厚基巖采場(chǎng)弱膠結(jié)巖層動(dòng)力潰砂機(jī)制研究現(xiàn)狀與展望

董書寧，柳昭星,3，王 皓

(1.中煤科工集團(tuán)西安研究院有限公司，陜西 西安 710054；2.陜西省煤礦水害防治技術(shù)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室，陜西 西安 710077；3.西安科技大學(xué) 地質(zhì)與環(huán)境學(xué)院，陜西 西安 710054)

我國(guó)西部礦區(qū)由于煤炭資源儲(chǔ)量豐富，現(xiàn)已成為國(guó)家煤炭資源的主要產(chǎn)地。而西部礦區(qū)主要富煤區(qū)的成煤時(shí)代以相對(duì)較晚的早—中侏羅世為主，致使煤系地層中侏羅系砂泥巖地層通常膠結(jié)程度不足，具有強(qiáng)度低、易崩解等典型力學(xué)特性。因此，西部礦區(qū)弱膠結(jié)巖層一直是煤炭企業(yè)工程技術(shù)人員和科研工作者關(guān)心的熱點(diǎn)和應(yīng)對(duì)的難點(diǎn)。在國(guó)家規(guī)劃的14個(gè)大型煤炭基地中，黃隴、寧東煤炭基地多個(gè)煤礦出現(xiàn)采場(chǎng)頂板潰水潰砂與強(qiáng)礦壓顯現(xiàn)并發(fā)災(zāi)害。該類型災(zāi)害嚴(yán)重制約了煤炭資源的高效安全開發(fā)。而這種數(shù)百米至千米埋深采場(chǎng)的潰砂災(zāi)害，既不同于淺埋、近松散層采掘工作面出現(xiàn)的潰砂災(zāi)害，也不同于礦井頂板涌水災(zāi)害，其破壞力極強(qiáng)，是我國(guó)西部礦區(qū)一種新型的厚基巖采場(chǎng)頂板弱膠結(jié)巖層動(dòng)力潰砂災(zāi)害。

目前，對(duì)于厚基巖采場(chǎng)下弱膠結(jié)頂板潰砂災(zāi)害的研究相對(duì)較少，已有的研究?jī)H參考以往淺埋、近松散層采場(chǎng)潰砂災(zāi)害或頂板離層水害相關(guān)研究?jī)?nèi)容和思路，缺少關(guān)于礦山壓力作用的分析和探討；筆者曾就黃隴煤田某煤礦采場(chǎng)潰水潰砂和強(qiáng)礦壓顯現(xiàn)疊加災(zāi)害進(jìn)行研究，分析了礦山壓力的作用，但未形成動(dòng)力潰砂的概念和認(rèn)識(shí)。因此，該新型頂板水害發(fā)生的機(jī)制和規(guī)律尚未被充分認(rèn)識(shí)，現(xiàn)有理論和技術(shù)遇到瓶頸，無(wú)法對(duì)災(zāi)害形成有效防控。而揭示災(zāi)害形成的內(nèi)在機(jī)制是當(dāng)前災(zāi)害有效防控首要解決的難題，相關(guān)研究有重要的理論意義和工程應(yīng)用價(jià)值。筆者通過調(diào)研分析以往淺埋、近松散層采場(chǎng)頂板的非動(dòng)力潰水潰砂及采場(chǎng)頂板弱膠結(jié)巖層動(dòng)力潰砂相關(guān)研究現(xiàn)狀，總結(jié)研究不足，研究得到關(guān)鍵科學(xué)問題，提出當(dāng)前亟待解決和研究的主要問題和內(nèi)容，以期對(duì)該類型災(zāi)害防控技術(shù)體系構(gòu)建提供借鑒和參考。

