劉憲華,李佳璇,李嘉垚,谷春博,紀(jì)志永,孫 軍
海水中萘的水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)推導(dǎo)及渤海灣潛在生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)
劉憲華1,李佳璇1,李嘉垚1,谷春博1,紀(jì)志永2,孫 軍3
(1. 天津大學(xué)環(huán)境科學(xué)與工程學(xué)院,天津 300354;2. 河北工業(yè)大學(xué)化工學(xué)院,天津 300401;3. 中國(guó)地質(zhì)大學(xué)(武漢)海洋學(xué)院,武漢 430074)
渤海灣沿岸分布著人口稠密且經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)達(dá)的城市,同時(shí)也是我國(guó)重要的海上油氣開采基地,保護(hù)生態(tài)環(huán)境健康對(duì)于環(huán)渤海經(jīng)濟(jì)圈的可持續(xù)發(fā)展具有重要意義.以萘為代表的多環(huán)芳烴是一類在海水環(huán)境中廣泛存在的持久性有機(jī)污染物,由于海上突發(fā)事故和陸源排放使其生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)備受關(guān)注.目前,國(guó)內(nèi)海水水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)的研究較為滯后,對(duì)海水中萘的生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)問(wèn)題研究較少,尚未建立萘的海水水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn).本研究收集了已發(fā)表的萘對(duì)海水水生生物的生態(tài)毒性數(shù)據(jù),并對(duì)渤海環(huán)境中廣泛存在的5門8科的海水水生生物進(jìn)行了急性毒性試驗(yàn).結(jié)合數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)甄選的文獻(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)和毒理試驗(yàn)獲得的試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù),基于物種敏感度分布(SSD)模型推導(dǎo)了海水中萘的短期水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)(SWQC),并根據(jù)最終急慢性比外推的方法推導(dǎo)了海水中萘的長(zhǎng)期水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)(LWQC).采用推導(dǎo)的水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)和文獻(xiàn)中渤海灣海水表層水體中萘的實(shí)測(cè)數(shù)據(jù),應(yīng)用商值法對(duì)渤海灣及其鄰近海域進(jìn)行了萘的潛在生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià).結(jié)果表明,基于Gumbel分布的SSD模型對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)的擬合效果最佳;利用該模型推導(dǎo)得到萘的短期海水水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)為0.3014mg/L,長(zhǎng)期海水水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)為0.0886mg/L;正常環(huán)境條件下,渤海灣及其鄰近海域水體中萘的短期生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和長(zhǎng)期生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)都處于較低水平,但不能排除突發(fā)事故中萘對(duì)水體產(chǎn)生的潛在生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn).本研究作為海水水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)推導(dǎo)的一個(gè)具體例子,可為渤海灣的污染防治和水生生物保護(hù)提供有價(jià)值的信息,并為其他區(qū)域海水水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)的制定提供參考.
渤海灣;萘;長(zhǎng)期水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn);短期水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn);生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)
隨著工業(yè)的快速發(fā)展以及人們對(duì)海洋資源頻繁的開發(fā)利用,海洋生態(tài)環(huán)境正面臨巨大的挑戰(zhàn).多環(huán)芳烴是一類在海水環(huán)境中廣泛存在的持久性有機(jī)污染物,由于污水排放和石油污染等因素使其生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)備受關(guān)注[1-4].萘是由兩個(gè)苯環(huán)組成的最簡(jiǎn)單的多環(huán)芳烴化合物,被廣泛應(yīng)用于人們的生產(chǎn)生活,而且它也是原油中含量最高的有機(jī)物之一.近年來(lái)的研究表明,萘在海洋中的分布范圍以及濃度逐漸加大[5-8].雖然萘的毒性較小,但具有高度穩(wěn)定性和親脂性,因而容易透過(guò)生物膜而誘發(fā)一系列生物學(xué)毒理效應(yīng)[9].萘是美國(guó)環(huán)境保護(hù)署列出的優(yōu)先控制污染物之一,同時(shí)也是我國(guó)環(huán)境優(yōu)先監(jiān)測(cè)的污染物之一.萘可以對(duì)生物造成不同程度的神經(jīng)損傷和氧化損傷[10].例如,萘的斑馬魚胚胎毒性實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,一定濃度的萘可能對(duì)胚胎產(chǎn)生影響,高劑量的萘可使斑馬魚胚胎發(fā)育停滯、凝結(jié)率升高,長(zhǎng)期生存在低毒性的萘環(huán)境中可使魚類生長(zhǎng)緩慢、孵化延遲、活力降低、自主活動(dòng)變緩、心臟功能受損[11].
