陳尋 李海同 駱云珍 李群 陳曉紅
[關(guān)鍵詞] 頭頸鱗癌;TNFRSF4;分子標(biāo)志物;診斷;預(yù)后
[中圖分類號] R739.9? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1673-9701(2021)15-0001-04
The expression and prognostic value of TNFRSF4 gene in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
CHEN Xun1? ?LI Haitong1? ?LUO Yunzhen1? ?LI Qun2? ?CHEN Xiaohong1
1.Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Jiaxing Second Hospital in Zhejiang Province, Jiaxing? ?314000, China; 2.Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo? ?315000, China
[Abstract] Objective To study the correlation between TNF receptor super-family member 4 (TNFRSF4, also known as OX40 gene) and the clinical characteristics of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and its prognostic value. Methods The public database The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA, https://portal.gdc.cancer.gov/) was used to obtain the expression level of TNFRSF4 in 502 patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, and the prognostic value of the expression level was analyzed. Results This study confirmed that the expression level of TNFRSF4 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma tissues was significantly higher than that in adjacent tissues, and that the expression of TNFRSF4 was closely related to the lymph node metastasis and T stage of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, suggesting that TNFRSF4 was involved in the progression of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Cox regression model analysis confirmed that the expression of TNFRSF4 could be an independent clinical indicator for prognostic evaluation of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. The ROC curve showed that the area under the curve (AUC) of TNFRSF4 in the diagnosis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma was 0.897, and the sensitivity and specificity were 84.1% and 85.0%, respectively. The methylation level of TNFRSF4 promoter region was an important factor affecting its expression level. Conclusion TNFRSF4 gene plays an important role in the occurrence and development of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Detection of TNFRSF4 gene may be used as a potential diagnostic marker for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and is a clinical indicator for judging the good prognosis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.