1 與淺埋、近松散層采場(chǎng)潰砂的不同

以往發(fā)生的采掘潰砂是采掘活動(dòng)導(dǎo)通近松散層或上覆新近系含水砂層而誘發(fā)的含砂量較高(一般50%以上)的水砂混合流體潰入井下采煤工作面或掘進(jìn)工作面，并造成財(cái)產(chǎn)損失及人員傷亡的一種礦井地質(zhì)災(zāi)害。例如，2018年山東某礦回風(fēng)暗斜井掘進(jìn)工作面導(dǎo)通新近系砂層形成的潰砂，2010年神東礦區(qū)哈拉溝煤礦采場(chǎng)頂板裂隙導(dǎo)通第四系松散沙層形成的潰砂等。該類型潰砂災(zāi)害的形成動(dòng)力僅為自重和水壓，缺少外在的礦山壓力作為動(dòng)力，屬于非動(dòng)力潰砂；而采場(chǎng)頂板弱膠結(jié)巖層潰砂是受回采擾動(dòng)而劣化的頂板弱膠結(jié)巖層在其上方硬巖破斷和下方基本頂失穩(wěn)帶來的礦壓顯現(xiàn)效應(yīng)下而產(chǎn)生突涌的一種突發(fā)性強(qiáng)、破壞性大、沖擊力大的礦井災(zāi)害，其實(shí)質(zhì)是弱膠結(jié)地層劣化誘發(fā)硬巖破斷失穩(wěn)效應(yīng)下的頂板動(dòng)力潰砂。例如，2016年陜西黃隴煤田某煤礦采場(chǎng)頂板泥石流災(zāi)害等。

弱膠結(jié)巖層動(dòng)力潰砂與以往非動(dòng)力潰砂災(zāi)害在物源、表象和動(dòng)力源上存在明顯不同。以往淺埋或近松散層采場(chǎng)的非動(dòng)力潰水潰砂災(zāi)害潰涌物來源為松散層或近松散層地層(圖1)。但弱膠結(jié)巖層動(dòng)力潰砂災(zāi)害中由于采場(chǎng)覆巖較厚(表1)，根據(jù)文獻(xiàn)[23-25]關(guān)于黃隴、寧東礦區(qū)煤層采動(dòng)導(dǎo)水裂隙帶高度的實(shí)測(cè)、統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果，煤層回采后所形成的導(dǎo)水裂隙帶高度無(wú)法波及松散層或近松散層地層，因此，潰涌物源不可能來自松散層或近松散層地層(物源不同)；除淺埋或近松散層采場(chǎng)強(qiáng)礦壓顯現(xiàn)中頂板切落貫通松散層出現(xiàn)潰砂災(zāi)害外，覆巖較厚(大于導(dǎo)水裂隙帶高度)的采場(chǎng)強(qiáng)礦壓顯現(xiàn)中鮮有頂板潰砂災(zāi)害出現(xiàn)(表象不同)；松散層或近松散層采場(chǎng)潰砂災(zāi)害的動(dòng)力僅為水壓和自重，不存在礦山壓力作為動(dòng)力的上覆巖層條件(動(dòng)力源不同)，而弱膠結(jié)巖層動(dòng)力潰砂災(zāi)害中頂板潰砂動(dòng)力與砂源地層上覆巖層的強(qiáng)礦壓顯現(xiàn)存在明顯聯(lián)系和影響。

圖1 淺埋或近松散層采場(chǎng)頂板的非動(dòng)力潰砂示意Fig.1 Non-dynamic sand burst of shallow buried or near loose stope roof

表1 黃隴、寧東煤炭基地潰水潰砂和強(qiáng)礦壓顯現(xiàn)并發(fā)災(zāi)害案例(不完全統(tǒng)計(jì))[12-14]

2 淺埋、近松散層采場(chǎng)潰砂形成機(jī)制與防治

2.1 形成機(jī)制

目前，采場(chǎng)頂板潰水潰砂主要集中在我國(guó)西部淺埋采場(chǎng)及華東、華北等礦區(qū)的近松散層采場(chǎng)，該類型潰砂災(zāi)害發(fā)生的工程地質(zhì)模式可分為垮落帶直接揭露含水砂層、導(dǎo)水裂隙帶滲透破壞含水砂層和地面砂體、井下鉆孔等人為通道導(dǎo)通含水砂層等3種類型。災(zāi)害的發(fā)生需要同時(shí)具備以下4個(gè)條件：① 水砂源。提供水砂潰涌的富水砂層；② 潰涌通道。采掘擾動(dòng)形成的潰水潰砂通道；③ 流動(dòng)空間。容納水砂混合物的采掘空間；④ 動(dòng)力源。較大的動(dòng)水壓力。