渤海灣是我國(guó)重要的海灣之一,其陸域邊界為經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)達(dá)的京津唐地區(qū),海域范圍分布著儲(chǔ)量豐富的油田,如冀東油田、大港油田和渤海油田[12].近年來(lái)對(duì)渤海灣海域中萘的監(jiān)測(cè)結(jié)果表明,渤海灣中萘的濃度有增加的趨勢(shì).其原因可歸因于兩個(gè)方面:一方面,鄰近渤海灣的沿岸陸地區(qū)域主要以工業(yè)發(fā)展為主,需要消耗大量化石能源;另一方面,渤海灣海域的石油開采也會(huì)帶來(lái)污水排放和石油泄漏[13].
水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)值是指污染物對(duì)生物或生態(tài)功能產(chǎn)生影響的最大容許濃度,研究萘的海水水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)可以科學(xué)判斷海洋生物萘暴露的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),保護(hù)海洋環(huán)境免受萘的危害.目前,國(guó)內(nèi)海水水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)研究較為滯后,尚未建立萘的海水水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn).本文采用物種敏感度分布(species sensitivity distribution,SSD)曲線法,結(jié)合利用篩選獲得的文獻(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)和毒理試驗(yàn)獲得的試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù),推導(dǎo)了渤海灣萘的海水水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)值.然后,對(duì)渤海灣及鄰近海域萘的潛在生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)進(jìn)行了評(píng)價(jià).本文可為渤海水生態(tài)區(qū)域化精細(xì)管理提供理論依據(jù),并為修訂海洋環(huán)境質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、預(yù)防和控制萘對(duì)水生生物及生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的危害提供科學(xué)依據(jù).
渤海灣萘的水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)推導(dǎo)數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)自于毒性數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)和文獻(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)(ECOTOX、中國(guó)知網(wǎng)(CNKI)、Web of Science(WOS)). 在納入的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中對(duì)萘毒性數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行篩選和檢索,參考《淡水水生生物水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)制定技術(shù)指南》(HJ 831—2017)[14]從檢索出的文獻(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)中獲得萘脅迫下生物的急性毒性(EC50、LC50、IC50)和慢性毒性(NOEC、LOEC、NOEL、LOEL、MATC)的毒性效應(yīng)終點(diǎn).其中物種類別應(yīng)該至少涵蓋3個(gè)營(yíng)養(yǎng)級(jí),至少滿足美國(guó)環(huán)境保護(hù)署規(guī)定的“3門8科”,主要以棲息或分布于渤海海洋環(huán)境的代表性海水水生生物為優(yōu)選對(duì)象,確保是在適宜生長(zhǎng)條件下測(cè)得的毒性數(shù)據(jù).
在滅菌的人工海水中培養(yǎng)并選取馴養(yǎng)一周后活力較好的5門8科的渤海本土物種進(jìn)行急性毒性試驗(yàn),其中本土動(dòng)物7種,本土植物1種.在正式試驗(yàn)前均通過(guò)預(yù)試驗(yàn)確定了合適的濃度范圍,并驗(yàn)證了助溶劑的毒性.每一個(gè)急性毒性試驗(yàn)均設(shè)置了5個(gè)濃度梯度和1個(gè)空白對(duì)照,每個(gè)濃度梯度和空白對(duì)照分別設(shè)置3個(gè)平行.利用軟件SPSS 25.0計(jì)算水生動(dòng)物的LC50,利用軟件Graph Pad prime 8計(jì)算小球藻的EC50.試驗(yàn)物種的試驗(yàn)條件以及物種來(lái)源的詳細(xì)信息如表1所示.
