郭旭,楊清竹,2,楊鈺基,盧澤梅,孟令雪,張偉偉,2,邵淑麗,2
雷公藤紅素對腫瘤的抑制機制
郭旭1,楊清竹1,2,楊鈺基1,盧澤梅1,孟令雪1,張偉偉1,2,邵淑麗1,2
(齊齊哈爾大學 1. 生命科學與農林學院,2. 抗性基因工程與寒地生物多樣性保護黑龍江省重點實驗室,黑龍江 齊齊哈爾 161006)
圍繞雷公藤紅素抑制腫瘤細胞生長的調控機制,探討了現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學對其加工和應用成果.研究表明,雷公藤紅素通過對多種癌細胞增殖、轉移、侵襲、血管生成通路的抑制來發(fā)揮其抗腫瘤活性,并能夠提升癌細胞的化療敏感性.雷公藤紅素是一種有待更深入開發(fā)和研究,揭露其具體抗腫瘤作用方式,研究其潛在毒性,開發(fā)新的臨床轉化方法的重要植物提取物.
雷公藤紅素;癌癥治療;分子靶標;細胞死亡
雷公藤(Hook. f.)是一種衛(wèi)矛科雷公藤屬植物,也是我國傳統(tǒng)的中藥材之一,常用于治療類風濕性關節(jié)炎、腎病綜合征、系統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡,并被廣泛用作民間藥物.植物化學研究已在該屬中發(fā)現(xiàn)了500多種次生代謝物,包括5種主要類型:倍半萜類、二萜類、三萜類、黃酮類、木脂素[1-6].雷公藤紅素是從雷公藤根皮部提取的一種醌甲氧基三萜化合物[1]4759.近年來,越來越多的報道顯示雷公藤紅素在體內和體外對多種癌細胞模型具有抗腫瘤活性,其中包括胃癌[7]10296、肝癌[8-9]、腎癌[10]、非小細胞肺癌[11]4546、結腸癌[12]、膠質瘤[13]和神經質瘤[14]等.雷公藤紅素的單獨或聯(lián)合用藥通過誘導細胞凋亡和自噬、誘導細胞周期停止、抗轉移和抗腫瘤血管生成作用、抗炎癥作用和抗氧化作用來抑制癌癥的生物學進展.然而,雷公藤紅素的口服生物利用度較低,主要是因為其水溶性較差.此外,使用高劑量的雷公藤紅素與多種副作用相關,包括腹瀉、頭痛、惡心和不孕等[15].
在各種體內外研究中,雷公藤紅素對癌細胞增殖的抑制作用已有很多進展:在體內外雷公藤紅素均可通過抑制SGC-7901和BGC-823細胞系中的抗氧化酶Prdx2結合,在分子水平上抑制其酶活性,增加細胞ROS水平并導致細胞中ROS依賴性內質網應激、線粒體功能障礙、減緩細胞組織合成并誘導凋亡[7]10293.雷公藤紅素通過負調控P-gp,MRP1,BCRP的表達水平并降低mTOR信號通路相關蛋白,顯著抑制SGC-7901/DDP細胞的增殖并誘導其凋亡[16].在肺腺癌中,雷公藤紅素以與劑量無關的方式降低由miRNA介導的STAT3的磷酸化水平及Bcl-2/Bax的比率抑制增殖并誘導細胞凋亡[17].同時在神經膠質瘤的治療中,雷公藤紅素的衍生物通過激活RIP1/RIP3/MLKL通路誘導壞死性凋亡,顯著抑制了U251細胞集落的形成和遷移[18].在結直腸癌中,雷公藤紅素通過激活Caspase依賴性細胞凋亡和促進G1細胞周期阻滯有效抑制CRC細胞增殖[19]1926.