(1)水砂來源。水砂是采場(chǎng)潰水潰砂災(zāi)害形成的基礎(chǔ)條件，西部淺埋采場(chǎng)及華東、華北等礦區(qū)的近松散層采場(chǎng)水砂來源主要為第四系松散層或近松散層的弱膠結(jié)地層。如榆神府礦區(qū)潰砂來源主要為薩拉烏蘇組及風(fēng)積沙砂層，風(fēng)積沙在榆神府礦區(qū)厚度0～30 m,一般5 m左右,以粉細(xì)沙為主,粒徑介于0.25～0.50 mm的顆粒占95%以上。薩拉烏蘇組厚度0～175.75 m，一般10～30 m，粒徑與風(fēng)積沙相近,易于發(fā)生潰砂。水源主要為薩拉烏蘇組含水層，薩拉烏蘇組地下水在風(fēng)沙灘區(qū)普遍分布，厚度變化大；新疆某礦工作面開采過程中水砂來源為上覆弱膠結(jié)的古近系砂礫巖含水層；華東、華北等礦區(qū)的許多大煤田多為隱伏型，煤層上覆有巨厚松散層沉積，松散層底部常存在弱至中等富水的礫石含水層，是該地區(qū)潰水潰砂災(zāi)害的水砂來源。

(2)通道特征。裂隙通道是產(chǎn)生潰砂的必要條件，潰砂及危害程度主要與裂隙發(fā)育結(jié)構(gòu)和砂的顆粒大小有關(guān)，通道的寬度、傾角和結(jié)構(gòu)特征對(duì)顆粒速度分布和受力能夠產(chǎn)生重要影響，通道寬度控制了潰砂量，在相同初始水頭條件下，隨著突砂口尺寸的加大，突砂量基本呈線性增加。潰砂通道發(fā)育過程可劃分為裂隙漸次發(fā)育階段、裂隙貫通階段和突水潰砂通道形成3個(gè)階段。在裂隙發(fā)育未完全時(shí)，砂粒潰入在一定程度上能夠抑制裂隙的發(fā)育，但持續(xù)的水壓作用增大了裂隙內(nèi)的孔隙壓力，促使裂隙進(jìn)一步發(fā)育，到達(dá)一定程度后，就會(huì)造成水砂突涌，并沿著各新生裂隙流入，進(jìn)而加速裂隙發(fā)育過程，甚至造成煤層頂板的垮落，加劇潰水潰砂災(zāi)害。另外，水砂能夠降低巖塊間摩擦因數(shù)，致使水砂涌入工作面開采時(shí)易發(fā)生滑落失穩(wěn)、來壓劇烈和臺(tái)階下沉現(xiàn)象。因此，在淺埋采場(chǎng)中，潰砂通道往往是由于基本頂巖塊回轉(zhuǎn)或回轉(zhuǎn)觸矸后由于支架阻力不夠滑落失穩(wěn)形成的，而巖塊端角接觸面高度越高、采場(chǎng)支架工作阻力越大越不容易發(fā)生潰砂。

(3)流動(dòng)空間。非動(dòng)力潰水潰砂是水砂混合物在自重和水壓作用下在井下不同空間內(nèi)快速轉(zhuǎn)移流動(dòng)而對(duì)井下設(shè)施、空間和人員等造成損傷的過程，因此，采空區(qū)、巷道等均可成為水砂潰涌的流動(dòng)空間。而涌入空間的大小將決定潰砂危害性的大小及發(fā)展程度。原因在于：當(dāng)飽和含水砂層被采動(dòng)裂隙導(dǎo)通時(shí)，潰涌口下方存在較大空間將有利于水砂混合物的快速流動(dòng)，致使災(zāi)害潰砂形成，而對(duì)于較小的流動(dòng)空間，即使有較大的水流作用，也容易導(dǎo)致砂體堆積在潰涌口，阻止?jié)⑸暗倪M(jìn)一步發(fā)展。

(4)動(dòng)力特征。臨界水力坡度是淺埋、近松散層采場(chǎng)頂板潰砂發(fā)生的關(guān)鍵，該結(jié)論已得到理論分析、室內(nèi)試驗(yàn)的證實(shí)。當(dāng)缺少水動(dòng)力條件時(shí)，根據(jù)普氏平衡拱理論，砂體顆粒在重力作用下能夠相互擠壓，形成相對(duì)穩(wěn)定的結(jié)構(gòu)；當(dāng)發(fā)生涌水時(shí)，水流會(huì)對(duì)砂顆粒產(chǎn)生浮力、拖曳力、滲透壓力等力的作用，造成顆粒結(jié)構(gòu)的失穩(wěn)和運(yùn)移。當(dāng)砂顆粒達(dá)到臨界流速時(shí)便會(huì)產(chǎn)生潰砂，并且涌水的速度決定了單位時(shí)間的潰砂量，在相同突砂口張開的情況下，涌砂量隨著初始水頭增大而增大。砂體顆粒在運(yùn)動(dòng)過程中顆粒之間及與通道內(nèi)壁間產(chǎn)生碰撞、摩擦，造成顆粒速度分布呈現(xiàn)連續(xù)增大、快速見效和緩慢波動(dòng)等3個(gè)階段。另外，對(duì)于厚層基巖采場(chǎng)，采掘擾動(dòng)波及上覆松散層或新近系弱膠結(jié)地層能夠產(chǎn)生高勢(shì)能潰砂災(zāi)害，其中砂體自重在潰砂啟動(dòng)過程中起到重要作用。

