【摘要】 目的 探討右美托咪定對擇期剖宮產(chǎn)產(chǎn)婦術(shù)后睡眠質(zhì)量及并發(fā)癥的影響。方法 選取行擇期剖宮產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)婦180例,隨機(jī)分為右美托咪定組(D組)和對照組(C組),每組90例。從胎兒取出后15 min內(nèi)分別泵注右美托咪定0.5 μg/kg(D組)或10 mL生理鹽水。通過匹茲堡睡眠質(zhì)量指數(shù)(PSQI)量表和失眠嚴(yán)重程度指數(shù)(ISI)評估術(shù)后24、48 h及出院前1天產(chǎn)婦的睡眠狀況,采用視覺模擬評分(VAS)記錄2組產(chǎn)婦術(shù)后24 h和48 h靜息疼痛及活動疼痛情況;記錄產(chǎn)婦圍術(shù)期其他并發(fā)癥情況。結(jié)果 D組產(chǎn)婦術(shù)后24、48 h及出院前1天的PSQI評分及ISI評分均低于C組產(chǎn)婦(均P lt; 0.05),D組產(chǎn)婦術(shù)后24 h重度睡眠障礙及失眠的發(fā)生率低于C組產(chǎn)婦(P = 0.031、0.021)。D組產(chǎn)婦術(shù)后24、48 h的靜息疼痛及活動疼痛均較輕,術(shù)后PCEA按壓的次數(shù)也較少(均P lt; 0.05)。D組產(chǎn)婦術(shù)后惡心嘔吐、皮膚瘙癢并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率較低,術(shù)后首次下地時間、術(shù)后住院時間較短,住院期間的滿意度較高,產(chǎn)后6周抑郁發(fā)生率也較低(均P lt; 0.05)。結(jié)論 右美托咪定能改善剖宮產(chǎn)產(chǎn)婦術(shù)后的睡眠質(zhì)量,減輕術(shù)后疼痛及并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 右美托咪定;剖宮產(chǎn);睡眠障礙;術(shù)后疼痛;產(chǎn)后抑郁;并發(fā)癥
Effect of dexmedetomidine on postoperative sleep quality and complications in women undergoing elective cesarean delivery
YOU Yiying, ZHONG Weilong, WANG Yanling, LI Liping
(Department of Anesthesiology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China)
Corresponding author: LI Liping, E-mail: lilp8@mail.sysu.edu.cn
【Abstract】 Objective To evaluate the effect of dexmedetomidine on postoperative sleep quality and complications in women undergoing elective cesarean delivery. Methods 180 women undergoing elective cesarean delivery were selected and randomly divided into the dexmedetomidine group (group D) and control group (group C), 90 cases in each group. Dexmedetomidine 0.5 μg/kg
(group D) or 10 mL of 0.9% sodium chloride injection was pumped within 15 min after fetal extraction. Maternal sleep status was assessed by Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) for 24 h, 48 h postoperatively and 1 day before discharge. Maternal resting pain and activity-induced pain at 24 h and 48 h postoperatively were recorded by visual analog score (VAS) in both groups. Other perioperative complications of labor were recorded. Results The PSQI scores and ISI scores of the women in group D were lower than those of the women in group C at 24 h, 48 h after surgery and 1 day before discharge (all P lt; 0.05). The incidence of severe sleep disorders and insomnia at 24 h postoperatively was lower in group D than that in group C (P = 0.031 and P =
0.021). The women in group D had less resting pain and activity-induced pain at 24 h and 48 h postoperatively, and the number of postoperative PCEA compressions was also lower (all P lt; 0.05). The incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting, itchy skin complications was lower in group D. The time to first postoperative activity, the length of postoperative hospital stay was shorter, degree of satisfaction during hospitalization was higher, and the incidence of depression at 6 weeks postpartum was also lower (all P lt; 0.05). Conclusion Dexmedetomidine improves sleep quality after cesarean delivery, reduces postoperative pain and complications.