[Key words] Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma; TNFRSF4; Molecular markers; Diagnosis; Prognosis
鱗癌是頭頸腫瘤惡性腫瘤中最常見的病理類型[1]。頭頸部鱗癌根據(jù)腫瘤的位置可以分為口腔、口咽、喉和下咽部鱗狀細(xì)胞癌。由于頭頸鱗癌早期臨床癥狀不典型,大部分患者發(fā)現(xiàn)時已發(fā)生淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移成為晚期患者。晚期患者的治療手段有限,缺乏有效靶向治療,是遠(yuǎn)期生存率較低的主要原因[2]。TNFRSF4屬于腫瘤壞死因子受體(TNF receptor super-family member 4,TNFRSF4)家族主要成員,是免疫共刺激通路的免疫檢查點(diǎn)。TNFRSF4主要在活化CD4+和CD8+細(xì)胞中誘導(dǎo)性表達(dá)[3]。TNFRSF4與配體結(jié)合后能夠促進(jìn)T細(xì)胞克隆性增殖,增強(qiáng)T細(xì)胞記憶、增殖、免疫監(jiān)視和殺傷細(xì)胞,阻止免疫耐受的形成[4]。此外,TNFRSF4表達(dá)陽性T細(xì)胞能夠降低腫瘤免疫微環(huán)境中抑制因素,并且能夠有效抑制腫瘤侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移的功能[5]。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在結(jié)直腸癌中TNFRSF4表達(dá)陽性淋巴細(xì)胞水平越高,患者總體生存時間越長[6]。但是TNFRSF4參與頭頸鱗癌發(fā)生發(fā)展的機(jī)制尚未闡明。因此,本文分析TNFRSF4表達(dá)在頭頸鱗癌中的表達(dá)及預(yù)后價(jià)值,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 數(shù)據(jù)來源
公共數(shù)據(jù)庫The Cancer Genome Atlas(TCGA,https://portal.gdc.cancer.gov/)是美國國家癌癥研究所和美國人類基因組研究所共同監(jiān)督的一個項(xiàng)目,應(yīng)用高通量的基因組分析技術(shù)幫助人們對癌癥有更好的認(rèn)識,提高癌癥的預(yù)防、診斷和治療能力。本文通過TCGA數(shù)據(jù)庫下載502例頭頸鱗癌和20例癌旁組織TNFRSF4表達(dá)數(shù)據(jù)、基因甲基化水平及臨床病理信息(包括性別、年齡、生存數(shù)據(jù)、臨床分期、飲酒史和吸煙史)。頭頸鱗癌患者包括男368例,女134例;平均年齡(61.07±11.89)歲;Ⅰ、Ⅱ期114例,Ⅲ、Ⅳ期374例,14例信息不確切;淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移陽性241例,淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移陰性242例,19例信息不確切;遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移5例,無遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移483例,14例信息不確切。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 頭頸鱗癌TNFRSF4表達(dá)與甲基化的相關(guān)性? 為進(jìn)一步了解TNFRSF4基因中cg位點(diǎn)分布情況,本文首先通過UCSC Genome Browser(https://genome.ucsc.edu/)共獲取TNFRSF4基因的9個cg位點(diǎn)基因位置(cg09586191,cg23166857,cg23394673,cg14661234,cg22335801,cg12759096,cg01437515,cg20544186和cg09503311)得知,cg09586191和cg23166857位于TNFSF4的啟動子區(qū)域內(nèi)。通過TCGA下載頭頸鱗癌中TNFRSF4基因cg位點(diǎn)甲基化水平的數(shù)據(jù)。此后利用R軟件中Corrplot包分析頭頸鱗癌中TNFRSF4甲基化與表達(dá)之間的相關(guān)性。
1.2.2 頭頸鱗癌中TNFRSF4的生存分析? 首先應(yīng)用單因素Cox回歸模型計(jì)算頭頸鱗癌患者的臨床病理特征(性別、年齡、TNM分期、飲酒史、吸煙史和TNFRSF4表達(dá)水平)與整體生存相關(guān)性;應(yīng)用多變量Cox回歸分析校準(zhǔn)相關(guān)臨床病理因素的影響,進(jìn)一步判斷TNFRSF4表達(dá)水平的預(yù)后價(jià)值。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
