王武超 劉思齊 劉倩倩 朱繼紅
【摘要】 背景 急性肺栓塞(APE)是嚴(yán)重的心血管疾病,近年APE合并血小板減少患者的檢出率不斷增加,存在血栓和出血的雙重問(wèn)題,目前研究主要以成功的病例報(bào)道為主,存在一定的臨床評(píng)估和治療方案的研究缺口。目的 探討APE合并血小板減少患者的臨床特征和臨床預(yù)后,為臨床提供診療依據(jù)。方法 回顧性納入2015年1月—2020年1月北京大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院急診科就診的APE合并血小板減少患者21例為研究對(duì)象。將患者按照出血情況分為嚴(yán)重出血組(7例)和輕微/無(wú)出血組(14例);依據(jù)患者是否合并除肺動(dòng)脈以外其他部位血栓將患者分為多部位血栓組(7例)和肺動(dòng)脈血栓組(14例);依據(jù)患者死亡情況將患者分為死亡組(5例)和存活組(16例)。收集患者臨床資料并進(jìn)行組間比較。結(jié)果 本研究共納入APE合并血小板減少患者21例,其中男7例,女14例,平均年齡(63.2±18.9)歲。分析病因,免疫性血小板減少性紫癜5例,抗磷脂抗體綜合征4例,嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞增多癥3例,藥物相關(guān)血小板減少2例,系統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡2例,腫瘤相關(guān)性血小板減少2例,病因不明3例。19例患者進(jìn)行抗凝治療。肺動(dòng)脈血栓組纖維蛋白原、纖維蛋白原/白蛋白比值高于多部位血栓組(P<0.05)。嚴(yán)重出血組男性比例、平均血小板體積低于輕微/無(wú)出血組,多部位血栓比例、中心粒細(xì)胞/淋巴細(xì)胞比值高于輕微/無(wú)出血組(P<0.05)。死亡組抗凝治療比例、血小板計(jì)數(shù)低于生存組,心率、平均血小板體積/血小板比值、腫瘤相關(guān)血小板減少比例高于生存組(P<0.05)。結(jié)論 APE合并血小板減少患者存在多血栓事件風(fēng)險(xiǎn),抗凝治療有助于改善臨床預(yù)后,依據(jù)血小板計(jì)數(shù)開(kāi)展抗凝治療與嚴(yán)重出血事件無(wú)相關(guān)性,血小板計(jì)數(shù)、血小板相關(guān)參數(shù)及其他凝血相關(guān)參數(shù)有助于血栓負(fù)荷、出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)及臨床預(yù)后的評(píng)估。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 肺栓塞;血小板減少;預(yù)后;回顧性研究
【中圖分類號(hào)】 R 563.5 【文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼】 A DOI:10.12114/j.issn.1007-9572.2023.0385
Clinical Characteristics of Acute Pulmonary Embolism Complicated with Thrombocytopenia:a Retrospective Study
WANG Wuchao,LIU Siqi,LIU Qianqian,ZHU Jihong*
Emergency Department,Peking University People's Hospital,Beijing 100044,China
*Corresponding author:ZHU Jihong,Chief physician;E-mail:zhujihong64@sina.com
【Abstract】 Background Acute pulmonary embolism(APE)is a serious cardiovascular disease. In recent years,there has been an increasing detection rate of patients with APE accompanied by thrombocytopenia,presenting a dual challenge of thrombosis and bleeding. Current research is mainly based on successful case reports,with a certain research gap in clinical evaluation and treatment options. Objective To explore the clinical characteristics and prognosis of APE patients complicated with thrombocytopenia,so as to provide a basis for clinical diagnosis and treatment. Methods A total of 21 patients with APE accompanied by thrombocytopenia who were admitted to the Emergency Department,Peking University People's Hospital from January 2015 to January 2020 were included as the study subjects and categorized into the severe bleeding group(n=7)and mild/no bleeding group(n=14)based on their bleeding conditions; as well as the multiple-site thrombosis