕,這些菌株動(dòng)力減少,在小鼠胃內(nèi)或蒙古沙鼠胃內(nèi)定植就降低。最能證明動(dòng)力在H.pylori定植起重要作用的是Osaki等〔45〕研究的H.pylori luxS 基因的報(bào)告,luxS 基因突變株鞭毛形態(tài)無(wú)變化,但菌株動(dòng)力變小,在蒙古沙鼠胃內(nèi)定植顯著減少。 Asakura等〔46〕研究證實(shí),改變鞭毛蛋白糖基化水平,會(huì)影響菌株動(dòng)力,F(xiàn)laA蛋白糖基化增加,菌株動(dòng)力也會(huì)增加,這樣定植載量就增大了。這些試驗(yàn)充分說(shuō)明鞭毛動(dòng)力功能對(duì)定植性具有顯著影響。

      H.pylori定植性用定植密度或載量表示,通過(guò)定量培養(yǎng)獲得每克胃黏膜組織所含的菌落數(shù)(CFU/g)〔44,47〕,也有PCR方法定量檢測(cè)胃黏膜H.pylori DNA〔48〕。測(cè)定不同動(dòng)力大小有3種方法,分別為測(cè)定H.pylori泳動(dòng)動(dòng)力大小直接方法是使用相差顯微鏡測(cè)定菌體在胃黏液層中平均運(yùn)動(dòng)速度〔49〕,測(cè)定擴(kuò)散動(dòng)力大小應(yīng)用半固體瓊脂穿刺接種菌落方法,準(zhǔn)確量取生長(zhǎng)圓環(huán)直徑〔41,44,45〕,另外就是爬動(dòng)動(dòng)力大小測(cè)定方法〔42,50〕,在半固體培養(yǎng)基表面定量接種菌液,準(zhǔn)確量取瓊脂表面生長(zhǎng)的圓環(huán)直徑,通過(guò)這些報(bào)告結(jié)果可以得出動(dòng)物感染模型H.pylori胃黏膜定植載量和動(dòng)力大小呈正相關(guān)的推論。

      2.1.2定植部位H.pylori定植不是均勻分布,胃部定植主要在胃竇部位定植載量大〔51〕,但胃體等其他部位也能定植,可以在十二指腸球部定植,是引起十二指腸球部潰瘍的主要原因〔52〕,這些在不同部位定植菌株是否都具有同源性,是否因?yàn)榫暧袆?dòng)力由胃竇部位擴(kuò)散至其他部位定植,還沒(méi)有定論。但H.pylori可以直接在十二指腸定植,引起原發(fā)性十二指腸潰瘍〔53〕,雖然是小概率事件,但可以推定胃腸內(nèi)在不同部位定植的菌株其來(lái)源可能不同,因?yàn)镠.pylori胃部感染可以有異質(zhì)性〔4〕。 H.pylori也可以在結(jié)腸定植〔54~56〕,其定植意義存在爭(zhēng)議,其來(lái)源也不清楚。

      2.2免疫炎癥性和免疫逃避H.pylori定植不同于雙歧桿菌在腸道定植,因?yàn)殡p歧桿菌是人類(lèi)腸道正常菌群,不會(huì)出現(xiàn)炎癥反應(yīng)。H.pylori動(dòng)力、定植載量和中性粒細(xì)胞侵染程度呈正相關(guān)〔44,57,58〕,定植性是H.pylori引起炎癥反應(yīng)的基礎(chǔ),而動(dòng)力就是定植性決定因子,并且影響著感染結(jié)果,除此之外,鞭毛作用還體現(xiàn)在免疫炎癥性和免疫逃避。

      2.2.1免疫炎癥性H.pylori鞭毛的主要結(jié)構(gòu)蛋白質(zhì)包括HpaA,F(xiàn)laA,F(xiàn)laB,F(xiàn)liD,F(xiàn)lgK等,胃病患者的活組織標(biāo)本中分離出的H.pylori菌株均表達(dá)HpaA,F(xiàn)laA,F(xiàn)laB〔59〕,這些鞭毛蛋白作為細(xì)菌鞭毛最主要的成分,也是感染后體液免疫的主要靶點(diǎn)〔60〕,同時(shí)鞭毛蛋白能激活Th1與Tp反應(yīng),引起細(xì)胞免疫的活化,產(chǎn)生很強(qiáng)的抗體反應(yīng),flaA與flaB在胃特定環(huán)境中給菌株提供了動(dòng)力,促進(jìn)了胃組織的炎癥反應(yīng)。

      2.2.2免疫逃避H.pylori感染通常從孩提時(shí)起,如果不用抗生素治療,可以持續(xù)感染終身〔61〕。人體免疫系統(tǒng)無(wú)法清除該細(xì)菌;最主要原因是免疫逃避。鞭毛蛋白雖然能在感染患者中產(chǎn)生抗鞭毛蛋白的抗體,但是它逃避了TLR5受體識(shí)別〔61,62〕。可能原因是鞭毛蛋白特別是FlaA沒(méi)有“裸露”出來(lái),在感染的胃上皮細(xì)胞中檢測(cè)不到〔63〕,并且其他細(xì)菌鞭毛誘導(dǎo)IL-8分泌,促炎癥反應(yīng)發(fā)生,但H.pylori鞭毛蛋白似乎不能在胃上皮細(xì)胞誘導(dǎo)IL-8分泌,但高動(dòng)力菌株可以促進(jìn)產(chǎn)生更多的IL-8〔64〕,最有可能是鞭毛鞘HpaA可以“掩護(hù)”鞭毛蛋白,避免被TLR5所識(shí)別〔65〕。