2.2 防治措施

根據(jù)淺埋、近松散層采場(chǎng)潰砂特點(diǎn)和機(jī)制，對(duì)其防治形成了危險(xiǎn)性評(píng)價(jià)、預(yù)警監(jiān)測(cè)和主動(dòng)治理等技術(shù)。采場(chǎng)頂板的臨界水平變形、裂粒比(裂隙寬度與松散層粒徑之比)、變粒比(臨界拉伸水平變形與顆粒有效直徑之比)、含水層水壓均是潰砂危險(xiǎn)性的評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)。根據(jù)大量的勘探數(shù)據(jù)，選取潰砂影響關(guān)鍵因素為影響因子，在GIS平臺(tái)下構(gòu)建基于多因素融合技術(shù)的潰砂評(píng)價(jià)模型，并以此進(jìn)行綜合分區(qū)，可形成潰砂災(zāi)害實(shí)時(shí)或面向生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃的預(yù)警方法。另外，基巖上覆黏土層、承壓含水層以及水砂突涌前后含水砂層中孔隙水壓力可以作為近松散含水層開采潰砂災(zāi)害預(yù)警和監(jiān)測(cè)的重要前兆信息源。潰砂災(zāi)害的主動(dòng)治理可采用地面或井下注漿、含水層疏放水、提高采場(chǎng)支架阻力、建造擋水墻、鋪設(shè)雙抗網(wǎng)和金屬網(wǎng)等手段。

3 厚基巖采場(chǎng)頂板弱膠結(jié)巖層動(dòng)力潰砂形成機(jī)制

筆者前期對(duì)黃隴煤田某煤礦采場(chǎng)頂板潰水潰砂與強(qiáng)礦壓顯現(xiàn)(切頂壓架)并發(fā)災(zāi)害的動(dòng)力源、物源進(jìn)行研究(圖2)，得到潰砂物源為侏羅系直羅組泥巖類地層，動(dòng)力源除潰涌物自重和含水層水壓外，還包括侏羅系弱膠結(jié)地層上部洛河組砂巖破斷產(chǎn)生的礦山壓力，而且試驗(yàn)證明弱膠結(jié)地層遇水易崩解、劣化。上述表明弱膠結(jié)地層遇水劣化誘發(fā)上部硬巖破斷，為潰砂提供了動(dòng)力，而且?guī)r層破斷的傳遞載荷和弱膠結(jié)地層吸水增量載荷造成基本頂失穩(wěn)，進(jìn)而切頂形成潰砂通道。

圖2 黃隴煤田某煤礦切頂壓架和潰水潰砂并發(fā)事故示意[16]Fig.2 Schematic diagram of concurrent accident of roof cutting,frame pressing and water and sand breaking in a coal mine of Huanglong coalfield[16]

3.1 覆巖結(jié)構(gòu)特征

圖3 事故煤礦覆巖共性結(jié)構(gòu)特征示意Fig.3 General structural characteristics of overlying rock in the accident coal mine