group(n=7)and pulmonary artery thrombosis groups(n=14)based on the presence of thrombosis at sites other than the pulmonary artery; and into the death group(n=5)and survived group(n=16)based on their survival status. Clinical data were collected and compared between groups. Results A total of 21 APE patients with thrombocytopenia were included in this study,involving 7 males and 14 females,with an average age of (63.2±18.9) years. The etiologies included immune thrombocytopenic purpura(5 cases),antiphospholipid syndrome(4 cases),eosinophilia(3 cases),drug-related thrombocytopenia(2 cases),systemic lupus erythematosus(2 cases),cancer-associated thrombocytopenia(2 cases),and 3 cases of unknown etiology. Nineteen patients received anticoagulant therapy. Fibrinogen and fibrinogen/albumin ratios were higher in the pulmonary artery thrombosis group than in the multi-site thrombosis group(P<0.05). The proportion of males and mean platelet volume were lower in the severe bleeding group than in the mild/no bleeding group,and the proportion of multi-site thrombus and centrocyte/lymphocyte ratio were higher than the mild/no bleeding group(P<0.05). The proportion of anticoagulation therapy and platelet count in the death group were lower than those in the survival group,and the proportion of heart rate,mean platelet volume/platelet ratio,and cancer-associated thrombocytopenia were higher than those in the survival group(P<0.05). Conclusion APE patients with thrombocytopenia are at risk for multiple thrombotic events. Anticoagulant therapy contributes to improved clinical prognosis. Anticoagulation therapy based on platelet count is not significantly associated with serious bleeding events. Platelet count,platelet-related parameters,and other coagulation-related parameters contribute to the interpretation of thrombotic burden,bleeding risk,and clinical prognosis.
【Key words】 Pulmonary embolism;Thrombocytopenia;Prognosis;Retrospective studies
急性肺栓塞(acute pulmonary embolism,APE)是嚴(yán)重的心血管疾病,年發(fā)病率為39/10萬(wàn)~115/10萬(wàn)[1-3],每年可能導(dǎo)致30萬(wàn)人死亡[2],隨著醫(yī)療工作者對(duì)于肺栓塞認(rèn)知的不斷增加,CT掃描的廣泛應(yīng)用,腫瘤、慢性肺疾病合并APE的檢出率明顯增加[4],APE合并血小板減少的病例報(bào)道也屢見(jiàn)不鮮[5]。血小板在止血和血栓形成過(guò)程中發(fā)揮至關(guān)重要的作用,在情況下患者會(huì)出現(xiàn)血小板減少和血栓形成并存的情況,有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)免疫性血小板減少性紫癜合并靜脈血栓栓塞癥(venous thromboembolism,VTE)的累計(jì)發(fā)生率為2.9%[6],血液系統(tǒng)惡性腫瘤VTE發(fā)生率為2%~18%,其他惡性腫瘤VTE發(fā)生率為0.6%~7.8%[7],系統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡合并VTE的發(fā)生率為22%[8]。在面對(duì)血栓治療和血小板減少相矛盾的情況下,臨床醫(yī)生需要系統(tǒng)、謹(jǐn)慎地評(píng)估患者基礎(chǔ)疾病、血栓嚴(yán)重程度、出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)及臨床預(yù)后,根據(jù)患者個(gè)體情況開(kāi)展抗凝治療及提升血小板計(jì)數(shù)(PLT)[9]。