表1 萘的急性毒性試驗(yàn)條件
Tab.1 Test conditions of acute naphthalene toxicity
建立海洋水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)首先要確立水體中污染物濃度與本土生物/生態(tài)受影響的定量關(guān)系,其次滿足水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)保護(hù)海洋中大部分生物免受危害的目的[15],要獲得趨近于事實(shí)的真實(shí)值必須基于毒性數(shù)據(jù)建立定值的方法.一些國(guó)家根據(jù)自身情況建立了研究方法[16],我國(guó)在探索海水中萘的水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)的研究中尚無(wú)系統(tǒng)性的研究,在參考其他國(guó)家制定的基準(zhǔn)時(shí)存在代表性過(guò)高或過(guò)低的問(wèn)題[17-18].國(guó)內(nèi)外的研究表明,物種敏感度分布曲線法在環(huán)境質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的推導(dǎo)和生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的評(píng)估中被廣泛應(yīng)用,本文采取此方法來(lái)探究和推導(dǎo)海水中萘的水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn).
以文獻(xiàn)檢索和毒性試驗(yàn)獲得的急性毒性和慢性毒性數(shù)據(jù)作為構(gòu)建SSD曲線的基礎(chǔ).本文參考OECD基準(zhǔn)推導(dǎo)體系[19]及我國(guó)淡水水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)推導(dǎo)指南,推導(dǎo)過(guò)程如下.
依據(jù)式(1)和式(2)分物種計(jì)算SMAV和SMCV.
對(duì)種平均急慢性值毒性數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行正態(tài)分布的檢驗(yàn).>0.05的數(shù)據(jù)符合正態(tài)分布,≤0.05的數(shù)據(jù)不符合正態(tài)分布.符合正態(tài)分布結(jié)果的,將物種SMAV/SMCV或其對(duì)數(shù)值分別從小到大進(jìn)行排序,如果有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上物種的毒性值相同,則將其任意排成連續(xù)秩次,每個(gè)秩次下物種數(shù)為1.依據(jù)式(3)計(jì)算物種的累積頻率,計(jì)算式為
式中:為累積頻率,%;為物種排序的等級(jí);為物種的個(gè)數(shù).
本研究采用EPA SSD-Toolbox軟件進(jìn)行SSD模型擬合,依據(jù)SSD-Toolbox軟件輸出的貝葉斯值()、赤池信息準(zhǔn)則(Akaike information criterion,AIC)、貝葉斯信息準(zhǔn)則(Bayesian information criterion,BIC)、變異系數(shù)(coefficient of variation,CV)、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)誤差(standard error,SE)和MATLAB 軟件計(jì)算的決定系數(shù)(2)、均方根誤差(RMSE)、回歸平方和(SSR)、殘差平方和(SSE)等參數(shù),優(yōu)選合適的模型.
根據(jù)急性毒性數(shù)據(jù)和模型擬合結(jié)果推導(dǎo)短期水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)(SWQC),由于缺乏足夠的慢性毒性數(shù)據(jù),長(zhǎng)期水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)(LWQC)使用最終急慢性比(FACR)推導(dǎo).
生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的評(píng)價(jià)可以用于判斷在一定區(qū)域內(nèi)的某種或某些污染物是否對(duì)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能造成損害.目前采用的生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)方法包括商值法、物種敏感度分析法以及概率風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)法[20-23].其中商值法是一種簡(jiǎn)單的“單點(diǎn)”估計(jì)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)表征方法[24],因其可以利用最少的數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)證明低的生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),所以經(jīng)常被使用在生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)中.本文采用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)商HQ對(duì)萘的生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)進(jìn)行評(píng)估,用污染物暴露濃度(MEC)除以基準(zhǔn)值(TRV)[25-26],TRV與水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)(WQC)含義相同,可以計(jì)算短期和長(zhǎng)期風(fēng)險(xiǎn),具體方法如下:
式中:HQ<0.1為不存在明顯的生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),0.1≤ HQ<1為低風(fēng)險(xiǎn),1≤HQ<10為中等風(fēng)險(xiǎn),HQ≥10為高風(fēng)險(xiǎn).