【Key words】 Dexmedetomidine; Cesarean delivery; Sleep disorder; Postoperative pain; Postpartum depression;
Complications
睡眠障礙是圍術(shù)期普遍存在的問題,患者由于主觀或客觀原因?qū)е滤呋蛴X醒功能障礙,具體表現(xiàn)為睡眠時間縮短、夜間頻繁覺醒、入睡困難及睡眠節(jié)律異常等[1-2]。術(shù)后睡眠障礙的發(fā)生率為30%~70%,在心臟手術(shù)中約有67%的患者在術(shù)后1周經(jīng)歷了明顯的睡眠障礙[3-4]。69.2%的產(chǎn)婦在產(chǎn)后6周存在睡眠障礙,由于術(shù)后疼痛及心理因素等影響,剖宮產(chǎn)產(chǎn)婦相對于經(jīng)陰道分娩產(chǎn)婦更容易發(fā)生睡眠障礙[5-7]。術(shù)后睡眠障礙可引起機(jī)體創(chuàng)傷應(yīng)激、內(nèi)分泌紊亂、免疫功能受損,增加術(shù)后并發(fā)癥,影響患者恢復(fù)[8]。嚴(yán)重的睡眠障礙會引起術(shù)后認(rèn)知障礙、痛覺過敏、增加傷口感染風(fēng)險等,影響產(chǎn)婦整體的恢復(fù)進(jìn)程,延長剖宮產(chǎn)產(chǎn)婦住院時間[9];同時對產(chǎn)婦的心理健康以及母親角色轉(zhuǎn)換適應(yīng)有不利影響[10]。
右美托咪定是一種高選擇性α2受體激動劑,具有鎮(zhèn)靜、止痛、抗炎、抑制交感神經(jīng)和器官保護(hù)等多種作用,同時它通過作用于藍(lán)斑核及下丘腦腹外側(cè)視前區(qū)通路激活內(nèi)源性睡眠途徑,誘導(dǎo)第二階段非快速眼動睡眠樣狀態(tài),減少睡眠碎片,改善睡眠質(zhì)量[11-12]。剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)中使用右美托咪定可以有效減少鎮(zhèn)痛藥物的需求,降低術(shù)中及術(shù)后疼痛評分[13]。本研究旨在探討右美托咪定對擇期剖宮產(chǎn)產(chǎn)婦術(shù)后睡眠質(zhì)量及并發(fā)癥的影響。
1 對象與方法
1.1 研究對象
選取2019年11月至2021年11月于中山大學(xué)附屬第三醫(yī)院行擇期剖宮產(chǎn)手術(shù)的產(chǎn)婦作為研究對象。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①年齡20~45歲的擇期剖宮產(chǎn)產(chǎn)婦;②美國麻醉醫(yī)師協(xié)會(American Society of Anesthesiologists,ASA)分級Ⅰ~Ⅱ級;③足月妊娠;④麻醉方式為腰硬聯(lián)合麻醉。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①產(chǎn)前合并有嚴(yán)重精神異常、妊娠期高血壓疾病、妊娠期糖尿病、子癇、子癇前期等;②術(shù)前診斷為睡眠障礙;③藥物成癮或濫用;④有右美托咪定過敏等藥物禁忌癥。剔除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①術(shù)中更改麻醉方式;②術(shù)中輸血;③主動要求退出者;④失訪者。根據(jù)文獻(xiàn)[14]中右美托咪定對術(shù)后睡眠障礙的研究結(jié)果以及前期預(yù)實驗研究剖宮產(chǎn)產(chǎn)婦術(shù)后睡眠障礙發(fā)生率為31.5%,右美托咪定治療后睡眠障礙發(fā)生降低至9.7%,設(shè)定α=0.05(雙側(cè)檢驗)、β=0.10,脫落率為0.1,通過PASS 11.0軟件計算出樣本量為150例。為使本研究的結(jié)果更具穩(wěn)定性和可靠性,提高研究的統(tǒng)計功效,最終選取190例產(chǎn)婦作為研究對象,根據(jù)隨機(jī)數(shù)表按1∶1分為右美托咪定組(D組)95例,對照組(C組)95例。
