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      同位語從句引導詞全破解

      2013-07-30 03:01:02李云標
      高中生學習·高二版 2013年5期
      關鍵詞:同位語陳述句連詞

      李云標

      同位語從句,在同位語的基礎上發(fā)展、變化而來,是名詞性從句的一種,常置于promise(承諾),opinion(觀點),news(新聞),conclusion(結論),possibility(可能性)等名詞之后,用來進一步解釋或者補充說明這些名詞(這些名詞可以稱為同位名詞)的具體含義或內(nèi)容。

      在使用同位語從句時,要特別注意引導詞的選擇。同位語從句通常由從屬連詞(that)引導,有時也由從屬連詞(whether)、連接代詞(who, whose, what, which)和連接副詞(when, where, how, why)等引導。其中,that是一個純引導詞,只起連接作用;連接詞whether, who, when, why等,除了有連接的作用之外,還有一定的“疑問”意義。選擇同位語從句的引導詞時,可以從以下四個方面考慮:

      一、如果同位語從句所表達的意義是完整的,從句由從屬連詞that引導(通常不可省略that)。

      例1 The fact that Dolly seemed to develop normally was very encouraging.

      句子的意思是:多莉似乎在正常地成長著,這很令人鼓舞。句中的同位語從句(that Dolly seemed to develop normally)就是同位名詞(the fact)的內(nèi)容,而且意義完整,所以同位語從句引導詞為that。還可以把這類從句用于其它名詞性從句中或者轉換成簡單句,幫助我們理解同位語從句的含義。比如,把它轉換為一個陳述句,在同位名詞和同位語從句之間加上動詞be或者去掉同位名詞:

      陳述句:Dolly seemed to develop normally.

      表語從句:The fact was that Dolly seemed to develop normally.

      主語從句:That Dolly seemed to develop normally was very encouraging.

      例2 There is no doubt that I will always stay with you.

      句子的意思是:我將永遠跟你在一起,這是毫無疑問的。句中的同位語從句(that I will always stay with you)就是同位名詞(doubt)的內(nèi)容,而且意義完整,所以同位語從句引導詞為that。也可以運用句式轉換理解從句的含義:

      陳述句:I will always stay with you.

      主語從句:It is certain that I will always stay with you.

      例3 The general gave the order that the soldiers should cross the river at once.

      句子的意思是:將軍下達了戰(zhàn)士們立即過河的命令。句中的同位語從句(that the soldiers should cross the river at once)就是同位名詞(the order)的內(nèi)容,而且意義完整,所以同位語從句引導詞為that。

      陳述句:The soldiers should cross the river at once.

      表語從句:The order was that the soldiers should cross the river at once.

      賓語從句:The general ordered that the soldiers should cross the river at once.

      注:表示建議、命令、要求等的名詞,如suggestion, proposal, advice, order, request等,后接同位語從句時,從句謂語動詞用"should+動詞原形",其中的should可以省略。

      二、如果同位語從句所表達的含義要增加“是否”才完整,從句由從屬連詞whether引導(不可使用if)。

      例4 We are not investigating the question whether he is trustworthy.

      句子的意思是:我們不是在調查他是否可以信任的問題。句中的同位語從句(whether he is trustworthy)就是同位名詞(the question)的內(nèi)容,而且增加“是否”之后意義才完整,所以同位語從句引導詞為whether。理解這類從句的意義時,可以把它轉換為一般疑問句,也可以把它用于其它名詞性從句中:

      一般疑問句:Is he trustworthy?

      表語從句:The question is whether he is trustworthy.

      賓語從句:We are not investigating whether he is trustworthy.

      例5 We have some doubt whether they can complete the task on time.

      句子的意思是:我們懷疑他們是否能準時完成任務。句中的同位語從句(whether they can complete the task on time)就是同位名詞(doubt)的內(nèi)容,而且增加“是否”之后意義才完整,所以同位語從句引導詞為whether。

      一般疑問句:Can they complete the task on time?