雷公藤紅素也被報道通過靶向轉移相關基因,如細胞因子和金屬蛋白酶,對癌細胞的侵襲和遷移具有抑制作用.趨化因子屬于細胞分泌小細胞因子的一個包括60多個成員的蛋白質家族,分子量多為8~10 kDa.大部分趨化因子家族成員分子含4個保守的半胱氨酸(Cysteine,C).根據(jù)其氨基端(N端)半胱氨酸的排列方式,可分為CXC,CC,C,CX3C 4個亞族.趨化因子受體(CXCR)是G蛋白連接的跨膜受體,與這些細胞因子相互作用介導惡性細胞的擴散.因此,能夠阻斷這種相互作用的藥物有可能抑制腫瘤轉移.在肝細胞癌中,雷公藤紅素既可以降低CXCR4的表達,顯著減弱HCC細胞的遷移能力[20]300,也可以通過下調HCC細胞中circ_SLIT3的表達,間接影響miR-223-3p的表達,由此影響CXCR4,并調節(jié)HCC細胞的遷徙和侵襲[21]1110.
細胞外基質降解是癌細胞侵襲和轉移的重要步驟之一,基質金屬蛋白酶(MMP)是鋅依賴性蛋白水解金屬酶.研究證明,雷公藤紅素通過下調MMP家族成員的表達來抑制癌細胞的遷徙和侵襲.在結直腸癌和人宮頸HeLa細胞中,雷公藤紅素通過下調MMP-2和MMP-9有效抑制細胞遷移和侵襲[19-22].也有報道證明,雷公藤紅素通過抑制NF-B靶蛋白MMP-9而非MMP-2來阻斷卵巢癌細胞的遷移和侵襲[23].在乳腺癌中,雷公藤紅素以劑量依賴性抑制TNF-誘導的MMP-9基因誘導乳腺癌細胞凋亡并抑制其侵襲[24].
癌癥的轉移是最威脅癌癥患者的一環(huán),超過90%的癌癥相關死亡是由于腫瘤細胞的轉移導致的[25].上皮間充質轉化(EMT)是指上皮細胞通過特定程序轉化為具有間質表型細胞的生物學過程.EMT過程受多種因素調節(jié).雷公藤紅素通過上調E-cadherin和下調N-cadherin,Vimentin,Snail明顯抑制上皮間質轉化,抑制人CRC細胞增殖,并減弱結腸異種移植腫瘤的生長[26].也有報道稱,雷公藤紅素作為一種抗轉移劑,對1(CD29)整合素介導的人臍靜脈內皮細胞(HUVEC)的粘附和遷移產生抑制[27];雷公藤紅素可以通過抑制整合素信號通路抑制癌細胞的侵襲和轉移,從而抑制人肺癌95-D和小鼠黑色素瘤B16-F10細胞模型中細胞-細胞基質黏附和EMT[28].
腫瘤的血管生成是一個極為復雜的過程,一般包括血管內皮基質降解、內皮細胞的遷移和增殖、細胞管道化形成血管環(huán)和形成新的基底膜等步驟.缺氧是腫瘤微環(huán)境的重要特征之一.雷公藤紅素可通過靶向HIF-1/VEGF通路,抑制視網膜母細胞瘤的血管生成,并抑制其生長[29].也有報道稱,雷公藤紅素在結直腸癌HT-29和HCT-116細胞中可抑制細胞的生長和遷移,并與抑制關鍵基因(TYMP,CDH5,THBS2,LEP,MMP9,TNF)和蛋白質(IL-1b,MMP-9,PDGF,Serpin)的表達有關[30].
雷公藤紅素在臨床的聯(lián)合治療中也被證明是一種化療藥物增敏劑.雷公藤紅素在MCF-7細胞內與他莫昔芬的聯(lián)合治療可發(fā)揮協(xié)同細胞毒性,增強了他莫昔芬介導的細胞凋亡,組合治療通過阻滯細胞周期來抑制細胞增殖,并觸發(fā)細胞自噬[31].而在與阿法替尼的聯(lián)合治療中,雷公藤紅素與阿法替尼協(xié)同作用,通過誘導與細胞凋亡、自噬無關的細胞質空泡來抑制H23和H292細胞的存活[11]4545.
