樊青玲,張 平,任旻瓊
常德職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院藥學(xué)系,常德 415000
薏苡(Coix lacroyma-jobiL.var.ma-yuen Stapf)為禾本科薏苡屬一年生或多年生草本植物,是中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)藥食兼用作物。薏苡廣泛種植于南北各省區(qū),海拔35~2500 m 的地區(qū)都有栽培,除青海、甘肅、寧夏未見(jiàn)報(bào)道外,全國(guó)各省區(qū)均有分布[1]。其種仁入藥,為薏仁又名薏苡仁、薏米、薏珠子等,最早記載于《神農(nóng)本草》,是一種歷史悠久的常用中藥[2]。2010年版中國(guó)藥典記載薏苡仁可健脾滲濕,除痹止瀉,清熱排膿等功效。薏苡根功用與薏苡仁基本相同,清熱,利尿并有驅(qū)蟲作用,能治蟲積腹痛,薏苡葉具有降壓等作用[3]。薏苡應(yīng)用廣泛,不僅用于醫(yī)療保健,還用于美容。
薏苡為濕生性植物,喜溫暖氣候,對(duì)土壤要求不嚴(yán),多生于河邊、溪流邊或陰濕河谷中[4]。湖南地處長(zhǎng)江以南,屬亞熱帶濕潤(rùn)氣候帶,具有薏苡生長(zhǎng)較為適宜的氣候、土壤、溫度、光照等自然條件,薏苡野生資源極為豐富。目前,國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者對(duì)薏苡開展了多方面研究,本文對(duì)薏苡的化學(xué)成分、藥理活性、應(yīng)用等方面進(jìn)行了綜述,為湖南薏苡的開發(fā)利用提供了一定理論依據(jù)。
1961年,日本學(xué)者U-kita 等首次從薏苡仁中分離出薏苡仁脂[5]。1990年,日本學(xué)者Tokuda 等又從薏苡中分離出另一脂肪酸甘油酯α-單亞麻酯[6]。Numata M[7]、雷正杰[8]等學(xué)者研究出薏苡中含有棕櫚酸及其甘油酯、硬脂酸及其甘油酯、油酸及其甘油酯、亞油酸及其甘油酯。
Lee MY[9]、Chung CP[10]等學(xué)者對(duì)薏苡糠中化學(xué)成分進(jìn)行了研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)有內(nèi)酰胺類化合物如Coixspirolactam A(1)、Coixspirolactam B(2)、Coixspirolactam C(3)、Coixspirolactam D(4)、Coixspirolactam E(5)、Coixlactam(6)、Methyl dioxindole-3-acetate(7)、Isoindol-1-one(8)。如圖1 所示。
圖1 薏苡中內(nèi)酰胺類化合物(1~8)Fig.1 Lactam compounds of C.lacryma-jobi (1~8)
薏苡仁中含有多個(gè)甾醇類化合物,目前報(bào)道的有阿魏酰豆甾醇、阿魏酰菜子甾醇、蕓苔甾醇[11]、α-谷甾醇、β-谷甾醇、γ-谷甾醇、豆甾醇等[12]。
Hamld Y、Shuichi Y 等[13]從薏苡仁中得到的三萜類化合物有2 個(gè),它們是friedelin 和isoorinol。
Huang DW、Chung CP 等學(xué)者研究發(fā)現(xiàn)薏苡中含有黃酮類化合物圣草素(9)[14]、異甘草素(10)、芒柄花黃素(11)、柚皮素(12)、高北美圣草素(13)、橙皮素(14)、甘草素(15)等[15]。如圖2 所示。
目前從薏苡仁中得到的多糖類化合物有薏苡多糖A、B、C(Coixan A,B,C),中性葡聚糖1~7 及酸性多糖CA-1 和CA-2[16]。
目前僅從薏苡仁的水浸提取物中分到一個(gè)生物堿類化合物,為四氫哈爾明堿的衍生物[17]。
薏苡中化合物有70 多種,除了以上的化學(xué)成分之外,含有茚類化合物[18]、木脂素類化合物等[19,20]。
圖2 薏苡中黃酮類化合物(9~15)Fig.2 Flavonoids of C.lacryma-jobi (9-15)