應(yīng)用SPSS 18.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件采用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn)分析頭頸鱗癌組織與癌旁組織TNFRSF4表達(dá)差異和患者臨床病理特征與TNFRSF4表達(dá)相關(guān)性;采用單因素及多因素Cox回歸模型分析TNFRSF4表達(dá)與頭頸鱗癌生存相關(guān)性。應(yīng)用R軟件中Corrplot包分析繪制TNFRSF4各甲基化位點(diǎn)與TNFRSF4表達(dá)水平的相關(guān)性。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 TCGA數(shù)據(jù)集中頭頸鱗癌和癌旁組織中的TNFRSF4表達(dá)水平比較
從TCGA數(shù)據(jù)庫中下載TNFRSF4表達(dá)數(shù)據(jù),比較頭頸鱗癌與癌旁組織TNFRSF4表達(dá)差異,結(jié)果顯示頭頸鱗癌中TNFRSF4表達(dá)水平明顯高于癌旁組織[(7.64±1.21) vs. (5.71±0.95),t=-6.98,P<0.001]。
2.2 TNFRSF4表達(dá)水平與頭頸鱗癌臨床病理特征的關(guān)系
結(jié)合公共數(shù)據(jù)庫中頭頸鱗癌患者的臨床病理特征,我們分析TNFRSF4表達(dá)水平與頭頸鱗癌臨床信息的相關(guān)性。由表1可見,TNFRSF4表達(dá)水平與患者的淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移狀態(tài)及T分期相關(guān)(P<0.05)。而與患者的年齡、性別、吸煙史、飲酒史、M分期、腫瘤部位等臨床因素?zé)o相關(guān)性(P>0.05)。
2.3 單因素Cox回歸模型分析TNFRSF4表達(dá)在頭頸鱗癌預(yù)后價(jià)值
結(jié)合頭頸鱗癌生存數(shù)據(jù),我們應(yīng)用單因素Cox回歸模型分析臨床病理因素(飲酒史、吸煙史、TNM分期、性別、年齡和TNFRSF4表達(dá)水平)與總生存的相關(guān)性。由表2可知,年齡、遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移(M分期)是頭頸鱗癌不良預(yù)后因素,而性別(男性)及TNFRSF4高表達(dá)水平是頭頸鱗癌預(yù)后的保護(hù)因素。
2.4 多因素Cox回歸模型分析TNFRSF4表達(dá)在頭頸鱗癌預(yù)后價(jià)值
通過多因素Cox回歸模型分析校準(zhǔn)年齡、M分期及性別等因素對頭頸鱗癌預(yù)后影響,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)TNFRSF4表達(dá)及M分期成為頭頸鱗癌患者預(yù)后的獨(dú)立影響因素。見表3。
2.5 TNFRSF4甲基化水平是影響其表達(dá)水平的主要原因
腫瘤細(xì)胞中甲基化水平能夠顯著影響基因的表達(dá)水平,從而參與腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展。本研究首先通過UCSC Genome Browser(https://genome.ucsc.edu/)了解TNFRSF基因的cg位點(diǎn)分布情況。隨后獲取TNFRSF4的甲基化數(shù)據(jù),并通過Pearson方法分析TNFRSF4表達(dá)水平與甲基化水平相關(guān)性。由封三圖1可知,TNFRSF4的2個位于啟動子區(qū)域的cg位點(diǎn)的甲基化水平與TNFRSF4的表達(dá)水平呈明顯負(fù)相關(guān)。
2.6 TNFRSF4表達(dá)檢測對頭頸鱗癌的診斷價(jià)值
通過繪制受試者曲線評估TNFRSF4表達(dá)檢測在頭頸鱗癌診斷的應(yīng)用價(jià)值。結(jié)果顯示,檢測TNFRSF4表達(dá)水平的曲線下面積為0.897,在約登指數(shù)(敏感度+特異度-1)最大時,敏感度和特異度分別是84.1%和85.0%,提示TNFRSF4可成為輔助診斷頭頸鱗癌的分子標(biāo)志物。見圖1。
3 討論
近年來,頭頸鱗癌患者的死亡率居高不下,嚴(yán)重威脅人類的健康[7]。深入研究腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展的作用機(jī)制是提高喉癌生存率的關(guān)鍵因素。頭頸鱗癌的發(fā)生與吸煙、飲酒、人乳頭瘤病毒(Human papilloma virus,HPV)等多種致病危險(xiǎn)因素相關(guān)[8],其共性均能導(dǎo)致機(jī)體出現(xiàn)免疫缺陷[9]。大量研究證實(shí),外周T細(xì)胞免疫耐受是自身免疫性疾病(包括腫瘤)發(fā)生的主要分子機(jī)制[10]。免疫耐受發(fā)生是由于抗原特異度T細(xì)胞功能抑制。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),腫瘤微環(huán)境中存在大量功能受損的免疫細(xì)胞,也同時存在由腫瘤細(xì)胞分泌的免疫抑制細(xì)胞因子。這些因子能夠產(chǎn)生局部和全身免疫抑制作用,從而使腫瘤細(xì)胞發(fā)生免疫逃逸[11-12]。相較于抑制免疫耐受研究進(jìn)展,目前關(guān)于逆轉(zhuǎn)已建立的免疫耐受研究成果甚少。