APE治療方案中,抗凝治療是最為重要的治療手段,有助于改善患者臨床預(yù)后[4],研究證實(shí)PLT≥50×109/L時(shí)進(jìn)行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)劑量抗凝治療是安全的,在PLT<50×109/L時(shí)需要調(diào)整抗凝治療劑量,一般情況下選擇50%標(biāo)準(zhǔn)劑量或者預(yù)防劑量進(jìn)行抗凝治療[10-12],或者考慮輸注血小板的同時(shí)進(jìn)行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)劑量抗凝治療[13];在PLT<25×109/L的情況下需要權(quán)衡出血與血栓的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)進(jìn)行個(gè)體化抗凝治療[14]。APE合并血小板減少存在血栓和出血的雙重問(wèn)題,目前研究主要以病例報(bào)道為主,存在一定的研究缺口。為更好地了解該類患者的臨床特征,進(jìn)行臨床風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估及治療方案的選擇,改善患者臨床預(yù)后,本研究團(tuán)隊(duì)對(duì)2015年1月—2020年1月北京大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院急診科接診的APE合并血小板減少病例進(jìn)行了回顧性分析。
1 對(duì)象與方法
1.1 研究對(duì)象
回顧性納入2015年1月—2020年1月北京大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院急診科就診的APE合并血小板減少患者21例為研究對(duì)象,APE診斷及病情分級(jí)參照歐洲心臟病協(xié)會(huì)《2019年急性肺栓塞診斷和治療指南》[1]。入選標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)年齡>16歲;(2)符合APE診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn);(3)入院時(shí)PLT≤100×109/L。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)就診時(shí)已進(jìn)行相關(guān)治療;(2)合并肝腎功能衰竭(依據(jù)Marshall提出的MODS早期臟器功能衰竭定義[15],血肌酐>200 μmol/L,血膽紅素>60 μmol/L);(3)臨床研究數(shù)據(jù)缺失,不足以支持本研究;(4)非醫(yī)療因素(如放棄治療等)導(dǎo)致患者臨床死亡。本研究已通過(guò)北京大學(xué)人民醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)審核(批件號(hào):2020PHB291-01),免除知情同意。
1.2 研究方法
收集患者年齡、性別、血常規(guī)、生化全項(xiàng)、凝血功能分析、病因、超聲心動(dòng)圖、CT肺血管造影、院內(nèi)死亡情況等臨床指標(biāo)?;颊逷LT≥50×109/L時(shí)進(jìn)行常規(guī)抗凝治療,PLT<50×109/L時(shí)進(jìn)行半量低分子肝素或者肝素抗凝治療,并進(jìn)行抗血小板減少治療(激素和/或丙種球蛋白),臨床治療5 d后復(fù)查臨床指標(biāo),計(jì)算平均血小板體積/血小板比值(MPR)、中心粒細(xì)胞/淋巴細(xì)胞比值(NLR)、纖維蛋白原/白蛋白比值(FAR)。
1.3 診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與分組依據(jù)
依據(jù)歐洲心臟病協(xié)會(huì)《2019年急性肺栓塞診斷和治療指南》將簡(jiǎn)化肺栓塞嚴(yán)重指數(shù)(sPESI)≥1患者定義為危重患者[1]。依據(jù)國(guó)際血栓與止血協(xié)會(huì)科學(xué)與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化委員會(huì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[16],除外溶血性貧血等導(dǎo)致血紅蛋白降低的因素,嚴(yán)重出血定義為致命部位出血和/或出現(xiàn)血流動(dòng)力學(xué)變化[收縮壓(SBP)≤90 mmHg或降低>40 mmHg,1 mmHg=0.133 kPa]和/或血紅蛋白降低≥20 g/L和/或需要輸血≥2單位;輕微/無(wú)出血定義為不符合嚴(yán)重出血標(biāo)準(zhǔn),將患者分為嚴(yán)重出血組(7例)和輕微/無(wú)出血組(14例);依據(jù)患者是否合并除肺動(dòng)脈以外其他部位血栓將患者分為多部位血栓組(7例)和肺動(dòng)脈血栓組(14例);依據(jù)患者死亡情況將患者分為死亡組(5例)和存活組(16例)。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 25.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,符合正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料以(x-±s)表示,兩組間比較采用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn),不符合正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料以M(P25,P75)表示,兩組間比較采用秩和檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料以相對(duì)數(shù)表示,組間比較采用Fisher's確切概率法。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 患者一般情況