經(jīng)統(tǒng)計(jì)，發(fā)生弱膠結(jié)地層動(dòng)力潰砂災(zāi)害的煤礦采場(chǎng)覆巖廣泛存在“下基本頂-中弱膠結(jié)地層-上硬巖層”的類似“夾心餅干”特征的地層結(jié)構(gòu)(圖3)，其中弱膠結(jié)地層既是上硬巖層的基礎(chǔ)，也是下基本頂?shù)妮d荷。如黃隴煤田煤層上覆白堊系洛河、宜君組孔隙-裂隙含水層厚度大(100～350 m)、富水性中等，地層呈明顯整體性巨厚層狀特征，多為砂、礫巖互層結(jié)構(gòu)，泥鈣質(zhì)膠結(jié)，強(qiáng)度較高，其破斷失穩(wěn)易造成強(qiáng)烈的礦壓顯現(xiàn)(上硬巖層)；煤層與白堊系洛河組含水層之間主要為砂巖和泥巖，并呈現(xiàn)交互結(jié)構(gòu)(部分地層泥巖占比高達(dá)88%)，由于沉積時(shí)間短、成巖環(huán)境為內(nèi)陸河湖相，巖石膠結(jié)物多為泥質(zhì)，具有強(qiáng)度低、孔隙度高、膠結(jié)性差、黏土礦物含量高等特征，受水浸泡后易產(chǎn)生崩解、泥化等巖體劣化現(xiàn)象(弱膠結(jié)地層)。同樣，寧東煤炭基地煤層上覆廣泛發(fā)育有厚層侏羅系富水砂巖(俗稱七里鎮(zhèn)砂巖)，其與煤層間主要發(fā)育侏羅系弱膠結(jié)泥巖類地層。因此，“中弱膠結(jié)地層”為侏羅系弱膠結(jié)砂泥巖地層、“上硬巖層”為白堊系厚層富水砂巖(黃隴煤田)或侏羅系厚層富水砂巖(寧東煤田)，而且2者均在采動(dòng)破壞范圍內(nèi)，表明潰水潰砂和強(qiáng)礦壓顯現(xiàn)并發(fā)災(zāi)害中潰砂的物源和動(dòng)力源分別來自于侏羅系弱膠結(jié)砂泥巖地層和上部砂巖破斷產(chǎn)生的礦山壓力。

3.2 弱膠結(jié)巖層遇水劣化特征及影響因素

弱膠結(jié)地層及其遇水劣化性質(zhì)與膠結(jié)成分、黏土礦物含量和空隙特征等密不可分。國(guó)外學(xué)者對(duì)弱膠結(jié)沉積地層性質(zhì)的研究相對(duì)較少，有研究表明塑性變形對(duì)膠結(jié)物的破壞是弱膠結(jié)砂巖力學(xué)性能退化的主要機(jī)制。與之相近的是對(duì)沉積巖性質(zhì)的研究，如研究得到砂巖性質(zhì)的演化與基質(zhì)中所識(shí)別的黏土相密切相關(guān)，黏土礦物在水分含量較低時(shí)就能夠影響巖石的性能；沉積砂巖隨著飽和水平的增加，力學(xué)和斷裂韌性普遍下降；另外，石灰石的吸附行為主要受比表面積較大的蒙脫石層的數(shù)量決定，力學(xué)強(qiáng)度損失率與吸附能力成線性關(guān)系。

國(guó)內(nèi)關(guān)于弱膠結(jié)地層的研究相對(duì)較多，試驗(yàn)研究表明西部礦區(qū)的弱膠結(jié)地層巖性主要為砂巖、砂質(zhì)泥巖及泥巖，膠結(jié)物大多為泥質(zhì)，具有孔隙度大、膠結(jié)性差、黏土礦物含量高等特征，巖石強(qiáng)度普遍偏低，遇水后易崩解、泥化。而這與巖石的礦物組成和結(jié)構(gòu)特征密切相關(guān)。軟弱泥巖單軸抗壓強(qiáng)度和彈性模量隨黏土礦物含量增加而減小，泥巖遇水弱化指數(shù)隨著黏土礦物含量增加而增大；侏羅系弱膠結(jié)砂巖、泥巖骨架顆粒自身吸水膨脹軟化，骨架顆粒之間的黏連性變差，膠結(jié)程度降低；侏羅系弱膠結(jié)砂巖屬高孔隙度巖石，具有大孔孔喉及中孔孔喉分布頻率高的結(jié)構(gòu)特征。大量的實(shí)驗(yàn)室測(cè)試表明侏羅系弱膠結(jié)煤系地層的完整砂巖和泥巖中的礦物組成與物理力學(xué)參數(shù)之間存在定量關(guān)系。

3.3 弱膠結(jié)巖層潰涌的動(dòng)力特征

巖層破斷失穩(wěn)是煤層采場(chǎng)各種災(zāi)害形成的動(dòng)力來源，弱膠結(jié)巖層動(dòng)力潰砂的動(dòng)力源主要來自巖層破斷產(chǎn)生的礦山壓力，而且弱膠結(jié)巖層劣化對(duì)巖層礦壓顯現(xiàn)特征具有重要影響。原因在于巖層下方支承條件和上覆載荷分布特征對(duì)采場(chǎng)上覆巖層破斷失穩(wěn)規(guī)律具有顯著影響。因此，劣化的弱膠結(jié)地層能夠?qū)ζ渖?、下巖層的礦壓顯現(xiàn)和結(jié)構(gòu)失穩(wěn)產(chǎn)生重要影響。