TNFRSF4(又稱OX40)和其配體結(jié)合后能夠促進(jìn)T細(xì)胞的克隆增生和記憶T細(xì)胞的產(chǎn)生和維持[13-15],增強(qiáng)低反應(yīng)性T細(xì)胞活性[3],阻止免疫耐受的形成和打破已經(jīng)建立的免疫耐受[16]。有文獻(xiàn)討論乳腺癌、黑色素瘤、淋巴瘤中TNFRSF4表達(dá)分布情況[17-18],在結(jié)直腸癌中發(fā)現(xiàn)TNFRSF4高表達(dá)患者生存時間明顯延長[6],并且靶向TNFRSF4治療能顯著發(fā)揮抗乳腺癌、黑色素瘤等作用[19]。盡管在皮膚鱗狀細(xì)胞癌中活化T細(xì)胞的數(shù)量非常多,皮膚鱗狀細(xì)胞癌仍趨于持續(xù)生長及發(fā)生遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移。為明確這一現(xiàn)象的分子機(jī)制,研究者分離皮膚鱗狀細(xì)胞癌患者的外周血淋巴細(xì)胞,分析發(fā)現(xiàn)調(diào)節(jié)T細(xì)胞(Regulatory T cells,Tregs)的水平遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于效應(yīng)T細(xì)胞(CD4+和CD8+T細(xì)胞),并且TNFRSF4陽性主要存在腫瘤Tregs上,而通過靶向激活腫瘤Tregs上TNFRSF4能抑制Tregs的免疫抑制效應(yīng),增加腫瘤CD4+T細(xì)胞增殖發(fā)揮抗腫瘤效應(yīng)[20]。此外作者亦發(fā)現(xiàn)發(fā)生遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移的皮膚鱗癌患者中TNFRSF4陽性的腫瘤Tregs相較于未發(fā)生遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移的更豐富,提示TNFRSF4靶向激動劑更適用于發(fā)生遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移的皮膚鱗癌患者[20]。而在頭頸鱗癌中上述現(xiàn)象是否同樣存在。本項(xiàng)研究將探討TNFRSF4表達(dá)與頭頸鱗癌各臨床因素相關(guān)性,初步探索TNFRSF4表達(dá)在頭頸鱗癌的臨床應(yīng)用價(jià)值。
本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),頭頸鱗癌中TNFRSF4表達(dá)水平顯著高于癌旁組織中,并且在發(fā)生淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移頭頸鱗癌患者中TNFRSF4表達(dá)水平明顯高于未發(fā)生淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的患者,這似乎暗示對于發(fā)生淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的頭頸鱗癌,應(yīng)用TNFRSF4靶向激動劑能更大程度增加腫瘤CD4+T細(xì)胞增殖發(fā)揮抗腫瘤效應(yīng),但這一現(xiàn)象需要更進(jìn)一步細(xì)胞實(shí)驗(yàn)及體內(nèi)實(shí)驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證。結(jié)合單因素和多因素Cox比例風(fēng)險(xiǎn)模型結(jié)果,提示TNFRSF4是頭頸鱗癌良預(yù)后的分子標(biāo)志物。由上述實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果,筆者猜想通過靶向激活劑提高腫瘤患者體內(nèi)TNFRSF4表達(dá)水平,從而一定程度阻止免疫耐受的形成和打破已經(jīng)建立的免疫耐受進(jìn)而發(fā)揮抗腫瘤效應(yīng)。此外,本研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)啟動子甲基化水平是影響TNFRFSF4表達(dá)水平的重要因素。通過抑制頭頸鱗癌患者基因組DNA甲基化水平提高腫瘤患者機(jī)體TNFRFSF4表達(dá)水平或許能激活機(jī)體免疫監(jiān)管作用,逆轉(zhuǎn)免疫耐受。
綜上所述,本研究證實(shí)了頭頸鱗癌中TNFRSF4表達(dá)水平顯著增高,能成為頭頸鱗癌患者預(yù)后評估的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素,具有成為頭頸鱗癌靶向治療的潛在臨床研究價(jià)值。
[參考文獻(xiàn)]
[1] Pan R,Zhu M,Yu C,et al.Cancer incidence and mortality:A cohort study in China,2008-2013[J].Int J Cancer,2017,141(7):1315-1323.