本研究共納入APE合并血小板減少患者21例,其中男7例、女14例,平均年齡(63.2±18.9)歲。分析患者病因:免疫性血小板減少性紫癜5例,抗磷脂抗體綜合征4例,嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞增多癥3例,藥物相關(guān)血小板減少2例,系統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡2例,腫瘤相關(guān)性血小板減少2例,病因不明3例。19例患者進(jìn)行抗凝治療(12例標(biāo)準(zhǔn)劑量低分子肝素抗凝治療,7例患者半量低分子肝素抗凝治療或者肝素抗凝治療)。7例患者存在多部位血栓,7例患者出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重出血,5例患者院內(nèi)死亡(包括2例未行抗凝治療患者)。
2.2 多部位血栓組和肺動(dòng)脈血栓組患者資料比較
肺動(dòng)脈血栓組纖維蛋白原(FIB)、FAR高于多部位血栓組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);兩組性別、年齡、PLT、平均血小板體積(MPV)、國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化比值(INR)、活化部分凝血活酶時(shí)間(APTT)、肌酐(Cr)、總膽紅素(TBil)、血清白蛋白(ALB)、MPR、NLR、危重患者比例和病因比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見(jiàn)表1。
2.3 嚴(yán)重出血組與輕微/無(wú)出血組患者資料比較
嚴(yán)重出血組男性比例、MPV低于輕微/無(wú)出血組,多部位血栓比例、NLR高于輕微/無(wú)出血組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05);兩組年齡、抗凝治療、PLT、INR、FIB、APTT、Cr、TBil、ALB、MPR、FAR、危重患者比例和病因比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見(jiàn)表2。
2.4 死亡組和生存組患者臨床資料比較
死亡組抗凝治療比例、PLT低于生存組,心率、MPR、腫瘤相關(guān)血小板減少比例高于生存組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);兩組患者性別、年齡、多部位血栓占比、SBP、呼吸頻率、復(fù)查血小板計(jì)數(shù)、MPV、INR、FIB、APTT、Cr、TBil、ALB、NLR、FAR、危重患者、病因比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見(jiàn)表3。
3 討論
本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)APE合并血小板減少患者中85.7%(18/21)病因明確,考慮APE合并血小板減少患者由基礎(chǔ)性疾病所致的可能性大,面對(duì)APE合并血小板減少的患者應(yīng)該進(jìn)一步查找病因?;颊逷LT、MPV等指標(biāo)與多部位血栓事件發(fā)生無(wú)明顯相關(guān),F(xiàn)IB和FAR水平與多部位血栓事件發(fā)生存在相關(guān)性,多部位血栓患者FIB和FAR較低,考慮與血栓形成時(shí)血小板消耗有關(guān)。研究證實(shí),F(xiàn)IB升高可以促進(jìn)纖維蛋白形成,導(dǎo)致纖維蛋白水平升高,增加血栓強(qiáng)度和穩(wěn)定性,增加血栓的抗溶解性[17],與心血管疾病、動(dòng)脈和靜脈血栓的發(fā)生有關(guān)[18-20],在疾病不同階段,F(xiàn)IB可以出現(xiàn)動(dòng)態(tài)演變,呈現(xiàn)先升高后降低的趨勢(shì)[21],在血栓負(fù)荷過(guò)重的情況下,可能出現(xiàn)消耗性FIB降低[22];白蛋白可直接或間接抑制血小板和血栓的形成[23],抑制FIB活化,降低纖維蛋白聚集[24];FAR被認(rèn)為是各種血栓前狀態(tài)疾?。ㄈ鏢T段抬高型心肌梗死、慢性靜脈功能不全)的標(biāo)志物[23]。因此,本研究團(tuán)隊(duì)認(rèn)為FIB與患者血栓高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)及血栓負(fù)荷相關(guān),白蛋白存在保護(hù)性作用,F(xiàn)IB及FAR有助于臨床醫(yī)生對(duì)APE合并血小板減少患者多部位血栓事件發(fā)生的評(píng)估。