(1)劣化弱膠結(jié)巖層對(duì)上方硬巖和下方基本頂?shù)挠绊??；谟邢拊?jì)算的研究表明采動(dòng)后關(guān)鍵層上部巖層的作用是非均布的，工作面周圍垂直應(yīng)力呈現(xiàn)隆起分布形態(tài)，且分布規(guī)律與軟弱夾層的厚度和硬度有關(guān)，軟弱層越厚或越軟，關(guān)鍵層上方載荷和支承壓力的峰值就越低，且峰值位置越遠(yuǎn)離煤壁。其中，巖層的性質(zhì)、回采的深度和采空區(qū)懸頂長(zhǎng)度決定了工作面前方支承壓力峰值大小和位置，而影響基本頂斷裂位置的因素為基本頂?shù)目估瓨O限、承受載荷、厚度及墊層的彈性模量等。因此，基礎(chǔ)類型對(duì)巖梁的運(yùn)動(dòng)規(guī)律、支承壓力隨采場(chǎng)推進(jìn)的變化發(fā)展規(guī)律及基本頂巖梁的內(nèi)力分布具有較為重要影響，相關(guān)研究可分為損傷基礎(chǔ)梁模型和軟化基礎(chǔ)梁模型。而如何描述基礎(chǔ)特征對(duì)巖梁的彎矩、剪力及支承壓力的高峰位置和大小均具有顯著影響。Weibull分布函數(shù)與隆起的增量載荷具有較好的一致性，可利用該函數(shù)模擬隆起增量載荷研究硬巖破斷規(guī)律，得到軟化地基支承的頂板彎矩峰值和彎矩峰超前煤壁的距離均有較大增加、煤壁前方應(yīng)變能儲(chǔ)存區(qū)域和儲(chǔ)存量也大幅增加及頂板撓度比全為彈性地基支承的頂板撓度大幅增加。

(2)上方硬巖破斷的動(dòng)力特征和傳遞效應(yīng)。高位硬巖破斷失穩(wěn)時(shí)能夠釋放動(dòng)能并產(chǎn)生向低位巖層傳遞的載荷，造成下位巖層失穩(wěn)或動(dòng)力突水災(zāi)害。當(dāng)彈性基礎(chǔ)的堅(jiān)硬頂板懸露到極限距離后，將在煤壁前方最大彎矩處斷裂，在斷裂兩側(cè)發(fā)生反彈、壓縮現(xiàn)象，對(duì)應(yīng)區(qū)域是產(chǎn)生沖擊的震源區(qū)域。而厚硬巖石在彎曲和壓縮中積累了大量彈性能，其破斷失穩(wěn)對(duì)下方煤巖體產(chǎn)生的能量和作用力明顯高于普通巖層破斷，因此，高位硬厚巖層破斷及運(yùn)移過程中產(chǎn)生強(qiáng)微震活動(dòng)，能夠釋放大量彈性能，造成礦壓顯現(xiàn)強(qiáng)烈。

另外，深埋煤層采場(chǎng)上方存在著一傾斜塊體承載區(qū)，在承擔(dān)上覆巖層載荷的同時(shí)向低位巖層傳遞壓力，因此，上位巖層破斷的彈性能能夠向低位巖層傳遞。利用相似模擬試驗(yàn)已得到厚砂土層下淺埋煤層頂板關(guān)鍵塊上的動(dòng)態(tài)載荷傳遞規(guī)律。而這種傳遞載荷能夠造成采場(chǎng)支架阻力突然增大。例如，淺埋、近松散層或特大采高采場(chǎng)壓架切頂就是由于覆巖關(guān)鍵層破斷結(jié)構(gòu)上覆載荷過大而滑落失穩(wěn)。而且堅(jiān)硬巖層失穩(wěn)破斷釋放大量動(dòng)能可致使巖層附近含水層中產(chǎn)生超高水壓，并在含水層與采掘臨空面之間產(chǎn)生瞬間沖破的導(dǎo)水通道，形成動(dòng)力突水現(xiàn)象。且高位硬厚巖層與下方巖層間易形成高負(fù)壓離層空間，若高位硬巖層為含水層時(shí)，在離層空間負(fù)壓和巖層水壓的作用下，巖層水迅速匯集到離層空間內(nèi)，易誘發(fā)離層水災(zāi)害。