由于本文沒(méi)有對(duì)渤海灣的水體進(jìn)行現(xiàn)場(chǎng)實(shí)測(cè),所以根據(jù)文獻(xiàn)查找及數(shù)據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)化獲得的渤海灣天津近岸海域區(qū)域萘的暴露濃度[27]作為實(shí)測(cè)濃度.所使用文獻(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)的采樣區(qū)域均為渤海灣,采樣類型為表層海水,采樣點(diǎn)具有一定的代表性,可以用于渤海灣萘的生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià).
從符合條件的文獻(xiàn)中檢索得到滿足篩選條件的毒性數(shù)據(jù)共182條.包括涵蓋4門18科18屬18個(gè)物種的138條動(dòng)物急性毒性數(shù)據(jù),涵蓋4門4科4屬4個(gè)物種的38條動(dòng)物慢性毒性數(shù)據(jù),涵蓋2門2科2屬2個(gè)物種的6條植物毒性數(shù)據(jù).
對(duì)渤海灣中海洋生物進(jìn)行的萘急性毒性試驗(yàn),并根據(jù)急性毒性試驗(yàn)暴露時(shí)間的原則計(jì)算了萘對(duì)這幾種海洋生物的LC50值.參考OECD淡水水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)指南,利用平均急慢性公式(式(1)和式(2))計(jì)算,海洋生物詳細(xì)的急性試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)在表2中體現(xiàn).
2.3.1 短期水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)
本文使用SPSS 25.0軟件分別對(duì)種平均急性值(SMAV)和種平均慢性值(SMCV)的對(duì)數(shù)值(lg SMAV/lgSMCV)做正態(tài)性檢驗(yàn)(K-S檢驗(yàn)或D’Agostino-Pearson檢驗(yàn)),>0.10,符合正態(tài)分布.將其對(duì)數(shù)值分別從小到大進(jìn)行排序,結(jié)果如表3所示.
表2 萘對(duì)試驗(yàn)動(dòng)物和植物的急性試驗(yàn)結(jié)果
Tab.2 Test results of acute naphthalene toxicity on labo-ratory animals and plants
表3 基于物種敏感度分布法的急性毒性數(shù)據(jù)排序
Tab.3 Ranking of acute toxicity data based on the species sensitivity distribution method
將上述實(shí)驗(yàn)和數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)篩選后獲得的渤海灣萘的急性毒性數(shù)據(jù)(EC50或LC50),導(dǎo)入SSD Toolbox,分別進(jìn)行基于metropolis-hastings(MH)方法和最大似然ML(maximum-likelihood)方法的Normal、Logistic、Triangular、Gumbel、Weibull和Burr 6種模型的擬合.?dāng)M合圖和檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果見圖1和表4.圖1中數(shù)字1~25對(duì)應(yīng)表3中的物種.
對(duì)萘急性毒性數(shù)據(jù)的156條進(jìn)行SSD模型擬合,根據(jù)軟件輸出參數(shù)的優(yōu)劣,判斷基于ML方法的Gumbel分布為最優(yōu)擬合模型擬合的SSD曲線.
圖1 渤海灣萘的短期水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)模型擬合曲線
表4 萘的短期水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)模型擬合結(jié)果
Tab.4 Fitting results of the short-term water quality criteria model of naphthalene
根據(jù)表4短期水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)模型擬合結(jié)果得到對(duì)應(yīng)的急性5%物種危害濃度HC5=0.6027mg/L.本研究中有效毒性數(shù)據(jù)的數(shù)量大于15并涵蓋足夠的營(yíng)養(yǎng)級(jí)生物,評(píng)估因子取值為2.得到萘的海水水生生物短期水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)SWQC=0.3014mg/L.