本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重出血患者女性及合并多部位血栓事件比例較高,入院時(shí)MPV較小,NLR較高,而入院時(shí)PLT、INR、APTT、FIB、抗凝治療與患者出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重出血表現(xiàn)無(wú)明顯相關(guān)。研究顯示MPV在一定程度上反映血小板功能情況,生理狀態(tài)下MPV與PLT呈反比,以保持恒定的血小板質(zhì)量,MPV增加提示大量大體積的新生血小板釋放進(jìn)入血液循環(huán)[25-27],研究證實(shí)MPV與止血、血栓形成相關(guān)[28],在PLT減少的患者中MPV的水平同樣有助于止血情況的評(píng)估[29],MPV與血小板功能活化、炎癥進(jìn)程、血栓形成相關(guān)[29-32],故考慮血小板功能在一定程度上影響嚴(yán)重出血事件的發(fā)生。APE的嚴(yán)重程度與炎癥狀態(tài)相關(guān)[33],NLR可以作為方便獲取的血常規(guī)參數(shù)以評(píng)估炎癥狀態(tài),與APE的臨床預(yù)后相關(guān)[34],可以影響FIB、凝血因子Ⅶ和凝血因子Ⅷ水平[35]。PLT及MPV在評(píng)估血栓和炎癥反應(yīng)中有著重要的作用,與炎癥進(jìn)程相關(guān)[30,36]。血小板與中性粒細(xì)胞協(xié)同作用,與血栓形成相關(guān)[37-39]。因此,本研究團(tuán)隊(duì)認(rèn)為APE合并血小板減少患者嚴(yán)重出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)可能與多部位血栓形成、血小板質(zhì)量、炎癥狀態(tài)存在一定相關(guān)性,多部位血栓事件篩查、MPV、NLR等指標(biāo)有助于提示嚴(yán)重出血事件發(fā)生的可能。本研究嚴(yán)重出血組與輕微/無(wú)出血組患者抗凝治療情況無(wú)明顯差異,在有效監(jiān)測(cè)的情況下APE合并血小板減少患者可以進(jìn)行抗凝治療。
本研究提示腫瘤相關(guān)血小板減少及未抗凝治療患者的院內(nèi)死亡率較高,死亡組患者入院時(shí)心率較快,PLT較低、MPR較高,治療后PLT較低。研究表明,重癥患者可以出現(xiàn)PLT減少及MPV增高的情況,并且PLT及MPV可以作為預(yù)測(cè)ICU患者死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的指標(biāo)[40],MPR對(duì)疾病嚴(yán)重程度的評(píng)估作用已經(jīng)眾多研究中被證實(shí),MPR升高可以預(yù)測(cè)嚴(yán)重膿毒癥患者早期死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn),與急性心肌梗死預(yù)后情況、心肌梗死后腦卒中、VTE的發(fā)生相關(guān)[41-44],YARDAN等[45]證實(shí)MPR與APE患者右心功能和疾病的危險(xiǎn)程度相關(guān),MPR降低提示風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低,本研究結(jié)果與之類似。因此,本研究團(tuán)隊(duì)認(rèn)為APE合并血小板減少患者應(yīng)當(dāng)積極開(kāi)展抗凝治療,以改善患者臨床預(yù)后。腫瘤相關(guān)APE合并血小板減少預(yù)后較差,監(jiān)測(cè)PLT、MPR有助于進(jìn)一步評(píng)估患者臨床預(yù)后。
本研究存在以下局限性:本研究為單中心回顧性研究,樣本量較小。單獨(dú)時(shí)間點(diǎn)的研究可能無(wú)法全部反映患者的疾病狀態(tài),尚需進(jìn)一步進(jìn)行前瞻性研究。
綜上所述,本研究團(tuán)隊(duì)認(rèn)為APE合并血小板減少患者合并多部位血栓事件的比例較高,多部位血栓患者FIB及FAR水平較低,嚴(yán)重出血患者M(jìn)PV較低,NLR較高。APE合并血小板減少患者應(yīng)當(dāng)積極開(kāi)展抗凝治療,院內(nèi)死亡與患者多部位血栓及嚴(yán)重出血事件發(fā)生無(wú)明顯相關(guān)。對(duì)合并相關(guān)疾病的篩查、血小板相關(guān)參數(shù)及FIB、FAR等其他凝血和炎癥狀態(tài)相關(guān)指標(biāo)進(jìn)行評(píng)估有助于對(duì)血栓發(fā)生情況、出血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)及臨床預(yù)后進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè)。
作者貢獻(xiàn):王武超提出主要研究目標(biāo),負(fù)責(zé)研究的構(gòu)思與設(shè)計(jì),研究的實(shí)施,撰寫(xiě)論文;劉思齊負(fù)責(zé)數(shù)據(jù)收集、統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析;劉倩倩負(fù)責(zé)數(shù)據(jù)收集;朱繼紅負(fù)責(zé)文章的質(zhì)量控制與審查,對(duì)文章整體負(fù)責(zé),監(jiān)督管理。
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(本文編輯:鄒琳)
*通信作者:朱繼紅,主任醫(yī)師;E-mail:zhujihong64@sina.com
引用本文:王武超,劉思齊,劉倩倩,等. 急性肺栓塞合并血小板減少患者臨床特點(diǎn)的回顧性研究[J]. 中國(guó)全科醫(yī)學(xué),2024,27(27):3372-3377. DOI:10.12114/j.issn.1007-9572.2023.0385. [www.chinagp.net]
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? Editorial Office of Chinese General Practice. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license.