本研究是一項單中心、雙盲、隨機(jī)對照研究,并在中國臨床試驗注冊中心注冊(ChiCTR1900025456),研究獲中山大學(xué)附屬第三醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會批準(zhǔn)(批件號:中大附三醫(yī)倫[2019]02-339-01),產(chǎn)婦及家屬在入組前自愿簽署研究知情同意書。
1.2 研究方法
經(jīng)過培訓(xùn)的研究人員于術(shù)前在病房隨訪記錄產(chǎn)婦年齡、體質(zhì)量指數(shù)(body mass index,BMI)、胎次等基本基線信息。根據(jù)納入和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)確認(rèn)入組后分組,為保證雙盲,入組產(chǎn)婦及實施麻醉醫(yī)師對分組情況均不知情,試驗用藥由非實施麻醉者配制。所有入組產(chǎn)婦手術(shù)當(dāng)日常規(guī)禁食禁飲,不予術(shù)前用藥。產(chǎn)婦入室后常規(guī)監(jiān)測并吸氧,建立外周通路輸液后,2組產(chǎn)婦均取左側(cè)臥位行L2-3腰硬聯(lián)合麻醉,穿刺成功后于蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔勻速緩慢注射0.5%羅哌卡因12.5~13.5 mg。D組于胎兒取出后
15 min 內(nèi)泵入右美托咪定0.5 μg/kg,C組于胎兒取出15 min內(nèi)泵入10 mL生理鹽水,2組產(chǎn)婦術(shù)后均采用患者自控硬膜外鎮(zhèn)痛(patient controlled epidural analgesia,PCEA)。PCEA的配方為嗎啡6 mg+羅哌卡因135 mg +生理鹽水配至100 mL,背景劑量
1 mL/h,單次按壓泵注1 mL,鎖定時間10 min。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)
術(shù)后隨訪由對分組不知情的當(dāng)日實施麻醉醫(yī)師完成。記錄術(shù)中追加麻藥、是否低血壓、升壓藥的使用、追加促子宮收縮藥物、手術(shù)時間、出血量等。術(shù)后對2組剖宮產(chǎn)產(chǎn)婦進(jìn)行隨訪并記錄產(chǎn)婦相關(guān)并發(fā)癥情況,采用視覺模擬評分(Visual Analogue Scale,VAS)評估術(shù)后24、48 h的靜息及活動疼痛情況(得分范圍0~10分,0分為無疼痛,1~3分為輕度疼痛,4~6分為中度疼痛,7~10分為重度疼痛),并記錄術(shù)后48 h內(nèi)PCEA按壓次數(shù)。如果PCEA按壓5 min后VAS評分仍大于4分則肌內(nèi)注射曲馬多50 mg補(bǔ)救鎮(zhèn)痛。采用匹茲堡睡眠質(zhì)量指數(shù)(Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index,PSQI)量表和失眠嚴(yán)重程度指數(shù)(Insomnia Severity Index,ISI)評估術(shù)后24、48 h及出院前1天產(chǎn)婦的睡眠狀況(PSQI評分≤5分為無睡眠障礙,PSQI評分gt;
5分為有睡眠障礙,其中6~10分為輕度睡眠障礙,11~15分為中度睡眠障礙,16~21分為重度睡眠障礙;ISI評分≤7分為無睡眠障礙,8~14分為輕度失眠,15~21分為中度失眠,22~28分為重度失眠[15])。隨訪產(chǎn)婦首次下地活動、尿管拔除、術(shù)后住院時間、滿意度等情況;以及產(chǎn)婦術(shù)后惡心嘔吐、皮膚瘙癢、腹脹、產(chǎn)后發(fā)熱、產(chǎn)后出血、切口感染等并發(fā)癥情況。術(shù)后嘔吐超過2次以上則給予甲氧氯普胺10 mg靜脈注射補(bǔ)救止吐。術(shù)后6周通過門診或者電話隨訪的方式,采用愛丁堡產(chǎn)后抑郁量表(Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale,EPDS)評估產(chǎn)婦產(chǎn)后抑郁情況。