[2] Coca-Pelaz A,Takes RP,Hutcheson K,et al.Head and neck cancer:A review of the impact of treatment delay on outcome[J].Adv Ther,2018,35(2):153-160.
[3] Aspeslagh S,Postel-Vinay S,Rusakiewicz S,et al.Rationale for anti-OX40 cancer immunotherapy[J].Eur J Cancer,2016,52:50-66.
[4] Buchan SL,Rogel A,Al-Shamkhani A.The immunobiology of CD27 and OX40 and their potential as targets for cancer immunotherapy[J].Blood,2018,131(1):39-48.
[5] Bell RB,Leidner RS,Crittenden MR,et al.OX40 signaling in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma:Overcoming immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment[J].Oral Oncol,2016,52:1-10.
[6] Petty JK,He K,Corless CL,et al.Survival in human colorectal cancer correlates with expression of the T-cell costimulatory molecule OX-40(CD134)[J].Am J Surg,2002, 183(5):512-518.
[7] Jou A,Hess J.Epidemiology and molecular biology of head and neck cancer[J].Oncol Res Treat,2017,40(6):328-332.
[8] Ferlay J,Soerjomataram I,Dikshit R,et al.Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide:Sources,methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012[J].Int J Cancer,2015, 136(5):E359-386.
[9] Ferris RL.Immunology and immunotherapy of head and neck cancer[J].J Clin Oncol, 2015,33(29):3293-3304.
[10] Vinay DS,Ryan EP,Pawelec G,et al.Immune evasion in cancer:Mechanistic basis and therapeutic strategies[J]. Semin Cancer Biol,2015,35(Suppl):S185-S198.
[11] Czystowska M,Gooding W,Szczepanski MJ,et al.The immune signature of CD8(+) CCR7(+) T cells in the peripheral circulation associates with disease recurrence in patients with HNSCC[J].Clin Cancer Res,2013,19(4):889-899.
[12] Willoughby J,Griffiths J,Tews I,et al.OX40:Structure and function-What questions remain?[J].Mol Immunol,2017,83:13-22.
[13] Bansal-Pakala P,Halteman BS,Cheng MH,et al.Costimulation of CD8 T cell responses by OX40[J].J Immunol,2004,172(8):4821-4825.
[14] Polesso F,Sarker M,Weinberg ADet al.OX40 agonist tumor immunotherapy does not impact regulatory T cell suppressive function[J].J Immunol,2019,203(7):2011-2019.
[15] Nuebling T,Schumacher CE,Hofmann M,et al.The immune checkpoint modulator OX40 and its ligand OX40L in NK-Cell immunosurveillance and acute myeloid leukemia[J].Cancer Immunol Res,2018,6(2):209-221.
[16] Bansal-Pakala P,Jember AG,Croft M.Signaling through OX40 (CD134) breaks peripheral T-cell tolerance[J].Nat Med,2001,7(8):907-912.
[17] Marabelle A,Kohrt H,Sagiv-Barfi I,et al.Depleting tumor-specific Tregs at a single site eradicates disseminated tumors[J].J Clin Invest,2013,123(6):2447-2463.
[18] Xie F,Wang Q,Chen Y,et al.Costimulatory molecule OX40/OX40L expression in ductal carcinoma in situ and invasive ductal carcinoma of breast:An immunohistochemistry-based pilot study[J].Pathol Res Pract,2010, 206(11):735-739.
[19] Weinberg AD,Rivera MM,Prell R,et al.Engagement of the OX-40 receptor in vivo enhances antitumor immunity[J].J Immunol,2000,164(4):2160-2169.
[20] Lai C,August S,Albibas A,et al.OX40+ regulatory T cells in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma suppress effector T-cell responses and associate with metastatic potential[J].Clin Cancer Res,2016,22(16):4236-4248.
(收稿日期:2020-09-01)