近代早期的藥理實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明薏苡仁具有解熱、鎮(zhèn)痛、鎮(zhèn)靜作用,對(duì)離體心臟、腸管、子宮有興奮作用[21]。從20 世紀(jì)60年代開始,中外學(xué)者陸續(xù)報(bào)道了薏苡仁的抗腫瘤、免疫調(diào)節(jié)、降血糖血鈣、降壓、抗病毒及抑制胰蛋白酶、誘發(fā)排卵等方面的藥理活性[22]。
李毓等[23]通過(guò)裸鼠移植瘤淋巴轉(zhuǎn)移模型觀察薏苡仁對(duì)鼻咽癌轉(zhuǎn)移的影響中發(fā)現(xiàn),薏苡仁能以量效方式抑制人鼻咽癌細(xì)胞CNE-2Z 的轉(zhuǎn)移,其累積ID50 為10~282 mol/kg。胡笑克等[24]在單獨(dú)使用薏苡抗NPC 的實(shí)驗(yàn)中也發(fā)現(xiàn)薏苡4-酯(coixenolide,CXL)能選擇性地抑制NPC 腫瘤細(xì)胞CNE-2Z 的增殖。李風(fēng)云等[25]通過(guò)肝癌細(xì)胞株體內(nèi)抑癌活性實(shí)驗(yàn)則證實(shí)重復(fù)多次抑瘤率穩(wěn)定在40%~7901 胃癌模型,發(fā)現(xiàn)薏苡仁能抑制胃癌細(xì)胞增殖和誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡。Chang 等[26]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),薏苡仁的甲醇提取物在體內(nèi)和體外均能誘導(dǎo)人肺癌A549 細(xì)胞凋亡和細(xì)胞周期停滯,即減少細(xì)胞有絲分裂,阻止細(xì)胞增殖。史周印等[27]在治療晚期肝癌患者時(shí)行肝動(dòng)脈化療栓塞術(shù)中發(fā)現(xiàn),薏苡仁與化療藥物的療效近似,但毒副反應(yīng)輕,且能增加化療藥物的抗癌作用,可見(jiàn)腫瘤明顯縮小。韓蘇夏等[28]在用薏苡仁酯(KLT)誘導(dǎo)人宮頸癌HeLa 細(xì)胞凋亡的實(shí)驗(yàn)過(guò)程中發(fā)現(xiàn)KLT 在誘導(dǎo)癌細(xì)胞壞死的同時(shí)能誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞凋亡,F(xiàn)CM 檢測(cè)到細(xì)胞的凋亡率為13%。肖立峰等[29]通過(guò)單細(xì)胞凝膠電泳實(shí)驗(yàn)觀察,薏苡可能通過(guò)破壞癌細(xì)胞的DNA,從而抑制癌細(xì)胞的分裂增殖。馮剛等[30]通過(guò)小鼠移植性腫瘤模型體內(nèi)實(shí)驗(yàn),也發(fā)現(xiàn)薏苡仁具有明顯的抑制肉瘤生長(zhǎng)作用,其抑瘤率為46.21%。
葉敏[31]等發(fā)現(xiàn)薏苡仁水提液能顯著拮抗環(huán)磷酰胺所致免疫功能低下小鼠的免疫器官重量減輕和白細(xì)胞數(shù)量減少,明顯增加小鼠腹腔巨噬細(xì)胞的吞噬百分率及吞噬指數(shù),顯著增加血清溶血素含量。苗明三[32]用大、小劑量薏苡仁多糖水溶液灌服應(yīng)用環(huán)磷酰胺復(fù)制出的免疫低下小鼠模型,每天給藥1次,連服7 d,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),薏苡仁多糖可顯著提高免疫低下小鼠腹腔巨噬細(xì)胞的吞噬百分率和吞噬指數(shù);促進(jìn)溶血素及溶血空斑形成,促進(jìn)淋巴細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化。
現(xiàn)代藥理研究表明,薏苡仁多糖有顯著的降糖作用。徐梓輝等[33]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)薏苡仁多糖可能有抑制肝糖原分解、肌糖原酵解,抑制糖異生作用,從而達(dá)到血糖水平降低的目的。薏苡仁多糖的作用機(jī)制可能是通過(guò)對(duì)糖代謝酶活性的調(diào)節(jié)作用以及對(duì)機(jī)體損傷的保護(hù)作用[34]。Wistar 大鼠給予薏苡仁油喂養(yǎng)4 周,可以顯著降低大鼠瘦素、胰島素、脂肪組織和低密度脂蛋白膽固醇水平[35]。張?jiān)葡嫉韧ㄟ^(guò)45例糖尿病患者的臨床試驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),薏苡仁醇提物的療效優(yōu)于對(duì)照組降糖消渴膠囊[36]。