2.3.2 長(zhǎng)期水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)
由于本研究中萘影響下的渤海灣水生生物的慢性數(shù)據(jù)僅有4個(gè)物種,不滿足美國(guó)環(huán)境保護(hù)署“3門8科”的計(jì)算條件,故采用ACR法推導(dǎo)長(zhǎng)期水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)[28].根據(jù)第1.3節(jié)式(5)~式(8)推算出萘影響下物種的急慢性比,結(jié)果如表5所示.最終,計(jì)算出長(zhǎng)期水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)LWQC=0.0886mg/L.
表5 基于物種敏感度分布法的急慢性比計(jì)算
Tab.5 Acute-chronic ratio calculation based on the species sensitivity distribution method
對(duì)文獻(xiàn)中已報(bào)道的渤海灣天津近岸海域中萘的濃度值進(jìn)行分布統(tǒng)計(jì),如表6所示,得到渤海灣及近岸海域中萘的平均濃度值為54.14ng/L[25,29-34].根據(jù)第1.4節(jié)中式(9)計(jì)算出的短期生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和長(zhǎng)期生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)遠(yuǎn)小于0.1,說(shuō)明渤海灣中萘的污染整體屬于較低的生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn).但需要注意石油泄漏等意外情況引發(fā)的事故排放,如石油泄漏能快速增加海洋表層水和沉積物中的萘[35-38].本文采用數(shù)據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)化方法得到的實(shí)測(cè)值存在一定的缺陷,簡(jiǎn)單利用推導(dǎo)出的基準(zhǔn)對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)進(jìn)行了初步評(píng)價(jià),為確保渤海灣的生態(tài)安全,需要環(huán)境監(jiān)測(cè)部門進(jìn)一步采樣測(cè)量并關(guān)注潛在污染源和海洋環(huán)境中萘的變化趨勢(shì),同時(shí)制定適當(dāng)?shù)娘L(fēng)險(xiǎn)管控措施以避免或減輕事故排放造成的風(fēng)險(xiǎn).
表6 渤海灣海域表層海水中萘濃度
Tab.6 Naphthalene concentration in the surface seawater of Bohai Bay
水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)的基礎(chǔ)研究從20世紀(jì)初已經(jīng)開始[39].我國(guó)近年才開始水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)研究,起步較晚,且基準(zhǔn)推導(dǎo)以借鑒、引用其他國(guó)家水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)理論和方法為 主[40]. 現(xiàn)行的《地表水環(huán)境質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》和《海水水質(zhì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》在制訂時(shí)主要依據(jù)的是美國(guó)、日本及歐洲等國(guó)家以及國(guó)際組織的相關(guān)水質(zhì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和水生態(tài)基準(zhǔn)數(shù)據(jù),難以切實(shí)有效地為我國(guó)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)提供適當(dāng)?shù)谋Wo(hù).本文推導(dǎo)基準(zhǔn)的數(shù)據(jù)源既包含嚴(yán)格篩選的文獻(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù),還包括針對(duì)渤海灣本土物種的毒性試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù),所以保證了建立的海水水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)能夠符合我國(guó)海灣的生物特征,因而更適合我國(guó)當(dāng)前海洋環(huán)境管理的需求,可以有效避免“欠保護(hù)”和“過(guò)保護(hù)”.