      賓語從句:We doubt whether/if they can complete the task on time.

      三、如果同位語從句所表達的意義要增加“誰(的)、什么、哪個(些)”才完整,從句由連接代詞who, whose, what, which引導。

      例6 Actually I have no idea what went on in the classroom yesterday afternoon.

      句子的意思是:我確實不知道昨天下午教室里發(fā)生了什么事。句中的同位語從句(what went on in the classroom yesterday afternoon)就是同位名詞(idea)的內(nèi)容,而且增加“什么”之后意義才完整,所以同位語從句引導詞為what。

      特殊疑問句:What went on in the classroom yesterday afternoon?

      賓語從句:I dont know what went on in the classroom yesterday afternoon.

      四、如果同位語從句所表達的意義要增加“何時、何地、如何、為何”才完整,從句由連接副詞when, where, how, why引導。

      例7 We dont understand the problem why this is the best choice.

      句子的意思是:我們不明白這個問題,為什么這是最好的選擇。句中的同位語從句(why this is the best choice)就是同位名詞(the problem)的內(nèi)容,而且增加“為什么”之后意義才完整,所以同位語從句引導詞為why。理解這類從句的意義時,可以把它轉換為特殊疑問句,也可以把它用于其它名詞性從句中:

      特殊疑問句:Why is this the best choice?

      表語從句:The problem is why this is the best choice.

      賓語從句:We dont understand why this is the best choice.

      例8 I have no idea where I should go during the summer vacation.

      句子的意思是:我不知道他什么時候回來。句中的同位語從句(where I should go during the summer vacation)就是同位名詞(idea)的內(nèi)容,而且增加“什么地方”之后意義才完整,所以同位語從句引導詞為where。

      特殊疑問句:Where should I go during the summer vacation?

      賓語從句:I dont know where I should go during the summer vacation.

      綜上所述,要準確把握同位語從句與同位名詞的聯(lián)系選用合適的引導詞,可以運用句式轉換(包括陳述句、疑問句、表語從句、主語從句或者賓語從句等)的方法來理解同位語從句的含義。概括起來講,正確選用同位語從句的關鍵,在于把握同位語從句所表達的內(nèi)容與它的同位名詞之間的語義聯(lián)系。在邏輯語義上,同位語從句與它的同位名詞表現(xiàn)為同位關系,或者同一關系、解釋關系,這是同位語從句的實質。

      練習

      1. Nobody believed his reason for being absent from the class________ he had to meet his uncle at the airport.

      A. whether B. which

      C. when D. that

      2. Now we meet with the difficulty________, we can persuade him to tell the truth.

      A. how B. that

      C. what D. which

      3. It was at the very beginning that Mr Brown made the decision________ we should send more firefighters there?

      A. which B. when

      C. that D. what

      4. We havent yet settled the question________, we are going to spend our Spring Festival.

      A. when B. where

      C. what D. whether

      5. — Its thirty years since we last met.

      — But I still remember the story, believe it or not, ________we got lost on a rainy night.

      A. that B. which

      C. what D. when

      6. We must never overlook our small weak points because of the fact ________ . (achievement)

      我們不可因為已經(jīng)有了大的成績就忽視小的缺點。

      7. Well discuss the problem ________ on time. (hold)

      我們將討論運動會是否會如期舉行的問題。

      8. The rumor spread ________ here. (build)

      謠傳這里要建一家新的醫(yī)院。

      9. I have no impression ________ last weekend, perhaps by bike. (go)

      上周末他怎樣回家的,我沒有印象了,可能是騎自行車吧。

      10. The question ________that accident has never been settled. (blame)

      該由誰為事故承擔責任,這個問題根本沒有解決。

      參考答案

      1~5 DACBA

      6. that we have made big achievements

      7. whether the sports meeting will be held

      8. that a new hospital would be built

      9. how he went home

      10. who was to blame for

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