      3H.pylori鞭毛結(jié)構(gòu)、動(dòng)力、趨化性和定植性的關(guān)系

      鞭毛組成結(jié)構(gòu)中,C環(huán)復(fù)合體由FliM、FliN、FliY、FliG組成,基因FliM、 FliN、 FliY 、FliG菌株幾乎不形成鞭毛(只有FliN突變株形成少量鞭毛),即使有鞭毛,也是“癱瘓”鞭毛,這種菌株無(wú)動(dòng)力〔9〕。馬達(dá)對(duì)細(xì)菌動(dòng)力起重要作用,motB基因缺陷菌株存在鞭毛結(jié)構(gòu),但無(wú)動(dòng)力,motB基因缺陷菌株感染小鼠定植載量顯著低于對(duì)照組〔41〕。其他鞭毛基因FliF、FliS、FlhB、FliQ、FliG、FliI突變,都不形成鞭毛也無(wú)動(dòng)力,但flhA 突變形成短鞭毛結(jié)構(gòu)〔13〕。FlgE是鞭毛鉤主要蛋白,F(xiàn)lgE突變株失去動(dòng)力〔23〕。鞭毛絲FlaA和FlaB是菌株動(dòng)力是重要鞭毛蛋白,F(xiàn)laA、FlaB突變株鞭毛數(shù)減少,形態(tài)不完整,動(dòng)力變?nèi)酰現(xiàn)laA和FlaB雙突變株完全失去動(dòng)力,F(xiàn)laA、FlaB突變株定植弱〔24,66〕,且在動(dòng)物模型體內(nèi)不能長(zhǎng)時(shí)間定植〔66〕。鞭毛絲FliD基因突變,致使鞭毛變短,細(xì)胞鞭毛數(shù)量變少,不能形成動(dòng)力,小鼠感染模型定植載量減少到零〔25〕。 FaaA蛋白定位于鞭毛鞘,F(xiàn)aaA基因突變,每個(gè)菌體細(xì)胞鞭毛數(shù)量減少,動(dòng)力和定植載量都會(huì)減少〔27,8〕。

      另外值得關(guān)注的是趨化性,因?yàn)橼吇孕盘?hào)蛋白CheY和鞭毛轉(zhuǎn)子蛋白FliN結(jié)合控制鞭毛旋轉(zhuǎn)方向〔29〕,趨化性突變菌株減少了動(dòng)力,如趨化性CheW、CheV基因突變〔67〕,CheY、CheA基因突變〔50〕及TlpB基因突變〔44〕,這些基因突變菌株定植載量減少〔44,68〕,但Williams等〔69〕的研究正好相反,他們的研究結(jié)果證實(shí)趨化性基因突變(△CheY、△CheW)菌株定植載量沒(méi)有減少,只是降低了炎癥反應(yīng)。Howitt等〔70〕研究了一種新蛋白ChePep,這種蛋白定位于鞭毛桿部位,具有調(diào)節(jié)鞭毛旋轉(zhuǎn)功能,能控制H.pylori趨化性,其基因突變菌株鞭毛動(dòng)力減少,單獨(dú)感染雖然不會(huì)影響定植載量,但在胃腺體定植載量顯著減少。Rolig等〔43〕也證明,TlpD控制的趨化性基因突變菌株和定植部位有關(guān),在胃竇部位定植載量顯著減少。也有人證實(shí)趨化性基因突變(△CheY)和動(dòng)力基因突變(△motB)都會(huì)使定植載量減少,但動(dòng)力基因突變使定植載量減少更為顯著〔58〕。因此,趨化性和定植性的關(guān)系還不明確,有待進(jìn)一步研究。

      4結(jié)語(yǔ)

      H.pylori鞭毛無(wú)論是結(jié)構(gòu)還是動(dòng)力功能都和定植載量密切相關(guān),其實(shí)動(dòng)力是通過(guò)鞭毛形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)體現(xiàn)的,形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生改變,就會(huì)影響菌株動(dòng)力。在具體研究中,測(cè)定的是擴(kuò)散動(dòng)力或者爬動(dòng)動(dòng)力,鞭毛形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)兩種動(dòng)力分別有怎樣的影響,還不清楚。

      除了動(dòng)力以外,細(xì)菌鞭毛致病作用就是黏附性〔71,72〕,但H.pylori不同于其他細(xì)菌,細(xì)菌對(duì)胃上皮細(xì)胞的黏附性并不取決于鞭毛蛋白〔73〕,即使細(xì)菌鞭毛減少了,而黏附性可以無(wú)變化,但和鞭毛基因突變類(lèi)型有關(guān),無(wú)鞭毛的FlaA::cat/Flab::Km基因突變菌株黏附性減少并不顯著,F(xiàn)lbA基因突變黏附性顯著減少研究H.pylori鞭毛動(dòng)力和胃腸黏膜定植性的關(guān)系有重要意義,可以更深入理解其致病機(jī)制,尤其是動(dòng)力異質(zhì)性,最早由Eaton等報(bào)道〔40〕定植感染的菌株動(dòng)力有差異性,但沒(méi)有引起重視,H.pylori動(dòng)力定量異質(zhì)性和胃腸黏膜定植性的關(guān)系深入研究,會(huì)使其致病性之謎得到進(jìn)一步揭示。

      5參考文獻(xiàn)

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      〔2015-02-06修回〕

      (編輯李相軍/滕欣航)

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