本文推導(dǎo)的萘的長(zhǎng)期水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)值(0.0886mg/L)大于澳大利亞和新西蘭頒布的海水中萘的最大容許濃度(70μg/L),小于美國(guó)環(huán)境保護(hù)署頒布的萘的人體健康水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)(143μg/L).由于水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)推導(dǎo)方法和表征形式、使用的物種均存在差異,導(dǎo)致不同國(guó)家制訂的萘的基準(zhǔn)均存在一定差異(表7).1999年加拿大環(huán)境部(CCME)發(fā)布的《水生生物保護(hù)水質(zhì)指南》[41]中提到海水中萘的最大容許濃度為1.4μg/L.其推導(dǎo)過(guò)程基于評(píng)價(jià)因子法,并規(guī)定了推導(dǎo)基準(zhǔn)值時(shí)的最小數(shù)據(jù)集要求[42-43].2000年澳大利亞和新西蘭頒布了《淡水和海洋水質(zhì)指南》,其中規(guī)定海水中萘的最大容許濃度為70μg/L.該基準(zhǔn)采用指導(dǎo)性觸發(fā)值(慢性暴露,TVs)對(duì)水生生物進(jìn)行保護(hù),其推導(dǎo)一般采用SSD法,數(shù)據(jù)不充足時(shí)也可以用評(píng)價(jià)因子 法[44].荷蘭的Kalf等[45]基于Log-Logistic概率分布模型的生態(tài)毒理學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)外推方法提出萘的最大容許濃度為1.2μg/L.2001年荷蘭頒布了“關(guān)于推導(dǎo)環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn)限值的指導(dǎo)方針”,建議在推導(dǎo)基準(zhǔn)時(shí)要考慮污染物的二次毒性以及在水和沉積物中的分配平衡,然后采用SSD法確定環(huán)境基準(zhǔn)值[46].
表7 各國(guó)頒布的萘的水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)以及推導(dǎo)方法
Tab.7 Water quality criteria for naphthalene promul-gated by various countries and their derivation methods
本文推導(dǎo)萘的水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)采用的是SSD方法.相比于美國(guó)水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)中常用的毒性百分?jǐn)?shù)排序法,SSD方法在一定程度上能夠避免或減輕了個(gè)別異常值對(duì)最終基準(zhǔn)值的影響,更具統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義.另外,各個(gè)國(guó)家的水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)體系的建立普遍采用了雙值水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn),所以本文推導(dǎo)的萘的海水水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)也采用雙值水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn).其中,SWQC能預(yù)測(cè)水生生物在短期內(nèi)萘高濃度的影響,LQWC能保護(hù)水生生物免受低濃度長(zhǎng)期作用的影響.
本基準(zhǔn)的推導(dǎo)中嚴(yán)格選用了海洋生物的毒性數(shù)據(jù),而荷蘭、歐盟等國(guó)家和地區(qū)在基準(zhǔn)推導(dǎo)中未嚴(yán)格區(qū)分海水和淡水的差異.也有學(xué)者認(rèn)為[15],由于我國(guó)海岸線較長(zhǎng),且沿岸分布著較多的排污口和工業(yè)區(qū)存在高濃度污染,在近岸海水與淡水、陸地的交匯處,棲息著廣鹽性的水生生物,所以在推導(dǎo)我國(guó)海水水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)時(shí)可以包含淡水的毒性數(shù)據(jù).曾勇等[47]推導(dǎo)出水生生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中萘的CWQC(慢性水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn))為10.25μg/L,其毒性數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)源于ECOTOX的咸淡水?dāng)?shù)據(jù),因此與本文推導(dǎo)的基準(zhǔn)值有差異.
總體來(lái)看,不同國(guó)家以及不同學(xué)者提出的萘的水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)值差異較大,產(chǎn)生差異的主要原因一方面可能是由于推導(dǎo)方法和采用的模型不完全相同,例如,使用評(píng)價(jià)因子法推導(dǎo)時(shí)計(jì)算結(jié)果相對(duì)保守,使用SSD法推導(dǎo)時(shí)采用不同的概率分布模型也會(huì)得到不同的結(jié)果.另一方面,即使釆用相同的推導(dǎo)方法,由于物種組成、毒性數(shù)據(jù)篩選、是否考慮食物鏈的影響等因素的不同,得到的基準(zhǔn)也存在一定的差異.
本文雖然以萘為例初步探索了我國(guó)海水水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)的推導(dǎo)方法及其在生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)中的應(yīng)用,但試驗(yàn)物種偏少,也缺乏考慮不同水體狀況和氣候特征、不同污染物之間的相互作用等因素的影響,建議今后可以進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)研究.