1.4 統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法
用SPSS 26.0進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,根據(jù)研究對象的依從性采用符合方案集(per protocol set,PPS)進(jìn)行符合研究方案分析,不良反應(yīng)分析使用安全性分析集(safety set,SS)。符合正態(tài)分布的計量資料均以表示,組間比較采t檢驗;不符合正態(tài)分布的計量資料以M(P25,P75)表示,采用Wilcoxon秩和檢驗;計數(shù)資料組間比較采用χ 2檢驗或連續(xù)性校正χ 2檢驗或Fisher確切概率法。以雙側(cè)P lt; 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié) 果
2.1 2組產(chǎn)婦基線數(shù)據(jù)的比較
剔除D組術(shù)中更改麻醉方式1例;C組術(shù)中輸血2例;主動要求退出者D組2例,C組1例;失訪者D組2例,C組2例(剔除的產(chǎn)婦均未收集到不良反應(yīng)的情況)。最終共有180例產(chǎn)婦納入PPS,其中D組90例,C組90例。兩組產(chǎn)婦在年齡、BMI、胎次、受教育水平、職業(yè)壓力、術(shù)前睡眠障礙、ASA分級、手術(shù)時間、出血量、追加促子宮收縮藥物等圍術(shù)期相關(guān)情況差異均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(均P gt; 0.05),見表1。
2.2 2組產(chǎn)婦術(shù)后PSQI、ISI評分與睡眠障礙、失眠嚴(yán)重程度比較
D組產(chǎn)婦術(shù)后24、48 h和出院前1天的PSQI評分及ISI評分低于C組產(chǎn)婦,差異具有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(均P lt; 0.05);進(jìn)一步分析發(fā)現(xiàn),D組產(chǎn)婦術(shù)后24 h重度睡眠障礙及失眠的發(fā)生率低于C組產(chǎn)婦(均P lt; 0.05),2組產(chǎn)婦術(shù)后48 h、出院前1天重度睡眠障礙及失眠的發(fā)生率差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(均P gt; 0.05),見表2。
2.3 2組產(chǎn)婦術(shù)后疼痛情況比較
與C組相比,D組產(chǎn)婦術(shù)后24、48 h的靜息疼痛及活動疼痛評分均較低,且VAS≥4分的中度以上疼痛的發(fā)生率更低(均P lt; 0.05);D組產(chǎn)婦術(shù)后PCEA按壓的次數(shù)也較少(P lt; 0.05);2組
產(chǎn)婦術(shù)后止痛藥補(bǔ)救率差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P gt; 0.05),見表3。
2.4 2組產(chǎn)婦術(shù)后并發(fā)癥及其他情況比較
與C組相比,D組產(chǎn)婦術(shù)后惡心嘔吐、皮膚瘙癢并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率較低,術(shù)后首次下地時間、術(shù)后住院時間較短,住院期間的滿意度較高,術(shù)后6周產(chǎn)后抑郁發(fā)生率也較低(均P lt; 0.05);2組
產(chǎn)婦在止吐藥補(bǔ)救、術(shù)后腹脹、產(chǎn)后出血、產(chǎn)后發(fā)熱、切口感染、尿管拔除時間等方面差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(均P gt; 0.05),見表4。