3.4 存在的問題

(1)前文所述相關(guān)研究采用掃描電鏡、X射線衍射、X射線熒光、常規(guī)力學(xué)試驗(yàn)等手段取得了豐富成果，為深入研究弱膠結(jié)遇水劣化性質(zhì)奠定了基礎(chǔ)。但目前相關(guān)研究著重采用室內(nèi)細(xì)觀試驗(yàn)和微觀觀察等方式，若結(jié)合地球物理測(cè)井等宏觀結(jié)果分析，引進(jìn)顯微CT、三維重構(gòu)技術(shù)和GCTS巖石力學(xué)綜合試驗(yàn)系統(tǒng)等先進(jìn)手段加強(qiáng)細(xì)觀試驗(yàn)研究，將進(jìn)一步完善弱膠結(jié)地層遇水劣化性質(zhì)對(duì)影響因素變化的反饋特征及響應(yīng)關(guān)系。

(2)已有研究為硬巖下方支承壓力和基本頂載荷分布隨地層劣化的響應(yīng)規(guī)律的深入分析奠定了良好基礎(chǔ)，但對(duì)于軟化基礎(chǔ)下的硬巖破斷失穩(wěn)著重利用有限元計(jì)算和概率分布函數(shù)替代等方式研究支承壓力和載荷分布形態(tài)，若對(duì)軟化地基的支承作用和巖層上覆隆起增量載荷分布規(guī)律進(jìn)行深入研究，并實(shí)現(xiàn)軟化地基性質(zhì)和巖層賦存特征的表征，將闡明弱膠結(jié)地層遇水劣化對(duì)上硬巖層下方支承壓力和基本頂上方載荷分布的影響。

(3)已有研究關(guān)于巖層破斷失穩(wěn)規(guī)律著重分析了固支、簡(jiǎn)支或彈性基礎(chǔ)條件，表明巖層破斷存在對(duì)下方地層或水體的動(dòng)力傳遞作用；目前關(guān)于淺埋、近松散層采場(chǎng)潰砂災(zāi)害和部分關(guān)于厚基巖頂板潰砂災(zāi)害的研究側(cè)重分析水壓、自重和通道對(duì)災(zāi)害的影響，尚未從礦山壓力作用角度進(jìn)行分析探討。相關(guān)成果為頂板動(dòng)力潰砂災(zāi)害研究提供了良好借鑒，側(cè)面表明弱膠結(jié)地層遇水劣化誘發(fā)上部硬巖破斷失穩(wěn)效應(yīng)是頂板動(dòng)力潰砂形成的關(guān)鍵，而下部基本頂失穩(wěn)形成的潰砂通道決定了潰砂危害程度和潰砂方量。因此，對(duì)于硬巖失穩(wěn)作用下劣化弱膠結(jié)地層潰涌動(dòng)力和基本頂破斷產(chǎn)生的潰砂通道演化規(guī)律需深入分析和研究。

4 弱膠結(jié)巖層動(dòng)力潰砂研究的關(guān)鍵科學(xué)問題及思路

針對(duì)采場(chǎng)頂板潰水潰砂與強(qiáng)礦壓顯現(xiàn)并發(fā)災(zāi)害，從災(zāi)害形成的覆巖結(jié)構(gòu)特征和地層條件出發(fā)，分析災(zāi)害形成的動(dòng)力源、表象和物源，提煉科學(xué)問題，調(diào)研分析以往研究不足，總結(jié)得到研究和解決的主要內(nèi)容和問題(圖4)。

4.1 關(guān)鍵科學(xué)問題

(1)硬巖下方支承壓力和基本頂載荷分布對(duì)弱膠結(jié)地層劣化的響應(yīng)規(guī)律。弱膠結(jié)地層遇水劣化導(dǎo)致其上部硬巖基礎(chǔ)軟化、下部基本頂載荷增大，而巖層支承條件和載荷分布是分析巖層內(nèi)力、彎矩、撓度、應(yīng)變能及結(jié)構(gòu)失穩(wěn)特征的重要條件，決定了巖層破斷的動(dòng)力顯現(xiàn)規(guī)律，是揭示頂板動(dòng)力潰砂機(jī)制的前提。

(2)硬巖破斷作用下劣化弱膠結(jié)地層潰涌的動(dòng)力形成機(jī)制和通道演化規(guī)律。硬巖破斷產(chǎn)生的動(dòng)能是劣化弱膠結(jié)地層潰涌、傳遞增量載荷和通道演化特征的主控因素，是揭示頂板動(dòng)力潰砂形成機(jī)制的關(guān)鍵；通道是潰砂的必要條件，基本頂失穩(wěn)產(chǎn)生的通道的演化規(guī)律是動(dòng)力潰砂機(jī)制的重要組成部分。