使用收集篩選的毒性數(shù)據(jù)集和水生生物毒理試驗(yàn)相結(jié)合,基于物種敏感度分布法推導(dǎo)出海水中萘的短期水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)為0.3014mg/L,長(zhǎng)期水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)為0.0886mg/L.利用推導(dǎo)的水質(zhì)基準(zhǔn)和已報(bào)道的渤海灣萘的水質(zhì)監(jiān)測(cè)數(shù)據(jù),基于商值法分析了渤海灣海水萘的生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),結(jié)果表明渤海灣水體萘的短期生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和長(zhǎng)期生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較低,但在突發(fā)事件中萘的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)值得進(jìn)一步關(guān)注.
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Derivation of Water Quality Criteria for Naphthalene in Seawater and Potential Ecological Risk Assessment in Bohai Bay
Liu Xianhua1,Li Jiaxuan1,Li Jiayao1,Gu Chunbo1,Ji Zhiyong2,Sun Jun3
(1. School of Environmental Science and Engineering,Tianjin University,Tianjin 300354,China;2. School of Chemical Engineering,Hebei University of Technology,Tianjin 300401,China;3. Ocean College , China University of Geosciences(Wuhan),Wuhan 430074,China)
Bohai Bay is an important offshore oil and gas exploration base in China,and its coast is dotted with densely populated and developed cities. Protecting the ecological health of the marine environment is crucial for the sustain-able development of the economic circle around Bohai Bay. Naphthalene is one of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,which is also a class of persistent organic pollutants found in seawater. Its potential ecological risk has attracted significant attention due to sudden marine accidents and land-based emissions. Current research on seawater quality criteria in China lags behind,and little is known about the ecological risk posed by naphthalene in seawater. Naphthalene quality standards for seawater have not yet been defined. In this study,published data on the ecotoxicity of naphthalene to marine aquatic species were collected,and acute toxicity tests were performed on five phyla and eight families of marine aquatic organisms that are prevalent in the Bohai Sea. Combining literature data selected from databases and experimental data obtained from toxicological tests,the short-term water quality criteria(SWQC)for naphthalene in seawater were derived using the species sensitivity distribution(SSD) model,whereas the long-term water quality criteria(LWQC)were derived using the extrapolation method of final acute-chronic ratio. The potential ecological damage of naphthalene in Bohai Bay and its adjacent waters was evaluated using the quotient method based on the seawater quality criteria obtained from the literature and the measured levels of naphthalene in the surface water of Bohai Bay. The results show that the SSD model based on Gumbel’s distribution best fits the data;using this model,the SWQC for naphthalene in seawater are 0.3014mg/L,and the LWQC are 0.0886mg/L. Under normal environmental conditions,both the short-term and long-term ecological risks of naphthalene in Bohai Bay and its adjacent waters are at a low level. However,sudden incidents cannot rule out the possibility of naphthalene posing ecological risk to water bodies. This study can provide valuable information for controlling pollution and protecting aquatic organisms in Bohai Bay. This can also be used as a reference for figuring out standards for the quality of seawater in other areas.
Bohai Bay;naphthalene;long-term water quality criteria(LWQC);short-term water quality criteria (SWQC);ecological risk
10.11784/tdxbz202205043
X826
A
0493-2137(2023)09-0917-10
2022-05-23;
2022-08-25.
劉憲華(1974— ),男,博士,副教授.Email:m_bigm@tju.edu.cn
劉憲華,lxh@tju.edu.cn.
國(guó)家重點(diǎn)研發(fā)計(jì)劃資助項(xiàng)目(2019YFC1407800);天津市社會(huì)發(fā)展與農(nóng)業(yè)領(lǐng)域重點(diǎn)研發(fā)計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(21YFSNSN00180).
the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No. 2019YFC1407800), Tianjin Key Research and Development Project in Social Development and Agriculture(No. 21YFSNSN00180).
(責(zé)任編輯:田 軍)
天津大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(自然科學(xué)與工程技術(shù)版)2023年9期