Uniaxial stress effect on quasi-one-dimensional Kondo lattice CeCo2Ga8

Kangqiao Cheng(程康橋) Binjie Zhou(周斌杰) Cuixiang Wang(王翠香) Shuo Zou(鄒爍) Yupeng Pan(潘宇鵬)Xiaobo He(何曉波) Jian Zhang(張健) Fangjun Lu(盧方君) Le Wang(王樂)Youguo Shi(石友國) and Yongkang Luo(羅永康)

1Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center and School of Physics,Huazhong University of Science and Technology,Wuhan 430074,China

2Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics,Institute of Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100190,China

3School of Physical Sciences,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100190,China

4Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering,and Department of Physics,

Southern University of Science and Technology,Shenzhen 518055,China

Keywords: heavy-fermion compounds,Kondo effect,RKKY interaction,quantum critical point

1. Introduction

Manipulation and control of the ground states near a quantum critical point (QCP) have attracted tremendous interests in recent decades.[1–11]QCP, the point that separates the quantum-ordered and -disordered states on the phase diagram of a material, is generally achieved by terminating a phase transition continuously at absolute zero, through the application of a certain non-thermal external control parameter, e.g., magnetic field (B), chemical doping (x), physical pressure (p), etc [Fig. 1(a)]. In the vicinity of QCPs, many emergent quantum phenomena may appear, such as heavyelectron, strange metal [or non-Fermi liquid (NFL)], unconventional superconductivity, quantum spin liquid and so on.Heavy-fermion Kondo lattice compounds span a large material basis for exploring QCPs and investigating their unique nature.[1,3–6,8,10,12–14]In this context, the ground state of the system is typically determined by a competition between Kondo effect and Ruderman–Kittel–Kasuya–Yosida (RKKY)interaction:[15]while the RKKY exchange (JRKKY) prefers a long-range magnetic ordering,[16–18]the Kondo effect (TK)tends to screen and quench magnetic moments and thus stabilizes a non-magnetic ground state.[19]A QCP is expected whenJRKKYequals toTK.

Natural questions concern whether a QCP can be realized in a one-dimensional (1D) or quasi-1D system, and what the nature of such QCPs is if they exist. They remain elusive,because (i) it is generally believed that long-range magnetic order is hard to condensate in 1D systems,[20,21]the concept of QCP therefore seems“meaningless”;(ii)Fermi liquid also breaks down in the 1D limit,[22,23]so it is unclear what the ground state will be on the quantum disordered side;(iii)even in a relatively relax condition where long-range magnetic order might appear, i.e., quasi-1D system, the Kondo coupling between local moments and conduction electrons is weakened due to the incomplete screening network,and furthermore,the inter-chain communication among single-ion Kondo singlets is also severely reduced,[24]therefore, whether sufficiently strong Kondo effect can develop to compete against the RKKY interaction is still an open question;and(iv)so far most of the known heavy-fermion Kondo lattices are three-dimensional or quasi-two-dimensional,while examples of 1D or quasi-1D are rare.[10,25,26]Extensive material basis and proper tuning on the existing candidates are both required to address these issues.

Recently, Wanget al.reported the synthesis and physical properties of a new quasi-1D candidate Kondo lattice CeCo2Ga8,[27]which crystallizes in the YbCo2Al8-type orthorhombic structure.[28]Most interestingly,the cerium atoms in this compounds form individual chains along thecaxis,and each chain is surrounded by five polyhedral CoGa9cages in theabplane, cf Fig. 1(b). Since the inter-chain Ce–Ce distances(6.5 °A and 7.5 °A)are much longer than the intra-chain distance (4.05 °A), the compound is deemed as a candidate of quasi-1D Kondo lattice. Indeed, further resistivity measurements revealed that coherent Kondo scattering is only observed for electric current parallel toc(ρc),while bothρa(bǔ)andρbremain incoherent down to 2 K, indicating the realization of Kondo chain in CeCo2Ga8,[24]see also in the inset to Fig.2.Specific heat,magnetic susceptibility and μSR measurements confirmed the absence of long-range magnetic ordering down to 70 mK.[27,29]Moreover,NFL behavior appears at low temperature as evidenced by the linear resistivity [ρc(T)～T]and logarithmic specific heat[C/T～–lnT].[27]At sub-Kelvin,C/Ttends to level off,suggesting that Fermi liquid potentially gets restored with a large renormalized effective mass at ultralow temperature, and this is further supported by resistivity and specific heat measurements under pressure or magnetic field. Taken together, these features suggest that CeCo2Ga8likely sits nearby but slightly on the quantum-disordered side of a QCP, seeing the blue dash line in the schematic phase diagram in Fig.1(a). This provides a possible platform to investigate the nature of QCP in the quasi-1D limit.