3 討 論
睡眠障礙對手術(shù)患者術(shù)后并發(fā)癥有顯著影響,不僅能引發(fā)術(shù)后譫妄和認(rèn)知功能障礙,還會導(dǎo)致患者的痛覺敏感性增加,從而增加術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛藥物的需求;在嚴(yán)重情況下,甚至可能引發(fā)心血管疾病和糖尿病等健康問題[16-17]。研究表明,在剖宮產(chǎn)產(chǎn)婦中,睡眠障礙普遍存在,進(jìn)一步導(dǎo)致術(shù)后疼痛加劇、恢復(fù)緩慢、產(chǎn)后抑郁以及母乳喂養(yǎng)困難等多重問題[18]。雖然無痛分娩技術(shù)的推廣使國內(nèi)的剖宮產(chǎn)率有一定程度的降低,但隨著生育政策的改變,擇期剖宮產(chǎn)的數(shù)量仍然居高不下。提高剖宮產(chǎn)產(chǎn)婦術(shù)后睡眠質(zhì)量,減輕術(shù)后疼痛,降低術(shù)后并發(fā)癥對產(chǎn)婦術(shù)后快速康復(fù)尤為重要。本研究結(jié)果表明,在剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)中使用小劑量的右美托咪定,術(shù)后睡眠障礙及失眠的發(fā)生率降低,術(shù)后疼痛及其他并發(fā)癥也隨之下降。
研究表明,剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)后睡眠障礙的影響因素包括術(shù)中鎮(zhèn)痛方式、術(shù)后疼痛、術(shù)后并發(fā)癥如輸血、術(shù)后焦慮抑郁情緒等因素。此外,產(chǎn)婦角色的切換、個人生活習(xí)慣、住院環(huán)境、家庭支持和嬰兒的護(hù)理需求等也會對剖宮產(chǎn)產(chǎn)婦術(shù)后睡眠產(chǎn)生影響[7, 19]。右美托咪定能夠降低交感張力,抑制腦皮質(zhì)過度覺醒,促進(jìn)非快速眼動睡眠,引導(dǎo)恢復(fù)性睡眠,提高睡眠效率并改善睡眠模式,且鎮(zhèn)靜作用類似于自然睡眠狀態(tài),不會明顯抑制呼吸功能[20-21]。本研究結(jié)果顯示,在進(jìn)行擇期剖宮產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)婦中,接受右美托咪定輸注的產(chǎn)婦在術(shù)后24、48 h以及出院前1天的PSQI評分和ISI評分低于未接受右美托咪定輸注者,術(shù)后24 h重度睡眠障礙和失眠的發(fā)生率也較低。隨著術(shù)后的逐漸恢復(fù),兩組產(chǎn)婦術(shù)后48 h及出院前1天發(fā)生重度睡眠障礙及失眠的概率沒有明顯差異,但接受右美托咪定輸注的產(chǎn)婦睡眠質(zhì)量高于未接受右美托咪定輸注的產(chǎn)婦。這些結(jié)果充分肯定了右美托咪定在降低剖宮產(chǎn)產(chǎn)婦術(shù)后睡眠障礙方面的優(yōu)勢。
盡管所有的剖宮產(chǎn)產(chǎn)婦術(shù)后均使用了PCEA,但剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)后疼痛仍普遍存在。術(shù)后的切口疼痛和宮縮痛是剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)后疼痛的主要原因,同時哺乳時催產(chǎn)素的分泌可使疼痛進(jìn)一步加重[22-23]。術(shù)后疼痛可誘發(fā)大腦皮層過度清醒出現(xiàn)睡眠障礙,而睡眠障礙也會加劇痛覺過敏,二者相互影響進(jìn)一步加重術(shù)后疼痛[24]。右美托咪定通過高選擇性激動α2受體,在外周神經(jīng)水平和脊髓水平均可產(chǎn)生良好的鎮(zhèn)痛作用,同時右美托咪定還具有抗炎、抑制應(yīng)激等作用[25-26]。本研究中接受右美托咪定輸注的產(chǎn)婦,術(shù)后表現(xiàn)出了良好的鎮(zhèn)痛反應(yīng),術(shù)后24、48 h的靜息疼痛和活動疼痛評分,以及中度以上疼痛(VAS≥4分)的發(fā)生率均低于未接受右美托咪定輸注的產(chǎn)婦,術(shù)后PCEA按壓次數(shù)也低于未接受輸注組產(chǎn)婦。