譚煌英等[37]研究表明以薏苡仁油為主要成分的康萊特注射液具有鎮(zhèn)痛作用,并對(duì)疼痛相關(guān)細(xì)胞因子產(chǎn)生影響。高嵐等[38]發(fā)現(xiàn)薏苡仁湯對(duì)大鼠蛋清性關(guān)節(jié)炎、棉球性肉芽腫及二甲苯所致的小鼠耳殼腫脹等均有明顯的抑制作用。張明發(fā)等[39]在采用多種實(shí)驗(yàn)性急、慢性動(dòng)物炎癥模型進(jìn)行研究時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),薏苡仁的有效成分為薏苡素,具有溫和的鎮(zhèn)痛抗炎作用,對(duì)癌性疼痛及炎癥反應(yīng)有一定的緩解作用。
Ishiguro 等[40]從薏苡種子的黃化幼苗的甲醇提取物中分離的到了有抗菌活性的茚類化合物3,5-Dimethoxy-1H-inden-1-one。研究顯示該化合物對(duì)細(xì)菌、酵母菌、真菌均有作用,是首次報(bào)道的從植物中分離出的對(duì)三種不同菌均有抗性的成分。
薏苡仁谷殼的甲醇提取物顯示有DPPH 自由基清除能力,且在該生物活性的跟蹤下經(jīng)過(guò)分離純化,在正丁醇萃取的部分得到6 個(gè)化合物,這些化合物均顯示出較強(qiáng)的抗氧化活性[9]。
頑固性無(wú)排卵癥患者服用薏苡仁為主藥的方劑后,可顯著改善身體機(jī)能。薏苡仁的提取物可誘發(fā)金色倉(cāng)鼠排卵,阿魏酰豆甾醇和阿魏酰菜子甾醇是促進(jìn)排卵的活性物質(zhì)[41]。Yeh 等[42]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),用薏苡仁喂食的糖尿病SD 大鼠,其總膽固醇和三酰甘油水平顯著降低。Kim SO[43]等和Park Y[44]等研究發(fā)現(xiàn)薏苡仁可能是通過(guò)抑制肝臟膽固醇合成,加速肝臟磷脂的合成,促進(jìn)甘油三酯從膽汁排泌,產(chǎn)生抗肥胖作用。
近年來(lái),國(guó)內(nèi)外對(duì)薏苡的開發(fā)利用已逐漸加強(qiáng),現(xiàn)應(yīng)用于很多方面的研究。
薏苡仁經(jīng)現(xiàn)代科學(xué)方法提取生產(chǎn)的康萊特注射液臨床上用于癌癥的治療[11]。
薏苡的營(yíng)養(yǎng)價(jià)值,堪稱“禾本科作物之王”,由于其含有豐富的營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分,開發(fā)出很多食品。劉月好[45]將薏苡仁與大麥、玉米、大豆等混合,制成營(yíng)養(yǎng)豐富的薏苡仁大麥粉、薏苡仁餅干、薏苡仁類膨化食品及薏苡仁類咖啡飲料等。張麗華等[46]人采用薏苡仁、大豆為主要原料,研制出薏苡仁保健豆腐,是一種保健型內(nèi)酯豆腐。李樹立等[47]將蟲草菌絲體粉配伍經(jīng)膨化的薏苡仁、大米、熟化的面粉和芝麻、砂糖等,制成具有保健功能的蟲草薏苡仁糊。另外還有保健食品如苡仁米茶、薏米乳精、薏米乳酸飲料、薏米保健酒、薏米糕點(diǎn)等,藥膳如薏苡仁粥、嫩膚飲等。
此外,薏苡也成為美容界的寵兒,開發(fā)出薏苡仁面膜、薏苡仁洗面奶、薏苡仁減肥等產(chǎn)品。
薏苡作為我國(guó)食藥兼用的古老又極具開發(fā)潛力的植物,一方面富含蛋白質(zhì)、脂肪、氨基酸及微量元素等,具備很高的營(yíng)養(yǎng)價(jià)值,是典型的“綠色食品”[48-52];另一方面,薏苡仁是我國(guó)傳統(tǒng)中藥,具有抗腫瘤、抗炎、抗病毒、抗菌、降血糖、免疫調(diào)節(jié)等多方面的活性。陳成斌[40]和楊志清等[53]分別已經(jīng)對(duì)廣西和云南薏苡種質(zhì)資源進(jìn)行研究和整理,而處在亞熱帶濕潤(rùn)地區(qū)湖南的薏苡從未做過(guò)研究。通過(guò)合理開發(fā)與充分利用湖南薏苡種質(zhì)資源,研究出新品種,促進(jìn)薏苡產(chǎn)業(yè)化發(fā)展。
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