圖4 研究思路Fig.4 Research roadmap

4.2 研究思路

針對(duì)西部礦區(qū)黃隴、寧東2個(gè)大型煤炭基地采場(chǎng)頂板潰水潰砂和強(qiáng)礦壓顯現(xiàn)并發(fā)災(zāi)害頻發(fā)難題，聚焦災(zāi)害背后的基礎(chǔ)問題：采場(chǎng)頂板弱膠結(jié)巖層的動(dòng)力潰砂機(jī)制，分析采場(chǎng)頂板特征，挖掘?yàn)?zāi)害發(fā)生的普遍客觀條件，研究災(zāi)害形成的動(dòng)力源、通道、物源等必要條件的特征規(guī)律。因此，為深入理解采場(chǎng)頂板弱膠結(jié)巖層的動(dòng)力潰砂機(jī)制，需研究解決以下主要問題：① 弱膠結(jié)地層遇水劣化的物理力學(xué)性質(zhì)隨自身黏土礦物含量、空隙率、承受載荷等影響因素變化而呈現(xiàn)的特征及響應(yīng)關(guān)系。② 上硬巖層和基本頂受力條件隨弱膠結(jié)地層遇水劣化的變化規(guī)律及表征。③ 硬巖失穩(wěn)作用下劣化弱膠結(jié)地層潰涌動(dòng)力的形成機(jī)制和增量載荷作用下基本頂破斷產(chǎn)生的潰砂通道的演化規(guī)律。

5 結(jié)論與展望

5.1 結(jié) 論

(1)采場(chǎng)頂板弱膠結(jié)巖層動(dòng)力潰砂是受回采擾動(dòng)而劣化的頂板弱膠結(jié)巖層在其上方硬巖破斷和下方基本頂失穩(wěn)帶來的礦壓顯現(xiàn)效應(yīng)下而產(chǎn)生突涌的一種突發(fā)性強(qiáng)、破壞性大、沖擊力大的礦井災(zāi)害，其實(shí)質(zhì)是弱膠結(jié)頂板劣化誘發(fā)硬巖破斷失穩(wěn)效應(yīng)下的頂板動(dòng)力潰砂。該類型災(zāi)害在動(dòng)力源、潰涌物源、表象上均與以往淺埋、近松散層采場(chǎng)潰水潰砂或壓架切頂災(zāi)害不同，是亟待防控的一種新型頂板災(zāi)害。

(2)研究得到硬巖下方支承壓力和基本頂載荷分布對(duì)弱膠結(jié)地層劣化的響應(yīng)規(guī)律、硬巖破斷作用下劣化弱膠結(jié)地層潰涌的動(dòng)力形成機(jī)制和通道演化規(guī)律等2個(gè)關(guān)鍵科學(xué)問題，形成了以解決弱膠結(jié)地層遇水劣化對(duì)影響因素的反饋特征及響應(yīng)關(guān)系、上硬巖層和基本頂受力條件隨弱膠結(jié)地層劣化的變化規(guī)律、劣化弱膠結(jié)地層潰涌動(dòng)力機(jī)制和增量載荷作用下通道演化規(guī)律等3個(gè)主要問題的研究思路。

5.2 展 望

采場(chǎng)弱膠結(jié)頂部動(dòng)力潰砂災(zāi)害具有潰水潰砂和強(qiáng)礦壓顯現(xiàn)疊加效應(yīng)，相比以往采掘潰砂災(zāi)害危害性更大，因此，應(yīng)在探明災(zāi)害形成機(jī)制基礎(chǔ)上采取針對(duì)性防控措施，避免災(zāi)害再次發(fā)生。

筆者在分析黃隴煤田某煤礦頂板動(dòng)力潰砂災(zāi)害形成機(jī)理時(shí)提出災(zāi)害防控可采用“查清客觀必要條件、避免和控制誘發(fā)因素”的技術(shù)路線，客觀必要條件包括物源(弱膠結(jié)地層)和動(dòng)力源(上方硬巖)，誘發(fā)因素包括上方富水含水層、較小支架工作面阻力、臨近工作面支承壓力疊加等。近幾年，隨著水平定向鉆在煤礦頂板硬巖強(qiáng)礦壓顯現(xiàn)防治和水害超前治理方面應(yīng)用的日益成熟，弱膠結(jié)頂板動(dòng)力潰砂可采用硬巖超前預(yù)裂和弱膠結(jié)地層注漿改性的綜合主動(dòng)防控技術(shù)，從根本上改變?yōu)暮Πl(fā)生的客觀條件。

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