右美托咪定通過作用于中樞和外周5-羥色胺受體,抑制5-羥色胺在消化道和神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中的作用以減少術(shù)后惡心嘔吐的發(fā)生。本研究結(jié)果也顯示了接受右美托咪定輸注的產(chǎn)婦術(shù)后惡心嘔吐的發(fā)生率較低。相對于未接受右美托咪定輸注的產(chǎn)婦,接受輸注的產(chǎn)婦術(shù)后皮膚瘙癢的發(fā)生率較低。這可能與未接受輸注產(chǎn)婦術(shù)后PCEA按壓次數(shù)較多、嗎啡用量較多有關(guān)。研究表明,術(shù)后2天硬膜外使用較大劑量嗎啡跟術(shù)后瘙癢相關(guān)[27]。剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)中除了輔助使用右美托咪定外,麻醉醫(yī)師還可以適當(dāng)減少PCEA中嗎啡的用量,以減少產(chǎn)婦術(shù)后皮膚瘙癢的發(fā)生。本研究結(jié)果還顯示,接受右美托咪定輸注的產(chǎn)婦術(shù)后整體的恢復(fù)質(zhì)量較高,術(shù)后疼痛等相關(guān)并發(fā)癥較少,術(shù)后首次下地活動所需要的時間及術(shù)后住院時間均較短。研究表明,圍產(chǎn)期失眠或睡眠障礙是產(chǎn)后抑郁的獨立危險因素,患有抑郁癥的產(chǎn)婦睡眠障礙的風(fēng)險增加,從而增加抑郁風(fēng)險[28]。剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)后的急性疼痛和持續(xù)性疼痛也是產(chǎn)后焦慮抑郁的危險因素,產(chǎn)婦在術(shù)后經(jīng)歷的疼痛程度越強(qiáng),其產(chǎn)后遠(yuǎn)期的痛苦回憶就越強(qiáng)烈,發(fā)生產(chǎn)后抑郁的風(fēng)險也更高[29-30]。
產(chǎn)后早期給予右美托咪定可顯著降低產(chǎn)后抑郁的發(fā)生率,并保持良好的安全性[31]。本研究結(jié)果也顯示右美托咪定改善了產(chǎn)婦的鎮(zhèn)痛和睡眠質(zhì)量,提供了適當(dāng)?shù)逆?zhèn)靜作用,同時降低了惡心嘔吐的發(fā)生率,因此產(chǎn)后抑郁的發(fā)生率較低;而未接受右美托咪定輸注的產(chǎn)婦由于睡眠障礙及術(shù)后疼痛控制不佳導(dǎo)致產(chǎn)后抑郁的發(fā)生率較高。
本研究也存在一些局限性。首先,研究只采用了主觀評估量表評估產(chǎn)婦術(shù)后的睡眠質(zhì)量,未能使用睡眠監(jiān)測獲取客觀的睡眠參數(shù)。其次,產(chǎn)婦術(shù)后睡眠障礙與所處環(huán)境密切相關(guān),包括母嬰同室與聲光刺激,本研究未排除這些因素。未來本課題組將使用多導(dǎo)睡眠監(jiān)測及開展多中心的研究來進(jìn)一步探索剖宮產(chǎn)產(chǎn)婦術(shù)后睡眠障礙的危險因素,提高產(chǎn)婦的舒適度及滿意度。
綜上所述,右美托咪定可顯著改善剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)后產(chǎn)婦的睡眠質(zhì)量,減輕術(shù)后疼痛及其他并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生,促進(jìn)產(chǎn)婦術(shù)后快速康復(fù)。
利益沖突聲明:本研究未受到企業(yè)、公司等第三方資助,不存在潛在利益沖突。
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(責(zé)任編輯:鄭巧蘭)