雖然雷公藤紅素具有廣譜抗癌活性,且能從多種途徑抑制癌細胞生長,但雷公藤紅素的應用仍受到其嚴重副作用的影響,主要是由于其不良的生物分布和各種理化性質及藥代動力學限制.有報道指出,雷公藤紅素的治療窗口劑量過窄,其對各種腫瘤的異種移植模型的有效劑量約為3~5 mg/kg,但在此劑量下雷公藤紅素會顯示出較強的毒性,如心臟毒性[32-33]、肝臟毒性[34]150,腎臟毒性[35].與許多抗癌藥物一樣,雷公藤紅素的水溶性較差[34]152,25 ℃時水溶性僅為0.044 mg/mL,37 ℃時為(13.25±0.83)mg/mL[34]152,因此只能使用聚氧乙烯蓖麻油溶劑或乙醇溶劑作為載體,但這會產生相關毒性,加重雷公藤紅素的副作用[36].雷公藤紅素的口服利用度極差,在大鼠的體內實驗中,單純口服雷公藤紅素的絕對生物利用度僅為17.06%[37],這嚴重限制了其臨床轉換,阻礙藥物的正常使用.目前,針對這些問題,已有研究開發(fā)了以納米技術為基礎的全新給藥系統(tǒng):使用納米金顆粒與PVP-co-2-二甲基氨基乙基甲基丙烯酸酯(聚合物)與雷公藤紅素共軛,然后利用葉酸修飾,這一載體在2D和3D的乳腺癌模型中表現(xiàn)良好,溶解性大幅提高清毒性降低,這一實驗為探索雷公藤紅素的生物利用開辟的全新的道路[38].
盡管雷公藤紅素的副作用危害較大,但在特殊化學修飾和特定溶質載體的加持下,其藥用價值不可估量.雷公藤紅素作為天然產物,其獲得途徑較為理想,主要難點在于藥物的提純部分,而在對抗諸多癌癥時,雷公藤紅素均有較強的藥理活性.目前,應對癌癥治療中的耐藥問題,最佳的解決方案是多藥物聯(lián)合治療,通過多種細胞致死機制快速殺滅癌細胞以達到治療目的.在體外實驗中,雷公藤紅素與常規(guī)化療藥物聯(lián)合使用已成功遏制多種腫瘤細胞的生長,與單一藥物治療相比,聯(lián)合治療有效縮短了治療周期,降低了腫瘤細胞的獲得性耐藥風險[38],這一治療思路值得深入探討.通過將雷公藤紅素作為輔助藥物使用,既可以減輕因藥物劑量帶來的過量毒性,也可以在配合治療中發(fā)揮其抗腫瘤功效.目前,已經開發(fā)的各式新型給藥系統(tǒng)和各種修飾方式可不同程度地降低雷公藤紅素的毒性,并提高了雷公藤紅素的溶解度、生物利用度,提供了體內外的持續(xù)釋放.盡管這些藥物還未真正應用于臨床使用,但目前來看,針對臨床實際應用的藥物優(yōu)化非常重要,勢必會成為下一階段雷公藤紅素開發(fā)的核心內容.
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Inhibitory mechanism of celastrol on tumor
GUO Xu1,YANG Qingzhu1,2,YANG Yuji1,LU Zemei1,MENG Lingxue1,ZHANG Weiwei1,2,SHAO Shuli1,2
(1. School of Life Sciences,Agriculture and Forestry,2. Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resistance Gene Engineering and Protection of Biodiversity in Cold Areas,Qiqihar University,Qiqihar 161006,China)
Focuses on the regulation mechanism of celastrol inhibiting tumor cell growth and discusses its processing and application in modern medicine.A number of studies have shown that celastrol exerts its anti-tumor activity by inhibiting the proliferation,metastasis,invasion and angiogenesis pathways of various cancer cells,and can improve the sensitivity of cancer cells to chemotherapy.Celastrol is an important plant extract that needs further development and research to reveal its specific antitumor action mode,research its potential toxicity and develop new clinical transformation methods.
celastrol;cancer treament;molecular targets;cell death
1007-9831(2022)04-0060-04
Q949.9
A
10.3969/j.issn.1007-9831.2022.04.012
2021-12-26
齊齊哈爾大學黑龍江省教育廳基本業(yè)務專項重點項目(135109104);黑龍江省省屬高等學校基本科研業(yè)務費科研項目(YSTSXK201809)——植物性食品加工技術特色學科專項
郭旭(1997-)男,黑龍江哈爾濱人,在讀碩士研究生,從事腫瘤細胞基因表達調控研究.E-mail:757011379@qq.com