In this work, we employed the uniaxial stress (σ) as a control parameter to this quasi-1D Kondo lattice using a set of piezoelectric actuators,[30]and electric transport and thermodynamic properties were studied as a function of strain(ε).Compared to conventional hydrostatic pressure effect that is essentially isotropic,the stress tuning possesses several advantages. First, because the stress effect is uniaxial, presumably it is more straightforward to change the intra-chain distance in such quasi-1D compounds and thus to tune the physical properties more efficiently. Second,one can apply either compressive or tensile stress by a controllable voltage, which enablesin-situtuning either to approach or to depart the QCP.

2. Experimental details

Single crystalline CeCo2Ga8was grown by a Ga selfflux method as described previously.[27]The as-grown samples mostly are needle-like with typical length～3 mm alongc-axis,and about 1.5×1.5 mm2in cross-section.Four samples(S1–S4)were prepared in this work. S1 and S2 were carefully polished to make the long side alongc- anda-axes, for measurements of electrical resistivityρcandρa(bǔ),respectively. The forces were applied uniaxially along the electric current by Razorbill Instruments Cryogenic stress cell (FC100), and the magnitude of stress was measured using a pre-calibrated capacitive dilatometer. Heat capacity of CeCo2Ga8under stress was measure by an AC calorimetric method,[31,32]on samples S3 and S4,and the stress was applied alongaandbaxes,respectively. Chromel-Au99.93%Fe0.07%thermocouple was used to measure the heat-temperature response.[33,34]

3. Results and discussion

We start from resistivity measurements with compressive stress applied incaxis, which is the same direction as Ce–Ce chain. In this configuration,a compressive stress shortens the intra chain Ce–Ce distance,but slightly increases the inter chain distances. This can be seen from the Hooke’s law for a crystal

whereσis the stress tensor,Cis the elastic moduli tensor,andεis the strain tensor. We obtained the elastic moduli by resonant ultrasound spectroscopy(RUS)measurements,[35]

where the irrelevant shear moduli are not shown here. More details about the RUS results on CeCo2Ga8will be published separately.[36]With these parameters, we are able to convert the stress into strain as labeled in the legends of Fig.2. Note that the sign“-”in strain means compression.

As the intra-chain distance shortens, naively, one expects that the communications among single-ion Kondo singlets strengthen and thus the coherent Kondo effect enhances.However, on the other hand, since the RKKY interactionJRKKY∝cos(2kFr)/r3(whereris the distance between local moments, andkFis the Fermi wave vector),[16–18]it is hard to predict who will increase faster with strain. If the Kondo effect wins,the system should move further into the quantumdisordered region; otherwise, it should approach closer to QCP.Figure 2 displays the temperature dependence ofρcunder various strains. At ambient,ρc(T)initially decreases upon cooling, and then turns up below～100 K where the incoherent Kondo effect sets in (see the inset to Fig. 2). A broad peak forms at about 24 K, characteristic of the onset of coherent Kondo scattering and the development of renormalized heavy electron bands.[27]The coherent Kondo temperature is defined as the position whereρcmaximizes. It should be mentioned that theTccohin this work is relatively higher than that previously reported,[24,27]probably due to sample quality dependence. One then clearly finds thatTccohincreases monotonically with compressive strainεc, with an increasing rate～20 K/%. This manifests that the Kondo effect dominates in this process, and thus CeCo2Ga8moves farther away from QCP.In other words,the correct way to tune it to QCP should be to stretch it alongc. However, we noticed that this crystal is rather brittle to tension,even a little tensile force causes theρcmeasurements to fail.

An alternate attempt is to compress the crystal within theabplane, and presumably this is to elongate the intra-chain distance. In this configuration,the intra-chain coupling is expected to be weakened at the expense of some enhancement in inter-chain coupling. We assume the latter is less crucial. This idea is firstly testified by theρa(bǔ)measurements with stress applied inaaxis(For technical reason, it is difficult to measureρcin this configuration). The ratio ofεcandεais determined by the Poison’s ratioν13≡-S13/S11≈0.21, whereS11andS13are the elements of elastic compliance tensorS,

Figure 3(a) displaysρa(bǔ)as a function ofTmeasured at differentεa. Unlikeρc(T), the resistivity forI ‖ ais semiconducting-like without any trace of Kondo coherence(see the inset to Fig.2). We noticed that all theρa(bǔ)(T)curves essentially overlap only except for below～6 K whereσaweakly suppressesρa(bǔ). This implies that compressing alongatends to promote coherent Kondo scatting ina,which is not surprising.However,we should also point out that the uniaxial stress effect alongais much weaker than that alongc, manifesting that elastic-electronic coupling and thus the tunability are very anisotropic,and this provides additional evidence for the quasi-1D nature of CeCo2Ga8.

Since resistivity is a tensor quantity,ρa(bǔ)does not reflect much information about the intra-chain electronic correlation effect, we therefore turn to the bulk property measurements,viz.AC heat capacity (Cac), and the results are shown in Fig. 3(b). This provides a semi-quantitative measure for the strain dependent electronic correlation. Here we compare the data forεa=0 and-0.12%, and the latter corresponds to a small expansion strain alongc,εc=0.026%. Between 10 K and 20 K,Cac/Tis linear inT2due to the phonon contribution.[37]A notable feature is that the slope ofCac/Tvs.T2increases and hence the Debye temperature decreases in the presence ofσa. We obtain the phonon contribution by fittingCacto a DebyeT3law between 10 K and 20 K, and extrapolate this to the lowerTrange. After subtracting this phonon contribution,the electronic contribution to the specific heat,Cel/T,is displayed in the inset to Fig.3(b). Apart from a plausible upturn below 3 K which is due to a calibration issue of the chromel-Au99.93%Fe0.07%thermocouple used,[33,34]the most prominent feature is thatCel/Tdiverges more rapidly at low temperature underεc=0.026%. This signifies that the effective mass of quasiparticles is further increased upon tensileεc,and is in agreement with the behavior when approaching a QCP (e.g., see review [38]). It should be noted that at present we can not fully exclude the possibility that the rapid increase inCel/Tat low temperature originates from an underlying magnetic ordering whose transition temperature is below our base temperature～1.7 K.Such a situation might appear if the system has been over-tuned to the quantum-ordered phase[cf Fig.1(a)]. However,this scenario is not very likely considering the rather smallεcwe have reached in this experiment,and no magnetic transition was observed down to 70 mK at ambient.[27,29]Sub-Kelvin measurements are needed to clarify this problem. Similar trend is also observed when the uniaxial stress is applied alongbaxis,see Fig.4.

According to the global phase diagram theory,[12,39]the quantum critical points in heavy-fermion materials are generally classified in two types: a conventional spin-densitywave (SDW) type QCP[40,41]and an unconventional Kondodestruction type QCP.[42–44]Across the Kondo-destruction type QCP,accompanied with the disappearance of long-range magnetic ordering, the 4f electrons undergo a localized–delocalized transition, therefore, the Fermi surface topology changes sharply.[5,6,45,46]Other important features of the Kondo-destruction type QCP include anω/Tscaling of dynamic spin susceptibility, a modified Curie–Weiss form of static spin susceptibility, and strange metal (NFL) behavior with divergent quasiparticle effective mass.[42,47–49]Since Kondo destruction generically requires a large frustration parameter and spin fluctuations, it thus favors lower dimensionality.[12]Whether these phenomena will also appear in this quasi-1D system needs further confirmation. In particular, different kinds of magnetic fluctuations (ferromagnetic(FM) or antiferromagnetic (AFM)) with different dimensionalities (2D or 3D) lead to different sorts of NFL behaviors,characterized by the different forms of temperature dependent measurables like resistivity, spin susceptibility, specific heat,spin-lattice relaxation rate and so on. For instance,in Moriya and Takimoto’s theory,[50]2D and 3D AFM fluctuations yield specific heatCm/Tobeying-logTandγ0–aT1/2, respectively, while 2D FM fluctuations result inCm/T～T-1/3.[51]Slightly away from QCP, in the Fermi-liquid regime,Cm/Tconforms to log(1/r),-r1/2andr1/2for 2D-AFM,3D-AFM and 2D-FM types of QCPs,respectively,wherer ≡δ-δcparameterizes the“distance”to QCP(refer to Ref.[52]for more details). How the strange metal behaves near a QCP in the quasi-1D limit remains unclear. The stress-tuned CeCo2Ga8thus provides a new access to these peculiar quantum critical phenomena. In our AC heat capacity experiment (which is semi-quantitative), we confirmed thatCel/Tincreases nearly logarithmically between 3 K and 10 K, and this trend retains when approaching QCP(see the insets to Figs.2 and 3). Because of some uncertainty in the measurements below～3 K as mentioned above,it is premature to draw a full conclusion before more precise measurements down to lower temperatures can be done. Furthermore, it is also unknown whether ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic long-range order will be established if the system is over-tuned across the QCP. More systematic physical-property measurements at milli-Kelvin range in the presence of even more powerful stress cell are required in the future. Some relevant works have been on the way.

4. Summary

On the example of quasi-1D heavy-fermion Kondo lattice CeCo2Ga8, we systematically studied the uniaxial stress effect by anisotropic transport and thermodynamic properties measurements. The results manifest that a tensile intra-chain strain(εc ＞0)pushes CeCo2Ga8closer to a quantum critical point, while a compression intra-chain strain (εc ＜0) likely causes departure. Our work provides a rare paradigm of manipulation near a quantum critical point in a quasi-1D Kondo lattice by uniaxial stress,and paves the way for further investigations on the unique feature of quantum criticality in the quasi-1D limit.

Acknowledgments

Y.Shi acknowledges Beijing Natural Science Foundation,China(Grant No.Z180008)and K.C.Wong Education Foundation(Grant No. GJTD-2018-01).